Gallus Gallus Domesticus
 Hen, rooster, chicken | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Golden cockerel | |||
| Classification | |||
| Reign | Animalia | ||
| Branch | Chordata | ||
| Class | Aves | ||
| Order | Galliformes | ||
| Family | Phasianidae | ||
| Genre | Gallus | ||
| Species | Gallus gallus | ||
| Subspecies | |||
| Gallus gallus domesticus - Author incomplete - , date to be | |||
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The hen or rooster or chicken domestic is a species of bird of the order Galliformes. This species is high both for its flesh in which case the generic term to designate it is poultry , for its eggs , and sometimes for its feathers. There are many races , subspecies mainly from the domestication of a species particular wild, the Golden Rooster.
Summary |
name designating the representatives of the species
The male chicken is the rooster. A young chick and is called a pre-adult male is called then becomes cockerel chicken , a female chicken is a chicken. A cockerel castrated so that his flesh is more tender is a capon , a hen which was removed the ovaries of the same pattern is a chicken. Capons and fowls are more overweight and have a meat fattier than their non-castrated.
Distribution
This subspecies, although tropical origin, has a very wide geographical distribution, due to the action of man. It adapts to a variety of settings, except for high latitudes beyond the polar circle , where the days are too short in winter. The eyes of the chickens do not allow them to see at night (no sticks ), making it an exclusively diurnal.
Biology
The hen is a terrestrial animal and precocial.
Food
The bird is omnivorous , its natural diet consisting of small caryopses of Poaceae (grasses), of invertebrate soil, some leaves of grass and small stones used for grinding food in the gizzard after being soaked mucus in the crop. Minerals absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract are important in the production process of shell eggs.
This is an animal adapted to the race (three fingers resting on the ground), and flying low.
Reproduction
The hen reaches adulthood and spawn (even in the absence of a rooster) from age 5 to 9 months (depending on race). The egg can be fertilized course if there is presence of a rooster. It is advisable to get a good result from fertilization to have a good stock : 1 rooster per 10 hens in small breeds, 1 rooster for 8 hens and 1 rooster breeds medium for 6 hens in heavy breeds.
In its native range, it lays all year, the seasons are not marked. In temperate zones, it ceases to lay eggs when the days get shorter (August-December) and again when the days are getting longer because the hormone triggers the ovulation has occurred after at least 10 hours of exposure of the hen to light. In this case, the next morning, an egg yolk is released into the oviduct where it is surrounded with albumen (white) and then the shell is made in the uterus in 16 to 19 hours.
The hen lays one egg per day or one every two days (ie 100 to 300 eggs per year according to race and age). Each year, the hen's egg decreases from 20 to 30%, while supplies oocytes (menopause, around 7-9 years).
The eggs are laid in nests built coarsely. They are of various colors. Urban consumers buy certain colors: red eggs in Europe, whites in the United States, for example, it arises from deeply rooted social prejudice.
After 8 to 12 eggs are laid in the nest, the hen changes behavior, starts to giggle and plucks at the sternum , all being caused by increased levels of progesterone. The eggs are then incubated : the chicken gets up once a day to feed and bathe the earth, she returns regularly eggs (essential for the harmonious development of the fetus ). Embryonic development occurs during an incubation period during which the egg is kept at a temperature around -39 C 38. That is the purpose of breeding naturally ensured by the hen or artificially, by artificial incubator. From the brooding, the hen much heat, but towards the end, it heats less eggs, the metabolism of chicks taking over. Brood expires in a perfectly synchronous, and there is communication between chicks ready to hatch (it takes 19 to 21 days, depending on the breed and size).
The chicks are raised by 1.5 to 3 months according to race. Young s'emplument gradually. When the rate of progesterone decline in the mother, and she will start to spawn, she rejects the young, then siblings who live to adulthood.
Durability
The longevity of the pool may reach 18, but the chicken often ages poorly and has poor health he rarely exceed 12 years. The menopause occurs around 7-9 years, when the oocytes of the ovary (as the left) are exhausted.
Sexual dimorphism
The rooster is distinguished from the hen by its larger size, with a bright red crest on its head and wattles more developed, its pins , by the most vivid colors of his feathers and his bushy tail feathers. He also stands by his cry, "the crow".
