God

• 2.1.1 Appearance philosophical and sociological
• 2.1.2 Appearance of the gods

• 2.4.1 Theology of Unity

• 3.4.1 God a
• 3.4.2 Triune God

• 5.1.1 The traditional evidence
• 5.1.2 evidence of the existence of God
• 5.1.3 a question rethought anew

• 5.3.1 Christian phenomenology
• 5.3.2 the masters of suspicion and the "death of God"
  • 5.3.2.1 Feuerbach, the essence of Christianity, 1841
  • 5.3.2.2 Friedrich Nietzsche
  • 5.3.2.3 Psychoanalysis and God
    • 5.3.2.3.1 Sigmund Freud
    • 5.3.2.3.2 Carl Gustav Jung
• 5.3.3 Process of Philosophy and Theology

The French word "God" and its equivalents in other Romance languages (Dio, Dios, etc..) come from Latin deus, itself derived from the root of Indo-European * deiwos reconstituted . This root means "light of the sky or the day" and comes from the linguistic base dei-'shine, shine " ^, . It is found in the Greek word " (Thes) and in the name of the god Zeus. The word "" is itself subject to multiple reflections or dialects , as the name "Zeus" . The Latin equivalent of Zeus, " Jupiter ", also comes from this radical for its first syllable Ju. The root pater ("father") there is then added .

The word "Deus" is attested from the very first French text, the Oaths of Strasbourg in 842 (WD case plan and Deus in cases subject ) ^, , and then God Deu ^(eleventh and ^twelfth centuries) .

The terms for God in the Germanic languages (Gott in German , God in English and Dutch , Gud in the Scandinavian languages , Guth in Gothic , Gud in Icelandic ) have a different origin, such as Indo-European . The proto-Germanic root * uan is linked to the notion of call or invocation . His earliest written reference is found in the Codex argenteus , the ^sixth century . It seems that originally belonged to this word is gender neutral, before becoming a male under the influence of Christianity .

The terms for God in the Slavic languages ( in Belarusian , Bulgarian , Macedonian Russian , Serbian , Ukrainian , Bog in Croatian , Bg in Polish , buh in Czech ) are derived from Proto-Slavic bog itself derived from the Indo common European- bhag-.

Development of God

Painting of Michelangelo on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican in Rome (who represents God and the creation of Adam ).

The birth of the gods

Appearance philosophical and sociological

Addressed to the ^nineteenth century , the study of the religious evolution of humanity is a long neglected subject of study, who suffered a hand designs often underlying evolutionary process - presupposes a sense of history marked 'milestones, or based on the idea of the performance of immanent rationality - and, paradoxically, a victim of the specialization of research over the increased knowledge of religions themselves. Some big names in the sociology of religion , including Emile Durkheim , Marcel Mauss , Georg Simmel and Max Weber however, have laid the groundwork for this study. The sociologist of religion Yves Lambert , developing an analytical framework put forward by Karl Jaspers , proposed the continuation of this approach historical sociology and comparative religion to present key analysis for the apprehension of religion, without avoiding the uniqueness of each of the major ensembles. Jaspers stressed the contemporaneity of radical changes across large areas civilization - in Iran, Israel, Greece, India or China - between the ^eighth and the ^third century BC. AD - especially in ^the sixth century BC. AD - allowing the emergence of fundamental cultural innovations - including the uniqueness and universality of God - in a process described by Jaspers as " axial period " .

Next Yves Lambert , religions are to be regarded as "organization

Appearance of the gods

The Mesopotamian religion differs from oral agrarian religions by various characteristics such as the emergence of a pantheon , of epics , a priestly caste hierarchy and numerous, large religious buildings, theodicy , etc.. The earliest known list of gods appear on the shelves of dating XXVII ^centuryBC. AD and includes the names of 560 gods . The local gods are gradually losing their prestige over foreign domination to gradually establish a "threshold of polytheism to monotheism" . At this time, around the ^sixth century BC. AD What appears in the Hebrew people of the mutation monolatry - characterized by a aniconism unpublished - to monotheism and emerges the idea of "Oneness and absolute transcendence of God" .

