Frdric Ii (Empereur)
| Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor | ||
 | ||
Frederick II and his falcon represented in his book De arte venandi cum avibus (The art of hunting with birds) | ||
| Coronation | 1220 | |
|---|---|---|
| Dynasty | Hohenstaufen | |
| Full track | King of the Romans, Germany , of Italy , of Sicily and Jerusalem | |
| Predecessor | Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Successor | Conrad IV, Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Other functions | ||
| Period - | ||
| President | {{{}}} President1 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique1 | |
| Monarch | ||
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur1 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Council | {{{President}}} COUNCIL1 | |
| Predecessor | ||
| Successor | ||
| Period - | ||
| President | {{{}}} President2 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique2 | |
| Monarch | ||
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur2 | |
| Predecessor | ||
| Successor | ||
| {{{}}} Fonction3 | ||
| Period {{{Start}} fonction3} - {{{end}}} fonction3 | ||
| President | {{{}}} Chairperson3 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique3 | |
| Monarch | {{{}}} Monarque3 | |
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur3 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur3 | |
| Successor | {{{}}} Successeur3 | |
| {{{}}} Fonction4 | ||
| Period {{{Start}} fonction4} - {{{end}}} fonction4 | ||
| President | {{{}}} Prsident4 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique4 | |
| Monarch | {{{}}} Monarque4 | |
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur4 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur4 | |
| Successor | {{{}}} Successeur4 | |
| {{{}}} Fonction5 | ||
| Period {{{Start}} fonction5} - {{{end}}} fonction5 | ||
| President | {{{}}} Prsident5 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique5 | |
| Monarch | {{{}}} Monarque5 | |
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur5 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur5 | |
| Successor | {{{}}} Successeur5 | |
| {{{}}} Fonction6 | ||
| Period {{{Start}} fonction6} - {{{end}}} fonction6 | ||
| President | {{{}}} Prsident6 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique6 | |
| Monarch | {{{}}} Monarque6 | |
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur6 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur6 | |
| Successor | {{{}}} Successeur6 | |
| {{{}}} Fonction7 | ||
| Period {{{Start}} fonction7} - {{{end}}} fonction7 | ||
| President | {{{}}} Prsident7 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique7 | |
| Monarch | {{{}}} Monarque7 | |
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur7 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur7 | |
| Successor | {{{}}} Successeur7 | |
| {{{}}} Fonction8 | ||
| Period {{{Start}} fonction8} - {{{end}}} fonction8 | ||
| President | {{{}}} Prsident8 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique8 | |
| Monarch | {{{}}} Monarque8 | |
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur8 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur8 | |
| Successor | {{{}}} Successeur8 | |
| {{{}}} Fonction9 | ||
| Period {{{Start}} fonction9} - {{{end}}} fonction9 | ||
| President | {{{}}} Prsident9 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique9 | |
| Monarch | {{{}}} Monarque9 | |
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur9 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur9 | |
| Successor | {{{}}} Successeur9 | |
| {{{}}} Fonction10 | ||
| Period {{{Start}} fonction10} - {{{end}}} fonction10 | ||
| President | {{{}}} Prsident10 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique10 | |
| Monarch | {{{}}} Monarque10 | |
| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur10 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur10 | |
| Successor | {{{}}} Successeur10 | |
| Biography | ||
| Birth | 26 December 1194 | |
| Jesi | ||
| Deaths | 13 December 1250 | |
| Fiorentino | ||
| Father | Henry VI | |
| Mother | Constance de Hauteville | |
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen , and probably the Hebrew. He welcomed scholars from around the world to his court, had a great interest in mathematics and fine arts, was engaged in scientific experiments (sometimes on living things), was building castles in which he sketched the plans sometimes. Through its good relations with the Muslim world, he led out the Sixth Crusade - the only peaceful crusade - and was the second to regain the holy sites of Christianity, after Godfrey of Bouillon.
Last emperor of the dynasty of Hohenstaufen , he became a legend. Of his contemporaries, he received the nicknames Stupor Mundi (the "Fear of the world") and "amazing transformation of things" , to the point that awaited his return after his death. In the collective consciousness, he became "Emperor asleep" in the depths of a cave, one that could have gone, who was sleeping in the magical crater of Mount Etna . His personal myth mingled afterwards with that of his grandfather Frederick Barbarossa : the legend of the 13th century shifted the Sicilian volcano to the mountain of Kyffhuser the 15th century, and was replaced by Frederick II Frederick I Barbarossa. His charisma was such that after his death, his son, King Manfred I of Sicily , wrote to another of his son, King Conrad IV , a letter that began with these words: "The sun of the world s is lying, which shone on the people, sunshine law, the asylum of peace .
Summary |
He was the son of Emperor Henry VI and Constance of Hauteville , herself the daughter of Roger II of Hauteville , first Norman king of Sicily. While his mother was 40 years , his birth took place in public, under a tent on the main square of Jesi . Childbirth threatened to turn the tragedy when we appealed to two Arab doctors who saved the mother and child.
Roger Frederick was elected King of the Romans in 1196 at the request of his father, for dynastic continuity of Hohenstaufen to the imperial throne. However, Henry VI died suddenly in 1197 and the Empress died in 1198 while Frederick II was still a child of three years. Constance did not claim the rights of the child in Germany, where large, anxious to avoid a minority like that of Henri IV , turned to the brother of the deceased: Philip of Swabia in 1198 was elected King of the Romans, instead of his nephew. The pope sparked an immediate competitor, the Welf Otto IV. Frederick Roger, he was only king of Sicily , then comprising the island and much of southern Italy to the south of the Papal States. Constantius, dying, entrusted the guardianship of the kingdom and the pope Innocent III until his majority. Frederick spent his youth in Palermo and at fourteen, he married Constance of Aragon, who was 11 years older than him.
Otto IV was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Innocent III in 1209 when Otto IV but lost the favor of the sovereign pontiff, he supported the Reichstag in Nuremberg in 1211 the election of Frederick as King of Germany and excommunicated Otto IV. But the title of King of Germany, which was a prerequisite to the imperial crown, did not mean anything until Emperor Otho IV remained until his defeat at the Battle of Bovines in 1214.
The early years of the reign of Frederick II
The takeover of the Child of Apulia
In 1211 , an assembly of bishops and princes of southern Germany gathered in Nuremberg Frederick elected king. In 1212 , he made his son Henry crowned King of Sicily, the pope does not want the union of Sicily and the Empire. Frederick then left with a modest following, through Rome, Italy, the Alps to come to Constance, where he outran Otto IV for three hours. He then rallied the princes of Swabia and the Upper Rhine, avoiding fights. Confirmed as king by a great assembly at Frankfort December 5, 1212, he was crowned in the cathedral of Mainz on December 9 by Archbishop Siegfried II of Eppstein, with a copy of the insignia, still held by Otho IV. Beaten to Bouvines , the latter lost his treasure, which the imperial insignia that were sent to Frederick by King Philip II of France. Recognized by all the princes, Frederick was again crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle 23 July 1215 by the Archbishop of Mainz. The election was recognized by Innocent III in the fourth Lateran Council
At the coronation of Aix-la-Chapelle , Frederick used the royal mantle of Roger II of Sicily , which became the coronation robe of the emperors, one of the imperial insignia used thereafter until the 18th century by forty- seven emperors. The mantle is now preserved in the Schatzkammer (treasure chamber) of Vienna (Austria) with other insignia and treasury of the kings of Sicily.
Pope Honorius III Frederick II crowned emperor finally in Rome in 1220. This should be the end of the agreement between the Empire and the papacy since Frederick had no intention of separating his two heritages, Sicily maternal and paternal Germania. Frederick repeated the oath of allegiance to the papacy, confirmed the payment of an annual tribute of 1000 gold coins through Sicily, and promised a crusade in the holy places. All his promises enabled him to establish his power firmly.
In Germany, Frederick II granted to ninety bishops and abbots royal charter, the Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiastici of 1220, in which he confirmed the abandonment of human remains, he gave also to influence elections, to exercise its sovereign rights over the territories church like building castles, tonlieux ... He gave the princes lay Statutum infavorem principum of 1232 which made them masters of justice in their areas .
His reign was largely occupied by the Italian cases and conflicts with the Lombard League and the papacy. He stayed in Germany from 1212 to 1220, then leaving the government to his son Henry VII , child of six elected King of the Romans. He returned to face in May 1235 to the rebellion of Henry he imprisoned , and thereafter continued to govern through representatives. Heir to the Norman kingdom of Sicily he inherited from his mother, Frederick the reorganized into a centralized state of nature with a modern renovated law ( Constitution of Melfi ). He used it as support to try to bring the kingdom of Italy.