The combative nature of roosters is utilized to organize fights. This tradition was very strong in northern France, where it can still be observed, and Belgium , where she is now banned. It also persists in the south-east Asia and Latin America.
Due to hormonal imbalance, menopause can take a hen partially secondary sexual characters of the cock.
Communication
The hen Cagnet, cackles (when she lays), tap, pock (when she talks to her chickens in the egg), clousse (when it hatches), crested dogstail, chuckles (when she converses with its congeners). He even, rarely, to sing like a rooster.
Chick chirp, chirping, chirp.
The rooster is also distinguished by his cry, "the crow" which varies according to phonetic languages (cock a doodle do in English, Spanish quiquiriqui, kokeriko in Esperanto, etc.).. The rooster is innate, it is not learned.
"Cocorico" is used by some French people to show their chauvinism , probably because the cry is interpreted as a manifestation of pride from the rooster, but mainly because the cockerel is the symbol of the country.
Social organization
In a farmyard , hens are clearly arranged in order of priority for food, perches, sexual partners, generally, the hierarchy of dominance is linear: it involves an animal A dominates all others, an animal B dominates all but animal A, etc..
Similarly, a dominance hierarchy exists among roosters.
The chickens are equipped with enough intelligence developed. For example, they are able to recognize individually each pool of poultry, even in photography .
Captivity
In henhouse: protect the animal from wind and rain have at least 1 m for 2 chickens. The house should include perches, nest boxes (stable filled with hay or straw), water troughs.
Release: a chicken always comes back to sleep in the same place if it feels good: sheltered, quiet, with a high perch.
Systematics
History of domestication
Different types of wild birds have appeared on every continent: the grouse in Europe , the guinea fowl in Africa , the turkey in America and the golden cock in Asia. It is this latter species that gave rise to the first domestication probably in New Guinea or in South Asia there are between 7000 and 4000 BC. AD. Then his shape domestic spread throughout the world for the production of meat and eggs, if based on the fact that the word for domestic chicken - * Manuk - belongs to the language reconstructed Proto-Austronesian. The chickens, the dogs and pigs were among the pets of culture Lapita , the first Neolithic culture of Oceania.
Through trade antique and population movements, the chickens have reached every continent.
The first performances of hens in Europe are found on Corinthian pottery of the seventh century BC. AD
In ancient Greece, chickens were rare and were a luxury food. It seems that Delos has been a center of chicken farming.
On Easter Island , the chickens have been introduced by the Polynesians as navigators to the twelfth century , and they were the only pet. They were housed in barns of stone particularly strong.
Similarly, the chickens arrived in America long before the explorer Christopher Columbus and were introduced by the Polynesians , according to a genetic study published in Annals of the National Academy of Sciences. race question: Araucana (which lay blue shelled eggs)
Genetics
On 9 December 2004 , the scientific journal Nature has announced an international team of 170 researchers has succeeded in establishing the sequencing of the genome of the chicken. This is the first time for a bird.
Related species pheasant , quail , all produce sterile hybrids. The species of the genus Gallus produce little fertile hybrids.
- Following the sub-species of golden cock , and probably other sub-species extinct since the genetic diversity of domestic breeds can not be justified only by the descendants of the only subspecies still present in the wild as recently demonstrated by advances in genetic research, and particularly the presence of a gene from hybridization with " Gallus sonneratii ", discovered by researchers Europeans (including a French woman, Ms. Texier-Boichard), which transmitted the hereditary recessive (W * Y) "yellow skin" several domestic races, non-existent in wild populations of golden cock. (Source: The Journal poultry, No. 1683, Jan.-February 2009)
Breeds of chickens
There are over 200 large breed hens (45 French), shape, size and color and as many different toy breeds.
Golden cockerel
Hen Gtinais
Hen -negro silk white variety
Rooster Crevecoeur
Rooster Orpington fawn
Padua curly white
Hen Rhode Island
Egg type "industrial", derived from crosses
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Economic Importance
Chicken eggs are by far the most consumed among the different types of eggs placed on the market. A cockerel is a chicken that is slaughtered at a weight of less than one kilogram (while the weight of a standard chicken can vary from 1.5 to 2.5 kg and over).
