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Glottal

The glottal stop is the common name of a consonant with the description in phonetic articulation is the occlusive glottal deaf, denoted in international phonetic alphabet , in traditional transcription of Semitic languages in the Hawaiian alphabet ( sign named 'okina ) and most other Polynesian languages. Sometimes it is a quote that is used in place of these two signs.

Glottal
Number API 113
Symbol API
Unicode U 0294
X-SAMPA ?
Kirshenbaum ?
Glottal stop.ogg
change Consult the documentation of the model

Summary

/ / Importance of this consonant in writing

The consonant is the first in alphabetical order said "Levantine" (in which we first or a, b, g or c, d, etc..) Numerous Semitic scripts ( Arabic alphabet , Hebrew alphabet , alphabet Phoenician , etc.). In Western alphabets, the first place is taken by noting the letter / a /.

The first alphabet using the order Levantine ancestor of principle, but not for the layout of letters, all other scripts using such an order (roughly those descended from the Phoenician alphabet : Greek alphabet where Etruscan alphabet then Latin alphabet , Cyrillic alphabet , alphabet Gothic , Coptic alphabet , Aramaic alphabet from which Hebrew alphabet , Syriac alphabet , Arabic alphabet , etc..) is the Ugaritic alphabet , a writing cuneiform.

In this alphabet (actually a abjad , that is to say that only the consonants are recorded), which is has several shelves primers (giving graphemes in an established order, a tablet found in 1955 at Ugarit gives even although incompletely, the equivalent in Akkadian , Ugaritic model), the first letter is a glottal stop (now noted ). The Ugaritic alphabet, however, not being able to represent the consonant only the first letter is a and not (hence the additional signs added to the end of the alphabet i and u). According to John Healey (see bibliography), has , i and u could even be used to note sometimes has i u and, more rarely pure vowels.

The Phoenicians , repeating this order in their alphabet (other abjad that derives, in turn, for the drawing of letters of a model named poorly attested Proto-Sinaitic , which apparently stems from a simplification of the alignment of certain hieroglyphics ), have placed as the head of the consonant alphabet getting rid of the syllabic notation (hence the disappearance of i and u). This letter, evolving in different ways, has remained the first of the Semitic scripts: Hebrew, Arabic (the role of the letter but changed over the centuries: the glottal stop is now rated by , hamza ) in Syriac, etc..

But the Greeks, by creating their alphabet from the Phoenician letters, could not be satisfied with a abjad (indeed, it is possible to write the Semitic languages without vowels because the grammar of these languages allows enough easy to restore them, it's impossible for Indo-European languages ). So they used the surplus from the Phoenician consonants, including the glottal stop, absent from the Greek for their vowels. Thus the first letter became a Phoenician Greek, noting / a /. The latter value was sent to all alphabets derivatives (including the Etruscan alphabet and the Latin alphabet ), which explains why the Semitic alphabets begin with while it's a / c / in Europe.

This letter / a / is called in Greek. This name, which means nothing in this language, is directly borrowed from the Semitic languages, who called the letter from the plot pictographic behind the eye and then proto-Sinaitic Phoenician acronymic principle (we only keep the first sound of the word noted, as if one used for the o / r / for "round"). Originally, this letter was a bull's head, who claimed Alpu in the model used by the Greeks (as John F. Healey), alf (as Theodor Nldeke) or according to Pierre Swiggers Alef. The name Hebrew Masoretic is Aleppo, one of the Arabic alif.

Phonetics Articulatory

The bodies involved are the occlusive vocal cords , the glottis closing and reopening abruptly interrupt the flow of air passing through them (the process is very similar to what happens before a coughing). It's deeper than the occlusive can make a human throat. Below, there are more bodies occlusive.

Normally, all glottal stop must not be voiced : the voicing is a tightening of vocal cords to make them vibrate, it is not possible at the same time, then bring them together to remove them while making them vibrate against one another. Yet there is a language, the IMCI (in Papua New Guinea ) having a form of glottal voiced, transcribed (better: Phonology

Using paralinguistic

Occlusive this is very common in many languages that use it as a trademark, however paralinguistic. It occurs frequently in this case before a word initial vowel , then it indicates the emphasis, surprise, embarrassment: for example, in French oh oh can be pronounced Using Language

As a unit irrelevant

The glottal stop occurs very often as allophone or appears only in contexts strict. In these cases, it is not a phoneme.

In German and Dutch

A language like German that precede any morpheme with initial vowel (except endings and suffixes of derivation ) of a glottal stop, which separates the affixes of radicals with initial vowel that follows. The glottal stop there is not a relevant feature: die Entehrung "dishonor" is performed with a glottal stop between the die and the initial section of the word and that ent between the prefix and the vowel-initial theme Ehrung. This is a mandatory and it is not possible to find a minimal pair between, for example, an initial group to a In Mandarin and Vietnamese

In Mandarin (but not all linguists) and Vietnamese , all syllables necessarily begins with a consonant, including the glottal stop in the absence of any other consonant. As this glottal stop is that in this position, it is not a phoneme (in the same way as in German):

  • Mandarin: i"love" = / ai / = is that the resulting expected sequence changes to (/ b / Pre-glottalized), which occurs naturally in (/ b / injection). This glottal stop before other consonants, however, s' amut.

In Danish

The stod the Danish characteristic suprasegmental present within a syllable and a following vowel, which manifests as a form of voice cracked or laryngalisation is sometimes realized as a glottal stop when the laryngalisation led to the closure the glottis.

Historically, the transformation of the pitch accent of Scandinavian languages who gave birth to std.

In French

The French, naming h "sucked" , also has a glottal stop language, which is only the initial vowel of words written with an h-(but not exclusively: some words begin with a vowel preceded by an h "sucked" as one) and this manifests itself sucked am normally as the lack of connection that leads to the previous word (also known as disjunction , see sprue ), which lack may be accentuated by a glottal stop before a vowel, but occurs most frequently before consonants (where it appears as a means of marking the disjunction): children but hedgehogs (with aspirated 'h) (or in a diction faster), exacerbated by when we want to emphasize the disjunction and especially small ax, directed (or does not mark the cut.

English

In many dialects of English , the glottal stop is an allophone of / t / in final position (it is not phonological). This is historically the evolution of non- disocclusion of this consonant in final position. For example, dress, "habit" or cat, "cat" can be achieved respectively and or Fatt, "fatter " or As phoneme

Phoneme as relevant, the glottal stop is present in many languages:


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