The Crusade
At his coronation at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1220, Frederick had promised the pope to go on a crusade. Resumed his wish in fact that of his grandfather and father. But his failure to the resistance of the Lombard communes in 1225-1226 delayed his departure. However, the papacy was hoping to loosen the stranglehold that posed the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire with its Papal States by removing the ambitious ruler . Frederick was therefore excommunicated by Gregory IX in 1227 for failing to honor its promise to launch the Sixth Crusade. He left the following year while his excommunication was not lifted. His brief crusade ended in negotiations and a mock battle with Sultan Malik al-Kamil (the Perfect), with whom friendships were forged, and by agreement, the Treaty of Jaffa. He recovered without fighting the city of Jerusalem and was crowned King of Jerusalem on 18 March 1229.
The assertion of imperial power
In 1231 , he promulgated the Constitutions of Melfi or Liber Augustales , a collection of laws of his kingdom which was to unify the complex laws of the empire, subject to the sovereign rights possessed by many princes and other rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. This collection was for other purpose, under cover of a uniform political and legal systems that prevent the takeover of small cities and lords over their trades. Liber Augustales, opens the list of titles of Frederick. It is Fridericus secundus Imperator, Caesar semper Augustus Romanorum, Italicus Siculus Hierosolymitanus Arelatensis Felix victor ac Triumphator. Through the presence of Roman titulatures, we can see the desire to assert imperial power. Frederick minted gold coins, the "Augustales. On one side, surrounded by the inscription IMP. ROM. CAESAR AUG, it was shown, like the Roman emperors, wearing imperial mantle with a laurel wreath on his head. On the other side contained the imperial eagle with the inscription Fridericus. . Frederick II as the Roman Emperors, asserted his domination over the world but he could not afford such a claim. He also clashed with the pope, who since the eleventh century in the West wanted to impose its dominium mundi.
The fight with the papacy
The conflict between Frederick and Pope Gregory IX and Innocent IV said. The Italian cities of Lombardy , which sided with Frederick formed the group known as the Ghibellines and cited many who opposed the imperial power and allied themselves to the Pope was the Guelphs (sometimes, the contrast between the factions of Guelphs and Ghibellines going through the same city as political alliances). He defeated the Lombard cities on 27 November 1237 at Cortenuova. Sure of his strength, he offended the then Pope, which he called part of the Lombard cities as a reward for his victory, and wrote to the Romans to remind them of their past glory days of the Roman Empire.
As early as 1 237 - one thousand two hundred thirty-eight , it follows closely the cases in Provence by appointing a viceroy in Arles , then in 1240 by asking the Count Raymond VII of Toulouse to intervene militarily against Count Raymond Berenger IV of Provence and Jean Baussan , Archbishop of Arles.
In 1244 , Innocent IV fled Rome and announces the evidence of the emperor at the First Council of Lyon , giving even those who went to war against him the status of crusaders. The Pope and showed that he was the master of the temporal power as well as spiritual as it could deprive a sovereign political power . The bishops voters proclaimed emperor in 1246 when the Landgrave of Thuringia Rasponi Henry , who defeated Conrad IV at the battle of Nidda (5 August 1246 ) but died in 1247. The following anti-king was Count William II of Holland , who was elected King of the Romans 3 October 1247 , which took Aix-la-Chapelle and was crowned on 1 November 1248 , but win in Germany. The civil war continued, indecisive in Germany and Italy. Frederick II died in 1250 before seeing the conclusion. He is buried in the cathedral of Palermo with his Norman ancestors from Sicily and his first wife, Constance of Aragon . His tomb was opened in 1781 and 1998: it contains the remains of the emperor, a man identified as Peter III of Aragon and an unknown woman. DNA tests planned in 1998 were a failure.
Falconry
Frederick is the author of a manual of falconry , cum avibus venandi De arte (The art of hunting with birds) which contained a preface praising experience against theories of the school. The book went far beyond the simple falconry and also contained a section on the anatomy of birds. Thus the different positions of the wings during the flight they were remarkably described. The illustrations were located in the margins of high quality for the time. This book, because the views of Frederick II, was ostracized by the church and did not reappear until the late sixteenth century. Ornithologists discover not only the interest eighteenth century. According to the German historian Ernst Kantorowicz , his passion for the Hawks, fed his belief that one can reach any target, a feeling of omnipotence that such predators had the gift to be born in him.
