Francis Ii Of France
| Francis II | ||
| King of France | ||
 | ||
Francis II of France by Francois Clouet , circa 1560 , black chalk and red chalk, 337 x 243 mm, Paris , National Library of France. | ||
| Reign | ||
| 10 July 1559 - 5 December 1560 &&&&&&&&&&&& 0514 1 year, 4 months and 25 days | ||
| Rite | 21 September 1559 , in the Cathedral of Reims | |
|---|---|---|
| Dynasty | Valois Angouleme | |
| Full track | King of France ( 1 559 - in 1560 ) King of Scotland ( 1558 ) Duke of Brittany ( 1544 ) Dauphin of Vienne ( 1547 ) | |
| Predecessor | Henry II | |
| Successor | Charles IX | |
| Heir | Charles IX | |
| Other functions | ||
| King consort of Scotland | ||
| Period 24 April 1558 - 5 December 1560 | ||
| President | {{{}}} President1 | |
| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique1 | |
| Monarch | Mary I | |
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| Speaker (s) of the Council | {{{President}}} COUNCIL1 | |
| Predecessor | