Galicia
| Galicia Historic region 1772-1918 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Present subdivisions | |
 Ukraine  Poland | |
| Cities | |
| Ukraine Lviv | |
| Chronology | |
| XIII Century | |
| 1340: Successor by Poland 1772: Pegged to the Austria-Hungary 1921: Attachment to Poland 1939: Annexation by the Soviet Union 1941: Annexed by Germany 1945: Pegged to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1991: Oblasts of Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil and Chernivtsi ( Ukraine ) | |
| Sovereigns | |
| Populations | |
Galicia (in German Galizien in Polish Galicja in Hungarian Gcsorszg in Czech Hali in Yiddish - Golicje in Turkish Hali in Romanian Galiia in Russian - Galicija in Ukrainian - Halyczyna) is a historical region the Polish-Lithuanian Union , located south of the region today Ukrainian Volhynia. It has long been a buffer region, a walkway and a crossroads of cultures between the empire of the Habsburgs and the Russian empire. It is currently divided between Poland and Ukraine.
It should not be confused with Galicia , which is an autonomous region of Spain and Galatia , region of Anatolia. If the latter comes from the root Celtic and Indo-European gall-foreigner (cf. Gaulish and Welsh ), it is not the same either for the Iberian Galicia (whose name comes from the ancient people of Kalaikoi) or in Galicia whose name comes from that city Halytch , ancient capital in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (the PM of Ukraine is a g in Polish).
Before the First World War , this province has an area of approximately 78,000 km 2, belonged to the Empire Austro-Hungarian and Hapsburg. Its capital Lvov (in French: Lwow in Polish Lww, German: Lemberg, Russian: Lvov , Ukrainian: Lviv , Regional current official name) was created in the thirteenth century by the ruler of the principality of Galicia -Volhynia. The city is now located on Ukrainian territory.
Summary |
Inhabited by Germano-Celtic tribes such as Lugien (which are also the (H) Arii, the (H) Elveconi the Naharvali the Manima and (H) Elisiens) associated with the culture at the time Przeworsk of Ptolemy mentions them in its geography , the region is also inhabited by the Vandals (whose parents are probably Silling with lisiens) and the Goths before the fall of Rome. So it is mostly populated by Slavs, the region is linked in 1340 to Poland by King Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki), the Duke George II of Galicia-Volhynia (Trojden Georg II), was introduced as its successor in exchange for aid against his enemies.
In 1772 , during the first partition of Poland , Galicia became Austrian and remained until 1914.
In 1914 it was conquered by the Russian Imperial Army during the first military operations of World War I ( Battle of Krasnik and Lemberg ).
In 1915 , she was taken over by the Austro-German.
In 1918 it was conquered by the Poles who are faced with nationalist Ukrainian.
In 1921 , the Treaty of Riga , it is declared on Polish soil and remained until 1939.
In 1939 , after the crushing of Poland , it was annexed by the Soviet Union under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
In 1941 it was invaded and occupied by German troops. Specialized units Nazi (SS- Einsatzgruppen ) undertake a systematic liquidation, unprecedented in history, the large Jewish population deported to concentration camps and extermination camps.
In 1943 , Reichsfhrer SS Heinrich Himmler ordered the creation of a Division of the Waffen SS made up of volunteers Ukrainians of Galicia ( Division SS Galizien ).
In 1944 , Galicia was conquered by the Red Army , which resumed Lww on July 28.
In 1945 , it is cut by the Curzon Line (proposed by Lord Curzon during the Paris Peace Conference on December 8 in 1919 ) and adopted at the Yalta agreement , which runs from Lithuania and passes east of Przemysl in Poland and west of Lviv (Lvov) in Galicia. The portion east of the Curzon line is attached to the Ukraine , then one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union.
A history of trauma
From remote province and uneventful Crown Austrian Galicia was the scene of clashes during and after the wrenching World War , pitting the Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish.
In the fall of the Austro-Hungarian formed in October 1918 , a brief National Republic of Ukraine in the west. The all-new Ukrainian army confronts the Polish troops who seized the capital, then the whole region in July 1919. During the battle of Lvov, Polish soldiers are engaged in a three-day pogrom. Galicia was then integrated into the eastern territories of Poland freshly reconstituted in favor of the Russian Revolution, forming one of the countries of Kresy, border or buffer zone of the Second Republic, populated by minorities. The Austrian province loses his name and disappeared, with the western Galicia, under the name of Maopolska ("Little Poland").
From the mid-thirties, the ideal of a great Polish multiethnic Pisudski is exceeded by a policy of aggressive Polonisation, openly anti-Semitic violence by imposing the "pacification" of Ukrainian villages. In 1939, under the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement, while Germany invaded the western half of Poland, the Soviet Union puts his hand on its eastern part. This territory is incorporated, following a rigged referendum in the Soviet Republic of Ukraine. The Soviet Union led a policy Ukrainization, but also forced collectivization and setup not ideological, with a violent repression (deportations, imprisonments, executions) that affects the chronological order in the old political elites, economic and Polish intellectual and Ukrainian nationalists. End of June 1941 , the region was conquered by the Wehrmacht.
