Gallo Roman

Under the terms of Gaul Roman construed along a given place and a particular time in history.

Geographically, it covers the Roman Gaul France now - except the south and the valley of the Rhone , which grouped in the province Narbonne , were considered part of the Roman country (and not the Roman Empire ), that ie the Italian Roman - and much of Belgium and Switzerland today. The main city was Lugdunum (now Lyon ) who has long been the capital of the Gauls.

The period covered ranges from the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar (-52) at the Battle of Soissons (486) which marks the advent of the Merovingian dynasty.

Despite the campaign victorious Julius Caesar , the disorders, particularly in Aquitaine, had to be repressed by Agrippa in 38 BC. AD and Messala in 27 BC. AD ^{Rebellion Sacrovir}

In 21 , under Tiberius , new financial measures grow more Gallic peoples in the lower basin of the Loire, whose Andcaves and Turones to revolt. Other people are joining them: Treveri led by Julius Florus in the Ardennes AEdui and Sequani as that of Julius Sacrovir near Lyon. The Roman garrison in Lyon, reinforced by part of the Rhine legions quickly ended the rebellion . Defeated, and Florus Sacrovir commit suicide by immolation.

Civil War 69/70

In the first century the Roman Empire experienced during the succession of Nero severe civil crisis, with the clash of Galba , Otho , Vitellius , and Vespasian.

In 69 AD, the Batavian were allies of the Romans. The Batavian Gaius Julius Civilis , wrongly suspected of complicity with the clans hostile siblings was imprisoned, then delivered by Galba from his accession. On the death of Galba, a fratricidal war between Vitellius to Otto , then Vespasian. Civilis refuses to support Vitellius who commands legions of Lower Germany and attacked the Roman camp of Vetera. The disappearance of Vitellius and attermoiements of Vespasian that is slow to come to pacify the region create a climate of civil war. In this context, Civilis had an interview at Cologne (Colonia) during the winter of 69-70 with three counts of Gaul, the Lingones Julius Sabinus and Treveri Classinus Julius Tutor and Julius. The common idea is to build an independent Gallic empire associated with an empire batavo-Germanic, then negotiate as equals with the Roman Empire.

The Roman general Vocula trying to clear the camp Vetera was assassinated. Classinus proclaims the Gallic Empire , and Julius Sabinus assumed the title of Caesar in Gaul. However it disappears after a losing battle near Vesoul against the Sequani who refused to return to the coalition.

Gaius Julius Aupex, chief magistrate of Remi takes the initiative to offer all civitates Gallic an Imperial Conference held at Reims (Durocortorum) in August 70. Aupex was in favor of an agreement with Rome and supported by the majority of delegates against the advice of Valentin (Julius Valentinus), and delegate Treveri Lingones. This meeting opened the short period of Gallic aristocratic republic.

Vespasian appointed Quintus Petilius Cerialis legate of Lower Germany. The Roman general made his debut in Trier , intelligently exploits the divisions of Gaul, and submit by December 70, after several confrontations, Civilis and Tutor Classicus. Valentin continued resistance is taken and executed. As for Sabinus, he took a turn after six years of wandering. He runs with his wife, Eponine order of Vespasian.

This episode pitting Gallic them - being Sabinus himself allied with the Germans - is more strife than a desire to terminate any Roman rule. Peace that is established then - if it is a peace "in arms" - lasts until the troubles of the mid- ^third century.

Gallic Empire 257 / 273

During the ^third century , the Roman Empire experienced a crisis called the Military Anarchy. Barbarian invasions were added to an economic crisis which resulted in a significant devaluation of the currency, political instability coupled with civil wars. Some generals took control of Gaul, for the defense of the files of the Rhine and called themselves emperor of Gaul.

Usurpation in Probus

Over the years 280-281, the emperor Probus had to fight two theft. Titus Proculus Illius, perhaps of Gallic origin, author of a revolt in the Lyon region was quickly caught and executed. Gallus Quintus Bonosus , commander of the legions of the Bouches-du-Rhin, seceded, but committed suicide before being captured.

Carausius

Marcus Aurelius Carausius is Menapii , Roman officer. It fights Bagaudes alongside Maximian Hercules that burden of defending the coast north and north-west. Conflict with Maximian, he said Imperator , allied with clans Bagaudes and siblings, and goes into Roman Britannia in 286. He then landed at Boulogne, returned to Rouen which he made his capital. A treaty with Maximian he recognizes the quality of Augustus in 289, but he takes the title of Emperor of the Sea and not the emperor of Gaul. Outside the island Britannia, his authority is recognized only on the coast.