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Breeding hens
Traditionally, it was done in backyards. From the Middle Ages , each firm or even every village house had a barn that provided eggs for family consumption and for sale to the market, allowing a steady income even with a small staff. The management of the house was the domain of women and children.
The livestock industry is most often placed in cages in batteries , but also on the ground in barns. The legislature had to intervene to regulate the living space of battery hens. In Europe, Directive 1999/74/EC requires that cages offer a minimum area of 750 cm per animal (500 cm cons before).
To stimulate egg production, the hatchery plays on the lights that the daily is gradually increased to up to 16 hours during spawning.
France is the biggest European producer with 790 million chickens raised each year. The INRA in 2004 noted that 75% to 90% of chickens claudication, including 26% to 30% "severe". According to the chained duck , 26 July 2006, which reports these figures, they spend nearly 90% of time lying down because of space (cons 60-70% in 1980), which causes leg deformities.
(See also Animal Welfare )
Pools of companies?
Hens, contrary to popular belief, are not stupid and uninteresting. Sometimes playful, they are tamed very well. It is very easy to teach them tricks, like standing on the shoulder or something more complicated (skip in a circle ...) Also, many breeds of chickens are ornamental.
Diseases
The chicken is susceptible to many diseases , including the avian influenza highly pathogenic ( H5N1 in particular).
But also salmonellosis , transmissible to humans, coccidiosis , which is not, and many other deadly viruses. In general, a sick hen is unlikely to survive, so prevention is better, through hygiene and healthy eating.
Culture
Symbolism
Symbolism of the Rooster
- In the western symbolic rooster is associated with strength, courage, valor, pride and pretension.
- The term cock gave its name to cocktails , mixed drinks of various colors.
- The Gallic rooster is the national symbol of France. This is due to a clever pun because rooster said "gallus" in Latin and Gaul said he was "Gallia." It is in the Renaissance that the gallinaceous, religious symbol of hope and faith in the Middle Ages, is associated with the idea of nation, and the effigies of kings are often accompanied by a rooster. The latter also adorned currency , the uniforms and he is still on the grille of the Elysee. Although it is increasingly recognized as landmark by the official French Republic , he is well and truly in the public imagination.
- The rooster is the emblem of two federal units in Belgium : the French Community of Belgium and the Walloon Region. In order to distinguish the cockerel which is static, the Walloon rooster throws a leg.
- In Christian symbolism, the rooster is associated with Christ : as the rooster who heralds a new day, Christ proclaims a new era.
- In the symbolism of Tibetan Buddhism , the cock represents greed.
- In Japan , the cock is bound to toriis.
. Expressions
Expressions with chicken
- A hen prosaically, a prostitute, or more colloquially, a girlfriend.
- A luxury hen (pejorative): courtesan, mistress.
- A wimp: fearful individual.
- the goose that lays golden eggs : an inexhaustible source of wealth (from the legend of a hen that laid an egg every day in gold). Kill the goose that lays golden eggs: with reference to La Fontaine , wasting a fortune to come to an immediate profit.
- Mre-poule/tre be a father or a doting father: be very mothering / be very brooding, overly protective parents.
- Have goosebumps : the clean, piloerection, figuratively speaking, fear (comes from the similarity in appearance that makes human skin when it is cold, the skin of a chicken that has just been plucked).
- Have the mouth bowl: mime characterized by a rounding of the lips, sometimes to show disdain.
- When pigs fly: it says when an event is not about to happen, by extension ever. In Czech , the expression becomes When the rooster will lay eggs.
- houndstooth : specific type of small geometric pattern woven on (larger: barnyard).
- The chicken pot-au: dish of boiled chicken in a pot, and which King Henry IV wanted everyone to enjoy at least once a week.
- Get Up and Go, baby: Expression paronymic People indicating some form of affection or friendship, which simply means that everything is fine.
- The chicken is the best solution I have found the eggs to reproduce: humorous response to the question of who the chicken or the egg gave birth to another.
- A pothole : hole in the pavement.
- Bowl : hemispherical container used in cooking.
- In the Czech word meaning slepice hen, is commonly used to refer to the gossips who spend their time gossiping in the back of others or discuss them on trivial subjects.