Return (s) monotheism (s)

From the ^fourteenth century BC. AD , the reign of Akhenaten is part of a brief monotheistic revolution based on sun worship of Aten , whose real significance is discussed which collapsed after the disbanding of the Pharaoh . It has long wanted to draw the origin of monotheism Bible , which is disputed by modern historians : Jewish monotheism appears that eight centuries later and is its exclusive form present only during the ^Sixth century BC. AD , the return of the Jewish people from the Babylonian exile ^, .

For Mireille Hadas-Lebel , the idea of one God, creator of both, merciful and almighty, was made after a slow evolution in the case of Jewish monotheism, which was in contact with cultures and 'polytheistic empires . Mentioning in this regard Marcel Gauchet , historian stresses the need for "extraterritoriality" for religious Jewish people: it can then get rid of imperial power and the "cult of powerful rulers easily deified by their subjects."

The development of the Jewish monotheistic doctrine is in a better context for such ideas: the Babylonian king Nabonidus tries to make the moon god Sin the only god of his empire, in Greece , the pre-Socratic defend the unity of the Godhead against the pantheon and the successors Achaemenid of Cyrus II the Great - regarded himself as a messiah of Yahweh - influence by Judean monotheism of Ahura Mazda the official god of the empire .

From God to God's exclusive national

When one accepts the coexistence monotheism with polytheism or designs his national deity ^, as simply superior to others, we speak rather of " monolatry "or" henotheism " , under newly created .

The Deuteronomy - which still does not deny other gods - seems to have been written around 622 BC. BC when King Josiah heard how the Lord the only God of Judah and prevent it from being venerated in various events such as this seems to be the case in Samaria or Teman , the idea of Jerusalem is the only holy place of the legitimate national deity .

The emergence of Jewish monotheism is solely related to the crisis of the Exile. In 597 BC. AD , the army Babylonian defeated the Kingdom of Judah , occupied and deported to exile in Babylon 's royal family, the intelligentsia and upper classes. Ten years later, the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and its ruined Temple , then follows a second deportation. It is within this elite and its progeny deported found most of the editors of Old Testament texts that will provide the answer to the terrible shock of monotheism and the profound questioning of the official religion engendered by this succession of disasters .

Not only defeat is not due to abandonment by Yahweh, but instead the opportunity to present it as the only God in the stories that intellectuals Judean write then, the destruction of Jerusalem, far be a sign of weakness of the Lord shows the power of one who has manipulated the Babylonians to punish her kings and people who have broken His commandments. Yahweh is therefore beyond his people, the master of the enemies of Judah .

The drafters of Deuteronomy articulate their theological reflection on the theme of the election that responds to the question posed by the design of a single god of the universe and its special relationship with the people of Israel: c 'then all the people - replacing the King - who became God's chosen a mode of exclusion, sometimes prohibiting contact with the idolatrous nations .

The God of the first Greek philosophers

Next Wilfred Monod , "the Greek God of the philosophers do not pretend to account for the origin of the universe, but only of the order and hierarchy that it discovers, on top of things subject to generation and to corruption .

Ancient philosophy, though it has greatly influenced the thinking and modern classics on God, ironically enough did little attention to divine questions, whereas the number of gods - the Greeks nourish the feeling of a whole world inhabited by the divine - do not deserve a chapter singular philosophy . For example, in the work of Aristotle , which supplies significantly theological reflections both Jewish and Christian and Muslim , only a thin portion is devoted to the question of God . Thus, unlike most of the readings which will be made retrospective, lorsqu'Aristote evokes the god, he is an "abstract universal", a primordial being, self-sufficient but is not one God and the transcendent world .

Theology Unit

Not until ^the third century , with Neoplatonism , when intellectual and moral competition with Christianity is emerging as philosophers such as Plotinus , Porphyry and Proclus are theological issues the focus of their intellectual reflection. Plotinus (207-270) promotes the idea of a (Greek: to in), a first principle which dominates the transcendent reality and is knowable only through its attributes.

