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Germaine De Stal

Madame de Stael
Madame de Stal, portrait by Gerard, Chteau de Versailles
Madame de Stal, portrait by Gerard ,
Chateau de Versailles
Birth name Anne Louise Germaine Necker memere, Baronne de Stael-Holstein
Activity (s) writer
Birth 22 April 1766
Paris , Kingdom of France Kingdom of France
Deaths 14 July 1817
Paris , Kingdom of France Kingdom of France
Writing language French
Movement (s) romanticism
Genre (s) novel , essay
Major works
  • Corinne, or Italy, 1807
  • Of Germany, 1810-1813

Anne Louise Germaine Necker, Baronne de Stael-Holstein, known as Madame de Stael (/ stal / ).

Widowed in 1802 , she remarried in 1811 with a young officer in Geneva, Albert de Rocca , and reopened her salon in Paris in favor of the restoration of the Bourbons. She died in 1817 shortly after the attack of paralysis which the terrace during a ball given by the Duke Decazes , leaving unfinished his Considerations on the main events of the French Revolution, a posthumous work published in 1818.

Summary

/ / Biography

Youth

Germaine Necker was born in Paris, rue Michel-le-Comte , on 22 April 1766. Raised by her mother, the daughter of a Calvinist pastor, the devout religious views, Germaine receives an education system opposed to Rousseau , who believed that moral development should follow the development of organs of perception, Ms. Necker Whereas more exercise of intelligence by an early influx of ideas .

The taste of Parisian social life and interests of his family to the policy, however, bind more to France. Very young, fourteen years ago, keeps her circle and converse with the guests know the living room of his mother. She learned English and Latin, the art of dance and music, recitation and diction, is often went to the theater. Everything made her a different girl by his erudition and culture of young girls in her community, raised more traditional, which surprised his contemporaries with his lively intelligence.

The prestige of his father opened the doors of what Europe has both aristocrats and enlightened. His parents do not want a Catholic son, but there are very few Protestants in the French nobility. Swiss friends and they are required to attend too provincial. Contenders for prestigious names are put forward: Axel de Fersen , the Swedish Ambassador, Mr. Mecklenburg, Louis de Narbonne , which became one of his lovers then, and even William Pitt (but she does not want it), are among the best known. Finally, the Baron de Stael-Holstein, Swedish Ambassador, seventeen years her senior, wins. Having a candidate when she was thirteen, he waits, and their marriage is celebrated in the chapel of the Lutheran Swedish Embassy. From him she has a child with certainty: Gustavine ( one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven - 1 789 ) which Gustav III is the sponsor. Augustus ( 1.79 thousand - one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven ) and Albert ( one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two - 1 813 ) are probably arising from his association with Louis de Narbonne then Albertine, future Duchess de Broglie ( 1797 - 1,838 ), is probably the daughter of Benjamin Constant. Before her marriage to Albert de Rocca has him a son, Alphonse-Louis Rocca ( 1812 - 1838 ).

Woman

This arranged marriage is not a love match, not even a happy marriage, and the young woman seeking happiness elsewhere it did not. His entire life is also a perpetual quest for happiness, she finds little.

Following her mother, she opened a salon where she receives representatives of a new generation professing the new ideas that are close to his own contemporaries of the American War of Independence , which was attended by some way - Lafayette , Noailles , Clermont-Tonnerre , Condorcet , and the three men she loves most in this period: Louis de Narbonne , his first great passion, Mathieu de Montmorency 's friend throughout his life, Talleyrand , the traitor friendship.

It will promote in particular the latter's return from exile in the United States of America. They will maintain an epistolary relationship provided throughout their lives.

The Revolution

Seeing in the UK the best expression of freedom, avid reader of Rousseau , marked by the ideas of the Enlightenment , she welcomed the Revolution and, 5 May 1789 , attended the opening of the Estates General. However, starting in 1792 , his situation becomes difficult. Supporting the idea of a constitutional monarchy, it cuts both supporters of a republic that proponents of Absolutism , and forced into exile in 1793 in England, where she spent several months with friends who attended his living room. His life is then often marked by exile.

Returned to France after Thermidor , it publishes in September Reflections on the trial of the Queen, advocacy for Marie Antoinette at the other women in which she denounced the miseries of Women. Now she is publishing her own literary works, rejecting the one hand and the wonderful allegorical story-tellers of yesteryear, and the historical novel and antique decor, featuring, in a modern way for time, the characters and the social conditions of his time.

