Gaspard Ii De Coligny
| Gaspard II de Coligny | |
 | |
| Birth | 16 February 1519 Chatillon-sur-Loing |
|---|---|
| Deaths | 24 August 1572 (53 years) Paris |
| Origin |  France |
| Grade | Amiral de France |
| Honors | Peer of France |
| Family | Maison de Coligny |
change  | |
Gaspard de Coligny is a noble French admiral, born 16 February 1519 in Chatillon-sur-Loing and murdered on 24 August 1572 in Paris during the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Comte de Coligny , Baron de Beauvoir and Beaupont, Montjuif , Roissiat, Chevignat and other places, Lord of Chatillon, admiral of France , it is one of the best known members of the illustrious house of Coligny.
He is the son of Gaspard Ier de Coligny , marshal of France under Francis I and his wife Louise de Montmorency. He is the brother of Odet, Cardinal de Chatillon and Francis Andelot.
Summary |
Formative Years
1519-1530: provincial childhood
Gaspard de Coligny was born at Chatillon. His father was a former family and had married in 1514 Louise de Montmorency, widow of Fercy Mailly she had three children. One brother of Louise Anne de Montmorency , who was Constable of France between 1538 and 1541 1530-1542: adolescence at the court of Francis I In 1530 , Louise de Montmorency, Gaspard's mother, was appointed maid of honor of Eleanor of Austria and the family found itself in court. This was one of the brightest in Europe. Large homes are competing for the favor of the king and the Montmorency clan there enjoyed a growing influence. Politically, France, the empire of Charles V and his rival Papal States were the largest European powers. Added to England, whose support could tip the balance one way or the other in case of conflict. On the religious level, France had embarked on the path to a degree of independence with the Concordat of Bologna. The humanism spread and with it a critique of religious practices which called for reforms and provoked opposition within the university and the religious orders concerned about the spread of Lutheran ideas . In 1530 appeared an edition of the Vulgate translated by Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples. The king's own sister, Marguerite d'Angouleme , was influenced by the ideas and where the reformists Coligny came to court the king still tolerated this excitement. In 1533 , the year of the schism between Rome and England , Francis I married his son Henry , the Dolphin , the niece of Pope Clement VII , Catherine de Medici. Recognizing the pope gave to France seven places of cardinals, whose Odet de Coligny, who was just 16 years, was one of the beneficiaries. In 1534 broke the case cupboards that would trigger a harsh crackdown against the Lutherans. Francis I was still embarrassed because he did not want to alienate the German princes to support reform. Meanwhile, Coligny was studying with the children of King William with the master of Maine, abbot of Beaulieu . He studied Cicero , Ptolemy , and discovered the cosmography was booming. The court was moving much, and young Coligny followed the king from castle to castle. Gaspard had made friends, including the young Franois de Guise. With his brother Francis, he enjoyed a popularity that made the disgrace of Montmorency in 1541 , did not affect their attendance at court. Montmorency had sought to avoid war with the Imperial forces, it was inevitable. In 1542 , the Coligny would make their debut 1542-1546: first steps Odet chose an ecclesiastical career, the uncle of Montmorency was rejected by the court, he remained young Coligny as weapons to make a name. Declared war against Charles V, Gaspard campaigned in Luxembourg, in the County of Flanders , in Italy where he participated in the hollow victory of Crisoles. Signed peace with the Emperor (1544) he took part in the offensive naval commissioned by Claude Annebault against the English. Several times wounded in the fighting, he distinguished himself for his daring. Peace was signed with Henry VIII of England in 1546 leaving Coligny free to do, as was the custom at the time for the young men of good family, a trip to Italy. He stayed including Ferrara at the Duchess d'Este , but the death of Francis I 31 March 1547 hastened his return to France Reign of Henry II One of the first acts of the new king was to recall Uncle Gaspard, the Constable de Montmorency. Gaspard, meanwhile, was appointed gentleman of the king's room and decorated with the Order of St. Michael. In 1547 , he received the office of colonel general of infantry. That year was marked by the death of his mother, Louise de Montmorency, who had much closer ideas of reform, and by his marriage with Charlotte de Laval, daughter of Count Guy XVI de Laval. The following year his younger brother, Francis, in turn married a rich heiress. But the court of Henry II was a hotbed of intrigue where the clan of the Montmorency and Guise , backed by the all-powerful king's mistress, Diane de Poitiers fought the favor of Henry II. The reign of Henry II began with a resumption of persecution against the Protestants and threats on the English side who refused to Boulogne always busy. England while eyeing the throne of Scotland, including Mary Stuart had inherited on the death of King Jacques I of Scotland in 1542. A marriage to Edward VI of England , who had succeeded Henry VIII died in 1547, would have united the crowns of England and Scotland, for which the Guises, including Francis, uncle of Mary Stuart by her sister Mary , do wanted at any price. Coligny was part of the delegation that went to London to negotiate peace. He met the young Edward VI, during whose reign the Anglican reform radicalized to get closer to Protestantism. Back in Paris, finding poorly rewarded for his efforts to serve the king, Coligny retired to his land and took advantage of his leisure to write a very strict military code that was intended to moralize the behavior of the troops. The King soon recalled and Coligny replied campaign. Departed from the siege of Metz by Franois de Guise, he contributed to the victory of Renty. He was appointed admiral of France in 1552 and governor of Picardy. In 1557 , after the breaking of the truce Vaucelles spent with Charles V , the imperial army, led by Duke Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, besieged the town of Saint-Quentin , defended by Coligny. After a long resistance, he had to go September 27th. The Battle of St. Quentin was a very heavy defeat for France: it drives the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrai (1559). After the death of King Henry II, weary of the intrigues of the court and set aside by the Guises in power, he resigned all his offices and retired to his estate: in this retreat, reading books innovators changed his views religious, and he embraced the Reformation. He converted, primarily at the instigation of his wife and his brother Andelot. In 1560, with Catherine de Medici , it is the source of the political movement of reconciliation that develops at the court of Francis II. Initially, very moderate in his adherence to the Reformation of loyalty to the king, he refused the path of violence and condemned the conspiracy of Amboise. It was not until 1560, he spread his faith openly. During the assembly of notables at Fontainebleau, he informed the king of the claims of the Protestants. Guise to the departure of the death of Francis II meets. During 1561, Coligny and his brothers enjoyed a great favor with Catherine de Medici and do not despair of seeing her join the Reformation. He participates in the king's council and played a large role in the royal policy of conciliation. However, the violent Catholic reaction to the Edict of January (1562) obliged the queen-mother to separate from him and returned Coligny on his land. There he learned the news of the massacre Wassy and the march to war. In 1562 , when war broke out between the Protestant and Catholic party, Coligny engage with the Prince of Conde. Having difficulty maintaining an army, he negotiated financial assistance with Queen Elizabeth I of England and was brought to cede the port of Le Havre ( Treaty of Hampton Court ). The delivery of a place of importance to the hereditary enemies of France will be particularly criticized even by supporters of the Reformation . He participated in the battle of Dreux , which marks the defeat of the Protestant army against the royal army. In 1563 , he was accused of ordering the assassination of the Duc de Guise by Poltrot de Mere. The latter died, murdered in the walls of Orleans , brought a few years of peace. Courtesy of King Charles IX , he chose Captain Huguenot Jean Ribault in 1562 to establish a colony in Florida with 150 of his coreligionists. The weapons were taken from both sides in 1567 , he left the court with Conde and took refuge in Burgundy , then to La Rochelle. With Louis I de Cond , Franois de Coligny and Guyonne Rieux , he was considered one of the instigators of the " pursuit of Meaux , in 1567 , attempt by Protestants to enter the King Charles IX of France and the Queen Mother Catherine de Medici. Coligny took part in the battle for undecided Saint-Denis. The third religious war saw the defeats accumulate: first Jarnac ( 13 March 1569 ) where Conde was murdered. Then, despite the victory of La Roche-l'Abeille he lost time at the headquarters of Poitiers for its mercenaries, unpaid, wanted the loot, and he had to lift the siege before being beaten and injured Moncontour ( 3 October 1569 ), where he was defeated by the Duke of Anjou, later Henry III. Coligny then fled south with his troops, escaped Monluc and Montmorency-Damville, and joined the army of "viscount" in Languedoc. He was then able to regain the initiative, raised troops plundered the villages Catholics took Saint-Etienne , won the victory of Arnay-le-Duc and returned in 1570 to La Charite-sur-Loire , threatening Paris. The king yielded, and then it was the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( 8 August 1570 ). Coligny then tried to get into the good graces of Charles IX , who was sentenced to death and confiscate his property. In 1571 , he returned to the court and the king made him welcome. Catholics of the court, however, hated him, and his influence on the king remained limited. His proposal to intervene in the County of Flanders against the Spanish and was rejected several times. On 22 August 1572 , shortly after the marriage of Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV ), Charles de Louviers , lord of Maurevert , who shot the chief Calvinist Vaudres Mouy in 1569, Coligny shot from a house belonging to the Guises. Historians are still divided on the identity of the sponsor of this attack, the main suspects are: Charles IX went to the bedside of the wounded man, promising him justice. But the murder of all Protestant leaders and was decided on the night of 23 to 24 August 1572 broke the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Coligny was over in bed, with blows of daggers and his body was thrown through the window into the court by Charles Danowitz. It is then transported to the gibbet of Montfaucon , where it is exhibited, hanging by their feet. In his honor was inaugurated July 24, 1889, the statue of Admiral, the work of Gustave Crauk , erect, rue de Rivoli , at the bedside of the Oratory of the Louvre, a former Roman Catholic church made available to the Reformed worship by Napoleon February 23, 1811. Felix Bourquelot published in 1858 an edition of the Correspondence of Admiral. The Fort Coligny was built by Admiral Villegagnon , founder of the Antarctic France , on the island that now bears the name of Villegagnon in the Bay of Rio de Janeiro , where he had been sent by Admiral de Coligny , Treurfontein, a village in South Africa, located in the northwest province , was renamed Coligny in honor of Admiral . Perhaps in memory of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (August 8, 1570), a path through the forest of Saint Germain en Laye bears his name: "Route de Coligny." Gaspard first married in 1547 , Charlotte de Laval , daughter of Count Guy XVI de Laval , in the chapel of the castle Montmuran in Ille-et-Vilaine. Charlotte de Laval died in 1568. They have five children: His second wife he married, March 25, 1571 in La Rochelle , Montbel Jacqueline, Countess d'Entremont and Nottage (1541 - 1600). He was assassinated in 1572, while Jacqueline is pregnant with Beatrice, who was born four months after the death of his father , . Gaspard de Coligny has many descendants in all the royal houses of Europe. Partial source of the article: Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang (ed.), "Gaspard II de Coligny" in Universal Dictionary of History and Geography, 1878 [ detail editions ] ( Wikisource ) Embassy in London
Wars against Spain
Wars of Religion
Accession to the Reformation
Warlord
Assassination
Posterity
Marriage and children
See also
Bibliography
Printed sources
Historical Works
Filmography
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