Typology

one God

Religions Abrahamic see God as the creative principle, according to the analysis of Mireille Hadas-Lebel :

"Among the Greeks, the idea of a single principle that animates the world fell under philosophy. Among Jews, there was perhaps no philosopher, but this idea in principle unique, this intuition is called monotheism, was common to all, from the largest to the humble, and was accompanied by the prohibit the representation of divinity, which, in an idolater, seemed the strangest thing in the world.
This God, however, was not an abstract principle, but a force tutelary: king, father, judge watched over the men and demanded their moral behavior which no deity of Olympus or the ancient East could not give Example. This is the God that Jews pray today . "

It is even worth asking if there is a notion of "God" truly common to "monotheism". In the theology of Calvin , for example, there are an infinite distance between man and God, so that any analogy, any comparison is impossible. The human senses can not enclose God, because of its transcendence absolute. The senses are not a false image that waiting for the glory of God . Beyond the ecumenical impulses and the dream of philosophia perennis , remain irreconcilable differences. One can also wonder what effect would this issue before the trial Unitarians of sixteenth century Europe where the word " monotheism "appears in its modern sense, which arises from a theological maneuvering to isolate radical Judaism , Christianity and Islam from the rest of ' humanity " idolatry "," polytheistic "in short, pagan, devoid of all truth importantly, may be subject to settlement or of evangelization.

God of Israel

Some researchers suggest that the worship of YHWH was monolatry may be predominant among the Hebrews from the tenth ^centuryBC. AD , as opposed to a minority when polytheism, based in part on statistical studies of the occurrences of names Yahwists . However, following a part of modern exegesis of the early ^twenty-first century, the idea of YHWH as the one God appears to the Persian period as a result of a monotheistic thinking that leads to the assertion - in a polemical anti-idolatry - that this uniqueness is found in the Book of Isaiah written in a period between the mid ^sixth century BC. BC and the early ^fifth century BC. AD , alone among the biblical prophetic books to affirm that uniqueness . Probably influenced by religious conceptions of Achaemenid , this design also owes much to the deepening of tradition aniconic , the rejection of images is a fundamental feature of which seems Yahwism the origins of the latter .

God in Judaism

It is important to distinguish the understanding of God in Judaism the concept of God to Israel.

About this we can say of God, Maimonides begins his major work, the Mishnah Torah in these terms: "The foundation of all foundations and the pillar of wisdom know that there is a First Existence, which leads to being all existence. All beings of heaven and earth, which lies between the two, comes to be that the truth of His existence. "

The Hasidism called the First Existence Atzmut . The Essence of God is completely independent of any other existence. All other beings depend on God, but He does not need nor depend on any other existence. We can define God as the real existence . If we can make more clear: every being exists by the will of God and because of the flow of Divine creative energy permeating every being .. If God ceased, only for a moment the flow of this creative energy, being ceased to exist.

God in Christianity

Several representations of God succeed or coexist in Christianity

God a

items detailed empirical Christology ,

Unitarianism

Trinitarian God

The dogma of the Trinity, which is unique to Christianity is constructed from ^Fourth to ^fifth century , between the Council of Nicaea and the Council of Chalcedon .

This construction, over the councils, expressed in terms of philosophy available at the time, that of Plotinus . Some researchers see this as a fruit ternary expression of the triad Indo-European while others see this triad a fossil in the Roman period

God in Islam

God of the New Age

spiritual attitudes

God of the mystics

The God of the mystic transcends denominational barriers ^{God of deism}

God of theism

Atheism

monism and dualism

Philosophy and God

In philosophy , God is the being par excellence, is also spoken in metaphysics of first cause. It traditionally receives the following attributes: for existence, infinity, immutability, perfection, for the will and understanding: omnipotence, omniscience, wisdom, justice, goodness.

The question of "the existence of God"

Atheist critics routinely request evidence of the existence of God . However, the "existence" which involves insertion into immanence is not the attributes of God , limited the issue as follows: The question about the existence of God can be summarized in statements: "God does not exist ( strong atheism ) " It is almost certain that God does not exist " ( atheism de facto), "nobody knows whether God exists" ( agnosticism ), "God exists, but it can not be proved or disproved" (the theism low) and "God exists, and it can be proved" (theism strong). There are many variations on these positions.

Some definitions of God are sometimes nonspecific, while other definitions can be self-contradictory or induction, while others revolve around perceived shortcomings in evolutionary theory ^{The traditional evidence}

According to tradition, the evidence put forward are not the same. Note that, in Judaism , the question does not arise, not taboo but because even the concept of transcendence

Evidence of the existence of God

• In Christianity , given by the medieval philosophers ^, , these 5 traditional evidence were largely deconstructed by the intrusion of philosophy Cartesian which establishes a different regime of reasoning: the deductive reasoning which deconstructs the syllogism.
• In Islam, it also highlights four proofs
• evidence of the existence of God given by the Brahmanic theism take both of Aristotle and its efficient cause of a complex system. Coordination phenomena such as aggregation of atoms require a "special agent" creator endowed with omniscience ^, .

a question rethought anew

Peter Geach , Richard Swinburne , Alvin Plantinga , Antony Flew , John Leslie Mackie , Jordan Howard Sobel, wondering what (s) reason (s) we have to affirm or deny the existence of a supernatural being whose existence depend on the world.

While other philosophers are either Catholics or Protestants or Anglicans, the characteristic of Antony Flew, who assured him greater exposure in the last 5 years is to have been for years, a distinguished philosopher of religion and to have claimed his atheism. He came to see around its 81st year, that not only the question of the existence of God was important but that the existence of God could be a variant of the teleological argument , that the Anglo Saxon-called fine tuning , in a sense, the argument from the best of possible worlds . He believes that the more complex world appears in human knowledge, more powerful argument is the basis for theism ^, . Some activists of the cause of atheism are found it uncomfortable and said for some, that this conversion was a pious believers, despite the letter to Philosophy Now Flew and others that the dear Professor was already old.

Faith and reason

Contemporary Philosophies

Christian phenomenology

The Christian philosopher Michel Henry is considering a God perspective phenomenological : "God is the pure Revelation that reveals nothing other than oneself, God reveals himself. The Revelation of God is self-revelation " . God is revealing himself

Michel Henry opposes the notion of creation, which is the creation of the world, the notion of generation of Life: Life continues to engender itself and cause all living in its radical immanence, in its interiority phenomenological is no absolute gap or distance .

the masters of suspicion and the "death of God"

Traditionally called "masters of suspicion" the philosophers Marx , Nietzsche , and "Http://fr.orgSigmund_Freud" alt = "Sigmund Freud"> Freud .

We are indebted to Friedrich Nietzsche 's famous phrase "God is dead" , but Feuerbach who opened fire. The theologies of the death of God take the word This line of thought is, indeed, abroad or to Islam nor in Judaism

Feuerbach, the essence of Christianity, 1841

Ludwig Feuerbach responds to changes in modern Western society that are scientism , the evolutionary theory of Darwin , the socialist , share, among other things, a critique of religious dogma , which paves the way for al ' atheism which considers the notion of God as a social construct alien to reality. The concept mainly developed in Essence of Christianity can be summarized in two points: God as alienation, atheism as a religion of man.

"Historical progress of religion is this: what in the oldest religion was worth a goal, is recognized as subjective, ie, what was seen and worshiped as God, is now recognized as human (.... ). What man says to God, he affirms the truth of himself (....) "

Feuerbach sees theology as anthropology and god reversed a social superego, within the sociology of religion or psychology group or individual in any case of philosophy ;

Friedrich Nietzsche

God is dead! God stays dead! And we have killed him! How to console us, we murderers murderers? What the world has possessed far more sacred and more powerful lost its blood under our knives. - Who We wash this blood? With what water could we purify ourselves? What atonement, what sacred games shall we be forced to invent? The greatness of this act is it not too great for us? Are not we forced ourselves become gods simply - if only for what seem worthy of them? "- The Gay Science, Book Three, 125.