Napoleon

On 3 January 1798 , Talleyrand household interview with General Bonaparte , whom she sees a liberal called to overcome the true ideal of the Revolution, she meets several times thereafter. Impressed, she assails him with questions: "- General, what is for you the first women? - The fact that the more children, Mrs. "would have the answer.

Madame de Stael loses his illusions after the coup d'tat of 18 Brumaire and the promulgation of the Constitution of Year VIII. Many have to start living in hiding, and it is prohibited in that it continues its work of political philosophy. Rather than take refuge in silence, she published the novels that earned him great fame, but she also begins an exile that will only increase.

Exile

In 1803 , the example of Madame de Stael, far from Paris where she must not come under "forty miles," is representative of the unequal battle that can deliver the absolute power and individuality of a writer . With the publication of Delphine, a novel that combines the political and social issues of his time, the Anglophilia of the day, the superiority of Protestantism over Catholicism, divorce, openly denouncing the regression to all points of view Women, despite the Revolution, the plight of women who are condemned to their position in the patriarchal family. This is obviously not to please Napoleon became emperor, to whom we owe a French Civil Code repressive towards women, under guardianship, losing the rights and gains of the revolution that will put more a century to recover.

This earned him, however, a huge success throughout Europe - are also critical, virulent, fueled by the hostility of the Emperor against him.

Widowed in 1802 , it has a long relationship with Benjamin Constant , met in 1794 , accompanying him into exile. Vaud like it, it is ultimately derived from the same region as it and Protestant, but he just likes living in Paris. It fails to bind either to her or else. This binding, long and stormy, is one of the most surprising as we have left the history of the literary world. "I had never seen anything like the world," he writes, "I fell passionately in love." But the desire to control everything from Madame de Stael and Benjamin Constant deceptions, they are separated after a marriage that Madame de Stael refuses.

She remarried in 1811 , with Albert de Rocca , a young Swiss officer 22 years her junior whom she has a son.

Benjamin Constant falls in love with Madame Recamier , in an unhappy passion. His former lover wrote of him: "A man who does the impossible."

The end of 1803 to spring 1804 , Madame de Stael did with Benjamin Constant, a journey of several months in Germany , where it is received in the princely courts as a head of state. She learned German, and meeting Schiller , Goethe , and all that Germany has so artists. She discovers an unknown literature in France, which is presented to the French with his book On Germany , where she portrays a Germany sentimental and innocent, an image that had a great influence on the look that the French have focused on the Germany throughout the nineteenth century. It also undertakes a trip to Italy at the end of the year. We must, she says, have "European spirit".

Back at the castle of Coppet, the only place where she can live in Napoleonic Europe, she begins Corinne or Italy, a novel in which the heroine, in search of its independence, died this research. In this place, it is also the host of many European intellectuals and personalities revolving around the Coppet Group.

After the publication of De l'Allemagne , printed in 1810 , seized by order of Napoleon, and published in France only in 1814 , began in earnest for Madame de Stael's "years of exile, caused by the release of his violent pamphlet against the Emperor, who chased and spied without truce, prohibiting any publication. She fled with her two children still alive and her husband, Albert de Rocca. Hoping to rally England, she is forced to pass through Russia and stayed in St. Petersburg , where she is greeted by Pushkin . There she takes notes for the future of Russia and the kingdoms of the North - which does not appear until after his death. She also meets in St. Petersburg on Stein , staunch opponent of Napoleon. She finally manages to take refuge in Stockholm , with Bernadotte , became heir to the throne of Sweden, where she became the inspiration of an anti-Napoleonic alliance, gaining political stature. She joined England in 1813, meeting in London on the future Louis XVIII , whom she wishes to see a sovereign capable of realizing the constitutional monarchy. She returned to France in spring 1814 , after publishing in the UK Sappho, or repairing the theme of women and misunderstood genius who eventually died of grief and love, and his thoughts on suicide.

Posterity

Back in Paris, she receives kings, ministers and generals. In a Europe that has yet known, in fact, influential woman, which some sovereigns and favorites (like the Marquise de Pompadour ), Madame de Stael has real political ambition, after hoping to play the role of counselor Napoleon. Combative and passed to the opposition, she is an activist and propagandist. During the first exile of Napoleon, although allied with caution in Bourbon , it is preventing the Emperor of an assassination attempt , and this, to rally to his cause, makes him the promise of a sum previously paid by his father scavenger . She visited Josephine , very ill at Malmaison asking him what was his life with the emperor.