- Be like a hen who found a knife perplexed as to an object of unknown use.
- An Eggnog : is a drink made of milk from cream , to sugar and egg yolk.
- Get up and go to bed with the chickens getting up early and go to bed early.
- a chicken coop apartment in small, in a large housing complex.
Expressions with chicken, hen
- Chickens: nickname given to current officers.
- My pullet: terms of endearment referring to a small child
The hen in the culture
Speaking to children, we often use the word casserole (chicken) to speak lovingly.
Tales and Legends
Pools of fiction
Ginette Hen, in Babibouchettes. - Caramel: a hen of the books in the series The little chickens
- Clara Cluck , a chicken with a mean age of the universe of Mickey Mouse created by Walt Disney in 1933.
- Ginette Hen, a puppet of the old issue of Television Suisse Romande , the Babibouchettes.
- Ginger, the heroine of the animated film Chicken Run
- Hen, the hen Sylvain and Sylvette
- Chickens zombies Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead
Games
- Hen or rooster was a childish game, which was to bet on its final form before stripping rod grass with a jerk.
- Hen fox viper is a collective game team. The goal is to catch foxes and chickens, the chickens eat the vipers and vipers have to catch foxes.
Books
- The Little Red Hen , "" Children of Peter and Ccile Delye Hudrisier. Ed Didier Jeunesse, 2007.
- The little hen is a series of children's books written by Christian and Christian Heinrich Jolibois and published by Editions Pocket Jeunesse.
Animation
- The Wise Little Hen (The Wise Little Hen) is a short animated series performed by Disney , released in theaters on June 9th 1934. It marks the first appearance of Donald Duck.
- The hen that lays golden eggs is a short animated American series of Donald Duck , released on 7 March 1941 made by Disney.
Art
Music:
- Jean-Philippe Rameau composed a famous piano piece called The Hen, published his third book of harpsichord pieces ("Nouvelles Suites"), among the suite in G (1728).
- Modest Mussorgsky for its part, the author of The Hut of Baba-Yaga on chicken feet, 9 "table" of Pictures at an Exhibition , according to the cloth eponymous Victor Hartmann (1874).
Sculpture:
- The hen and her chicks (sculpture, 1865) and Hen (bronze, 1868). Two works by Louis Theophile Hingre
Objects:
- The hen is a form often taken for making soup or a basket of pots which form the container and cover the chicken.
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Der erste Schnee by Ludwig Richter , 1840.
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Gustav Klimt : Garten mit Hhnern in St. Agatha, 1899.
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Hen and chicks, by a Chinese artist of the anonymous Song Dynasty (960-1279).
Click on a thumbnail to enlarge
Culinary use
- Chicken broth
- Stuffed pullet
- Chicken in white
- The boiled chicken : chicken dish cooked with water in a pot, and which King Henry IV wanted everyone to enjoy at least once a week.
- Chicken rice
Other
References
- Response Rene Zayan, professor of ethology at the fifth issue of The Little Boats of the issue July 18, 2010 on France Inter.
- (en) JL Edgar et al, "Avian Maternal response to chick distress," in Proceedings of the Royal Society, March 9, 2011 See also
- List of chicken breeds
- One day chick , chicken , Chicken , Hen , Hen and Rooster
- Chicken recipes
- Chicken as a pet
External Links
- History dwarf chickens
- The broiler industry: where are the Philippines? - Canadian Government Website
Der erste Schnee by Ludwig Richter , 1840.
Gustav Klimt : Garten mit Hhnern in St. Agatha, 1899.
Hen and chicks, by a Chinese artist of the anonymous Song Dynasty (960-1279).
- Response Rene Zayan, professor of ethology at the fifth issue of The Little Boats of the issue July 18, 2010 on France Inter.
- (en) JL Edgar et al, "Avian Maternal response to chick distress," in Proceedings of the Royal Society, March 9, 2011 See also
- List of chicken breeds
- One day chick , chicken , Chicken , Hen , Hen and Rooster
- Chicken recipes
- Chicken as a pet
External Links
- History dwarf chickens
- The broiler industry: where are the Philippines? - Canadian Government Website
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