Psychoanalysis and God

Sigmund Freud

Carl Gustav Jung

Carl Gustav Jung , for which a symbol is something that "always refers to a content larger than its immediate and obvious meaning" says that God is "the symbol of symbols" . It is an expression that does not want revolutionary, but rather a continuation of various expressions of the divine. Jung's research in the chemistry or Chinese philosophy, attempt to link what is universal in the feeling of God . These archetypes common (which constitute the collective unconscious ), are expressed by every religion in different ways but still expressing the same symbolization.

Philosophy and Theology of the Process

The process theology is the name under which it collects the works of metaphysics in our time . This metaphysics , unlike previous transcends religious denominations. While Christian thinkers (Protestants with John B. Cobb or Catholics with, somehow, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Jean-Luc Marion , or lay with Henri Bergson ) have published more books, we are also thinkers in Judaism Process , in Hinduism and to a lesser extent Islam. It developed around two poles:

• criticism of cataphatic a distinction between the representation of God and its ontological nature. And Paul Tillich calls suggest the distance between the representations of God (transcendent, so beyond the possibilities of human expression) and the reality of God. The maxim that summarizes this aspect of Tillich's thought was "God is something other than what is said." In God beyond God , it therefore calls for extreme caution in asserting that this doctrine is the truth and ultimate, thereby continuing an already started thinking by Maimonides in his Guide of the Perplexed, and in a lesser extent in some respects by Ibn Arabi.
• critique of Thomism of the seven attributes, particularly the omnipotence, omniscience, immutability, the ubiquity that has made the celebrity in the Anglo-Saxon book Hartrshorne Charles Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes . Although this book dates from the 1980s, the English version has not been translated into French, there are echoes this criticism in a French theologian well before Wilfred Monod , in his lectures "to believers and atheists" data around 1926.

However, the leader of this theology is the mathematician Alfred North Whitehead , whose book and reality Minutes ^, appears to be a systematic theology that remains little known in Europe lack of translation of his theological work while in the United States, his writings are at the high school curriculum.

If process theology is particularly developed in the United States, she still finds some echo in Europe through the work of Andre Gounelle who gave an introduction to the various process theology as the creative dynamism of God .

Whitehead gives no definition of God. It describes the three features :

• Injection possible in reality and, thereby, to open the potential of becoming ,
• sort between the potential and the possible and thereby effectively allow free will ,
• Failing to make sense, give a direction to the possible. In this process philosophies provide a reinterpretation of predestination dear to Augustine of Hippo and the Protestant theologians. This direction is given (and untaxed) so as to promote better implementation of each entity present and work towards a harmonious world .

Science .

Some theologians, such as Alister McGrath Edgar, argue that the existence of God can not be adjudicated on the pros and cons to using the scientific method ^, .

By cons, as the atheist biologist Richard Dawkins, a scientist can take a scientific look at the eventual governance of a god on the nature . As Michel Onfray , it is characterized by low knowledge in religious sciences and brag: He does not need to know astrology to know that it's bad . So his book has been much controversy gathers some factual errors nt committed by the biologist while others observe that the work of Dawkins opens the era of fundamentalist atheist

Besides the revival of philosophy Thomist (the neo-Thomism ), he developed early in the ^twentieth century a metaphysics that reflects the contemporary scientific account, such as the quantum physics , theories of evolution , the psychoanalysis.

Theology

Design God

God is a

One is multiple

Gender of God

Naming God

This is a difficulty if the God we are talking about is the transcendence and if you want to go beyond sectarian

God may have a defined name as Yahweh , or Allah , a name that believers often set out with caution and respect, preferring to use their nicknames or attributes that tend to approximate its ineffability property. Some religions call or enact it never utters his name out of a sacred ritual and context .

Places of God

Art and God

Although some religions prohibit or repugnant to the representation of God, representations or artistic interests of God are numerous.

Image and idol

When the mutation monolatry - or hnotisme - Yahwist towards the beginning of ^the sixth century , the only God, transcendent, becomes "a more powerful sovereign invisible" and thus borders on idolatry . So we come not to represent him, even out of respect, using an object, a symbol or idea is to deny all knowledge of God possible. This prohibition may not be the mystical experience, ecstasy etc..

God in literature

God in film

God in music

God and humor

References

Notes

References