Literary history leaves her the image of a woman minx , overly sentimental , possessive and tyrannical in friendship and love . It's mostly a pioneer in many fields, in literature, she popularized in France the word " romanticism " , introduced by Pierre Le Tourneur . In her novels she presents women as victims of social constraints that prevent them from asserting their personality. She claims the right to happiness for all, and for herself. This claim of right to happiness which merged with the right to love is taken up by George Sand. Madame de Stael is a modern woman in Europe and describes her travels in all directions.

Works

  • Journal of Youth, 1785
  • Sophie's feelings or secrets
  • Letters on literature and the character of JJ Rousseau, 1788 (rd. increased in 1789)
  • Jane Gray (tragedy in five acts and in verse), 1790
  • Eulogy of M. de Guibert
  • What signs can we recognize what is the opinion of the majority of the nation?
  • Reflections on the trial of the Queen, 1793
  • Zulma: fragment of a book, 1794
  • Reflections on Peace addressed to Mr. Pitt and the French, 1795
  • Reflections on Inner Peace
  • Collection of loose pieces (including: Epistle to misfortune or Adele and Edward, Test on three new dramas and Mirza or letter from a traveler, Adelaide and Theodore and Pauline's Story), 1795
  • The influence of passions on the happiness of individuals and nations, 1796
  • Current circumstances that may end the Revolution and the principles that should underpin the Republic in France
  • Literature considered in connection with social institutions, 1800
  • Delphine, 1802
  • Epistles on Naples
  • Corinne, or Italy, 1807
  • Hagar in the desert
  • Genevieve de Brabant
  • The Shunammite
  • Captain Kernadec or seven years in a day (two-act comedy in prose)
  • Signora Fantastici
  • The dummy (comedy)
  • Sappho
  • Germany, published in London in 1813 and Paris in 1814 (though the book was ready in 1810 but has had its trials destroyed by order of Napoleon).
  • Reflections on Suicide, 1813
  • The Spirit of translations
  • Considerations on the main events of the French Revolution from its inception up to and including July 8, 1815, 1818 (posthumous)
  • Complete works of Madame de Stael Good, published by his son, preceded by a notice on the character and writings of Madame de Stael, by Madame Necker de Saussure, 1820-1821

Italic text

References

  1. Jean-Marie Pierret, French Phonetics and historical notions of general phonetics , 1994
  2. But in October 1810, censorship was strengthened in Napoleonic France, Germany is pounded before its publication. A set of tests is saved by AW Schlegel and secured in Vienna in May 1811, while Madame de Stael began the Ten Years' Exile. In Germany published in French in London in 1813. See "Timeline" by Simone Swept in Madame de Stael, De l'Allemagne, Paris, GF-Flammarion , 1968.
  3. "Record on the character and writings of Madame de Stael," Complete Works of Madame la Baronne de Stael-Holstein, Paris, Firmin Didot brothers, 1836, Volume 2, p. 5.
  4. See the warning of Reflections in the volume of the Works of Baroness de Stael-Holstein, Paris, Lefevre, 1838, p. 50-51.
  5. See Henri Guillemin discussion page views a little differently.
  6. According to Robert Ouvrard, "Anne Louise Germaine Necker, Baronne de Stael-Holstein, Madame de Stael" , and Richard Miller, "Germaine de Stael, a woman in the origins of Liberalism" , citing the "introduction" of Jacques Godechot to Germaine de Stael, Considerations on the French Revolution, Paris, Tallandier, 2000 22.
  7. National Journal and foreign, political, scientific and literary Paris, Office of the National Journal, 1862, Volume 10, p. 65.
  8. Joseph Bonaparte , Albert Du Casse, memoirs and political and military correspandance Joseph King published, Paris, Perrotin, 1854, Volume 10, p. 226-227.
  9. "Stael-Holstein (Anne Louise Germaine Necker, Baronne de)" in Philippe Le Bas, Augustin Francois Lemaitre, France, encyclopedic dictionary, Paris, Firmin Didot brothers, 1845, Volume 12, p. 543.
  10. Rihoit Catherine, La nuit de Varennes, where the impossible is not French, Editions Ramsay, 1982, 312 pages, p. 14 ( ISBN 2859562605 ).
  11. Correspondence with Madame de Stael, Editions Montaigne, 1928, 230 pages, p. 16.
  12. Journal of Human Sciences, Faculty of Arts at the University of Lille, Second Series No. 81-84, 1956, p. 134
  13. Albert Sorel , Madame de Stael, Paris, Hachette, 1890, 216 pages, p. 171
  14. Michel Brix, French Romanticism: Platonic aesthetics and modern literature, Editions Peeters, 1999, 302 pages, introduction, p. 17 ( ISBN 904290738X ).
  15. Lagarde, Andre; MICHARD, Lawrence. nineteenth century (the great writers of the French program - Anthology and literary history). Bordas Publishing House, Paris, 1985. p.13

See also

Internal Links

Bibliography

Section does not respect the conventions and recommendations for further reading.