An open mind
The Emperor polyglot showed throughout his reign a very open mind and an avant-garde indisputable, while not forgetting its power. So he faced the rising of the Muslim communities of Sicily in 1224 and then installed in Lucera in Apulia. Their city was dedicated, bringing together nearly 20 000.
During the Crusades, he knew interest in Arab culture and recognize its greatness and refinement. He tried in particular to reconcile the two parties (Crusaders and jihad ) to bring lasting peace and peaceful coexistence. At the price of many efforts, it fails to achieve this goal, but an internal crisis in the empire called him back to Europe, leaving him no time to finish his work, and he had to settle for a truce. He had intensive diplomatic exchanges with the Sultan of Egypt Al-Khamil with whom he signed a treaty, and was a friend of his sent the Emir Fakhreddin.
Then in 1241 , Frederick II promulgated a decree authorizing the dissection of human corpses, thus opposing the Church, which, focusing on the physical integrity of human beings, hasten to cancel the edict to his death. Previously, in the eleventh century, the famous school of Salerno, for example, anatomy was taught from the pork, or according to patterns established by Galen in the second century ... Since the third century BC. BC , when Greek physicians and anatomists Erasistratus and Herophilus had known their hour of glory, no professor of medicine in the West had dissected human cadaver, because religion forbade the mutilation of bodies. The lifting of the ban by edict allowed the Italian Mondino in Bologna to develop some concepts of human anatomy.
e. "> Frederick, say, the experience also made to raise two children without any human contact in order to understand where did the language: their servants were not allowed to talk to them. He made in order to know whether small speak Latin they had no outside influence. The two children died. Results Frederick had been educated by a Muslim judge in Palermo. He was a patron of science and he managed his state of a radically new way. He outraged his day by dressing sometimes held Eastern. His quarrels with the papacy, which limited his power made him write that he envied the caliphs were both spiritual and earthly leaders. He had a big yard, consisting among others of many young girls (slaves exposed to work seam, maids, dancers), so that his opponents (mainly the pope) accused him of maintaining a harem . He set up a centralized system of administration in Sicily and attempted to generalize (with less success) in Germany, where he had to grant more independence to local princes gradually as the war in Lombardy deteriorated. Descendants of Frederick, his legitimate son Conrad IV , the son of the latter Conradin and his illegitimate son Manfred n'accdrent not the Empire. The kingdom of Sicily was also removed them by the pope, who installed Charles of Anjou. That was the end of the House of Hohenstaufen of Swabia, which left room for the Habsburg and the growth of Italian cities. However the tradition was perpetuated in Sicily indirectly, through the grand son of Manfred, children of his daughter Constance and Peter III of Aragon , namely Jacques I of Sicily and his brother Frederick II of Sicily and finally the descendants thereof, Peter II , son of the former, Louis I , son of the former, Frederick III , brother of the previous era Mary I , daughter of the previous ( House of Aragon in Sicily ). 
Descendants of Frederick II
References
Bibliography
Biographical Works
Related Articles
General titles
Fiction
Internal Links
External Links
Preceded by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Followed by Otto IV 
Holy Roman Emperor 1220-1250 Great Interregnum 1250-1273 King of the Romans with Henry VII 1220-1235, Conrad IV 1237-1250 1212-1250 Conrad IV Henry I 1194-1197 
King Frederick I of Sicily 1197-1250 Jean de Brienne 
Frederick I King of Jerusalem with Yolande de Brienne 1225-1228, Conrad II 1232-1250 1225-1250 Otto IV Frederick VII Duke of Swabia 1212-1216 Henry II 909 911 915 917 926 950 954 973 982 997 Bouchard I. - Erchanger Bouchard II Hermann I. Ludolph Bouchard III Otto I Conrad I. 997 1003 1012 1015 1030 1038 1045 1048 1057 1079 Hermann II Hermann III Ernest I. Ernest II Hermann IV Henry III Otto II Otto III Rodolphe 1079 1105 1147 1152 1167 1170 Frederick I Frederick II Frederick III Frederick IV Frederick V 1170 1191 1196 1208 1212 1216 1235 1254 1268 Frederick VI Conrad II Philip I Otto IV Frederick VII Henry II Conrad IV Conrad V Bouchardides - Ottonian - Conradian - Babenberg - Hohenstaufen 
Portal History 
Portal Middle Age 
Crusades portal 
Italy portal 
Portal Sicily 
Germany portal 
List of Threatened Species
Loading ...