Ukrainian nationalists welcome the German troops as liberators. Yet far from giving independence to Ukraine, Nazis are developing very quickly a policy of eliminating radical communists, but also racial and ethnic cleansing, transforming this territory in a very specific test area killing Field and radicalization ("brutalization") of the violence of war, with significant involvement and volunteer of the local population. Once the Germans arrived, the local Ukrainian is "revenge" of persecution by the NKVD a wild series of pogroms perpetrated against the Jewish civilian population (24 000 dead). The Nazis incorporate Galicia to the "General Government" of Poland and gradually up the "final solution": the 500,000 Jews from Galicia (12% of the population of about 4 million), first gathered in ghettos and labor camps, are mostly shot on the brink of annihilation or mass graves at Belzec. In addition, 350,000 Poles and Ukrainians were deported to Germany as forced laborers or displaced to create a living space and economic Germanization through military and economic strategy which envisaged deliberate death by starvation of tens of millions of human beings in the Soviet Union.
The OUN and UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army), which passes between-time collaboration to resistance against the Germans while continuing his fight against the Soviets and Russians, taking advantage of the chaos that is Diving in the region to get rid of the Polish population (50 000 deaths in first Volhynia and Eastern Galicia), where the terror imposed by the guerrillas "banders" Ukrainian (supporters of Stepan Bandera , leader of the OUN) independence will be controlled by the Soviet Union in the early 1950s. For his part, Stalin put in place by the end of the war policy of deportation of the population: between 1945 and 1956, 800,000 Poles were "repatriated", including 560, 000 Galicia, while about 600 000 Ukrainians from the Across the border (Lemkos) were deported to Ukraine (mostly to Galicia) or dispersed during the " Operation Vistula (Akcja Wisa) in the territories that Poland has recovered from the Germany.
Galicia, land of emigration and the birthplace of celebrities
Galicia has been since the mid-nineteenth century a land of emigration. A considerable proportion of "Galician" are now out of Galicia. Nearly a million Ukrainian Galician, known as "Ruthenians", emigrated at the beginning of the century the United States, Canada and Western Europe, as many Polish Galicia. Chicago, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, New York became great centers of Galician emigration. Some 800,000 Jews from Galicia before the First World War, 200 to 300 000 have fled pogroms and wars to Western capitals and the United States between 1880 and 1914.
Because educational opportunities and social advancement offered by the Austrian monarchy with all its minorities, the fame of Galicia also relied on the fact that she was fertile ground for the establishment of a national intelligentsia (Austrian, Polish, Russian-Ukrainian and Jewish) in the foreground. Galicia was the laboratory of modern national movements, Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish. In view of future persecution, the period of the Austro-Hungarian figure made retrospectively era of freedom.
Galicia has also benefited from the reputation of its leading figures, who had often left their cultural and social advancement, or have become symbols of lighthouses in their respective national cultures: the germanophones Joseph Roth , Martin Buber and Emil-Edwin Reinert , the Polish speakers Gerda Taro , Joseph Wittlin and Bruno Schulz , the Ukrainian- Ivan Franko , Vasyl Stefanik and Martovitch , which must be added the Hebrew writers Shmuel Yosef Agnon and Aharon Appelfeld , and Yiddish writers Moyshe Leyba Halpern , Melekh Ravitsh and Uri Tsi Grinberg , not to mention the plethora of school Galician Yiddish of the early century.
There are also more exotic figures like politicians ( Karl Radek , Isaac Deutscher , and Maximilian Rubel ), or authors who have been "re-discovered" later, as the singers Germanophones in the Galicia multiethnic (admittedly germanocentre) Karl Emil Franzos and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch , and the post-war memoirs Soma Morgenstern and Manes Sperber , like the Polish novelist Andrzej Kusniewicz and Julian Stryjkowski.
These Galician focused worldwide on behalf of their "little homeland", while singing multiculturalism avant la lettre, religious pluralism, cultural and ethnic diversity, as seen through the prism of the vanished community. Thus, the Jewish shtetl, the great aristocratic Polish land, the colony or the linguistic island germanophone or Polish speakers in the "sea" of Ukraine, or the splendor of what were regional cities Krakow and Lvov embody a lost Arcadia childhood or submerged by the flood Atlantis evil (War, communism, Nazi occupation).
Although not suffered like the Jews, an attempted total annihilation, organizations of Ukrainian emigrants in the United States and Canada perpetuate a memory centered around the persecution of Ukrainians by Poles, Russians, then the Soviets and glorify the UPA or the SS division Galizien-like cluster of anti-Soviet resistance.
In Soviet Union , Eastern Galicia, in three oblasts (Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankovsk), will train with the Transcarpathian the "Western Ukraine". Relegated to a corner of the outlying territory which extends, with the cultural capitals of the Soviet world, now towards the east, it undergoes the Sovietization.
See also
Sources
- Delphine Bechtel, "The myth of Galicia, the disappearance of the resurrection (virtual", in Cultures of Central Europe-Paris No. 4, CIRCE (University Paris IV Sorbonne), 2003 External Links
Ruthenia Red Ruthenia Black Ruthenia Carpathian Ruthenia Ruthenia / Russia White Little Russia Great Russia Ruthenian Voivodeship History of PolandMedieval and Modern Era Poland in the High Middle Ages Kingdom of the first Piast (1025-1138) Dismember Territorial (1138-1320) Kingdom of the last Piast (1320-1385) United Jagiellonian (1385-1569) Republic of Two Nations (1569 - 1795) Contemporary Partitions of Poland
(1772-1918)Kingdom of Galicia Duchy of Warsaw Congress Kingdom Free City of Krakow Grand Duchy of Pozna Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918) Between the two world wars Second Republic of Poland (1918-1939) Poland during the Second World War Since 1945 People's Republic of Poland (1952-1989) Third Republic of Poland (since 1989) See also: Timeline of Poland
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