  • Complete works of Madame de Stael, being published in the ditions Honor Champion :
    1. Series I. Critical works:
      • Volume I. Letters on the writings and character of JJ Rousseau. - On the influence of passions on the happiness of individuals and nations. - From education to the soul by life. / Thoughts about suicide. - Editor Florence Lotto. Texts drawn up and presented by Florence Lotto. Amend annotation by Anne Schting Anne Brousteau, Florence Lotto, Laurence Vanoflen. 2008. ISBN 978-2-7453-1642-4.
      • Volume II. In literature and other literary essays. In preparation
      • Volume III. From Germany. In preparation
    2. Series II. Literary works:
      • Volume I. Autobiographical Writings. News. Poetry. In preparation
      • Volume II. Delphine. Text by Lucia Omacini and annotated by Simone Swept. 2004. ISBN: 978-2-7453-0957-0.
      • Volume III. Corinne or Italy. Critical edition by Simone Swept. PRICE CHARTIER 2001. 2000. ISBN: 978-2-7453-0288-5.
      • Volume IV. Dramatic Works. In preparation
    3. Series III. Historical works':
      • Volume I. The current situation and other political essays under the Revolution. 2009. ISBN: 978-2-7453-1905-0.
      • Volume II. Considerations on the French Revolution. In preparation
      • Volume III. Ten years of exile and other essays on politics under the Empire and Restoration. In preparation
  • General correspondence. Prepared and presented by Beatrice W. Jasinski and Othenin Haussonville. Slatkine (Reprint), 2008-2009.
    1. Volume I. 1777-1791. ISBN 978-2-05-102081-7.
    2. Volume II. 1792-1794. ISBN 978-2-05-102082-4.
    3. Volume III. 1794-1796. ISBN 978-2-05-102083-1.
    4. Volume IV. 1796-1803. ISBN 978-2-05-102084-8.
    5. Volume V. 1803-1805. ISBN 978-2-05-102085-5.
    6. Volume VI. 1805-1809. ISBN 978-2-05-102086-2.
    7. Volume VII. May 15, 1809 to May 23, 1812. ISBN 978-2-05-102087-9.

Monograph

  • Francoise Eaubonne A woman witness of his age, Germaine de Stael. Flammarion, 1966.
  • (In) Maria Fairweather, Madame de Stael. London, Constable, 2005. ISBN 1-84119-816-1.
  • Henri Guillemin, Madame de Stael and Napoleon. Panorama Publishing, 1966.
  • J. Christopher Herold, Germaine Necker de Stael. Plon, 1962.
  • Andrew Lang, Life of thunderstorms, Germaine de Stael. Calmann-Lvy, 1958.
  • Marcel Laurent , Prosper Barante and Madame de Stael. Mr. Lawrence, 1972.
  • Jean-Denis Bredin , A singular family: Jacques Necker, Suzanne Necker and Germaine de Stael. Paris, Fayard , 1999. ( ISBN 2-213-602-80-8 ).
  • Ghislain de Diesbach, Madame de Stael. Perrin, 1983 (rd. 2008). ( ISBN 978-2262002848 , 978-2266014267 and 978-2262028114 ).
  • Michel Winock , Madame de Stael. Fayard, 2010.
  • George Soloviev, Madame de Stael. Choice of texts. Thematic and topical Klincksieck, 278 p.
    With a biographical summary of each book and comments.
  • Claire Garry Boussel, Status and function of the male figure at Madame de Stael. Honor Champion , 2002. ISBN 978-2-7453-0647-0.
  • Schiffer Liesel , remarkable women in the nineteenth century (preface by Jean Tulard). Paris, Vuibert , 2008, 305 p. ( ISBN 2711744426 and 9782711744428 ).
  • Jacques Godechot , introduction, bibliography, chronology (reproduced Swept Simone) and notes in Madame de Stael, Considerations on the French Revolution, Paris, Collection In-Text, Tallandier, 1983 (first edition since 1881), pp. 7-55.
  • Simone Brushed, Madame de Stael. Light and Liberty, Paris, Klincksieck, 1979

External Links


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