In 293, Constantius was appointed by Diocletian Caesar in Gaul. It is mandated by Maximian to end Carausius. It invests Gesoriacum (Boulogne) and obtained the surrender of the Morini. Britannia, Carausius was assassinated by one of his lieutenants, Allectus succeeding. It is only 297, that Constantius disembark in Britannia and end the empire of the Sea Allectus is in turn murdered.

The ^Fifth Century

The decadence of the Roman Empire, barbarian incursions create a climate of unrest in Gaul and causes a new Bagaud. In Tibaton 435-437 (or Tibatto) was elected by his troops before dying murdered. The Roman chief commander of the last territories Gallo-Roman will be called Patrick , the praetorian prefect , or King of the Romans, but avoid the title of emperor. They are:

• Aetius
• gidius
• Syagrius , the latter defeated by Clovis

Administrative organization

The general census of Gaul in 27, the administrative organization is established by Augustus , and included :

• The Narbonne Gaul , a Roman province directly administered by a proconsul;
• Alpine provinces, personal property of the emperor and administered by procurators;
• the rest of Gaul, under the overall authority of a legate of the three Gauls living in Lyon, separated administratively into three provinces - the Belgic Gaul , the Gaul, Aquitaine , and Gaul, Lyon - the latter subdivided into 60 (or 64 ) cited or Civitas. The Civitas approximately regained the territory of the ancient Gallic tribes.

The assembly was part of the Roman Empire since its conquest by Julius Caesar in 51 BC. BC until ^the fourth century AD or even to start the fifth. That is to say until the end of the Roman Empire at the time of the barbarian invasions, including that of the Franks.

The capital of Roman Gaul, or rather the Gauls was Lyon , then called , federal center of worship in Rome and Augustus. Lyon had the right to hit the Roman coin , something unique in the Roman Empire during the first century.

Roman Gaul has played an important role in the Roman Empire as the most populous province of the empire (estimated population of 8 or 10 million inhabitants) and as a hub of European trade, access road and river land to Northern Europe and the UK - then called Britain.

For these important roles, Rome favored Gaul, gradually giving the Roman citizenship to Gauls from the first century.

Transition to the Frankish kingdoms

These events have long been exploited in a nationalist perspective, it is likely that after the horrors of war, most of the Gauls aspire to peace, peace that the Romans were the new guardians. Moreover, the regime imposed by Rome is relatively pleasant for the Gallic elites who profit very quickly the benefits of the Roman (recreation, culture, lifestyle ..) and have their privileges confirmed in the service of Rome.

Michael Redd (The Roman army in Gaul, 1996) shows how the warrior tradition of the Gallic aristocracy is utilized, first to ensure internal peace (the equites of the famous Gallic cavalry maintain their equipment and traditions, each wing being recruited from the same people, some were granted the privilege of coining money, as Sequani Togirix), then in the business of the conquest of Germany.

Very soon, indeed, the Roman troops charged with pacifying Gaul are transferred to the Limes (along the Rhine and Danube ), which effectively protects the Gaul for three centuries and from -12 the Roman army is hardly present Gaul. It appears to be made easily and gradually from ^the fifth century , for several reasons:

• Even before the invasion, the Romans and "barbarians" had been in contact: a certain number of francs and the Germans were used as mercenaries in the Roman army . Some had settled within the borders of the Empire, Rome has granted them land and granted the status of Federated. These people had had an opportunity to learn the habits and customs of the Romans. Some had even learned Latin.
• Furthermore, although the Big invasions have left their terrible memories, as evidenced by the writings of the time, the barbarians were far fewer than the Gallo-Romans and it was easy to melt into the population: the ruling aristocracy subjugated the Romanized Gauls to such an extent that Franks and Gallo-Romans were no longer distinguishable after the Frankish kingdoms evolved into primitive kingdom of France during the Middle Ages.
• For similar reasons, the merger between Burgundians and Gallo-Romans took place quickly, with the creation of common laws ( Act gombette )
• Note: These comments also apply to the Gauls and Celtiberians before the Visigoths in their kingdom.

References

Notes

Related articles

• Chronology of Roman Gaul
• Gauls , Roman Province
• List of Roman monuments
• Late Antiquity
• Lugdunum

External Links

• Dictionario Latin gallicum on the site of the ARTFL Project

• Portal History
• Ancient Rome portal

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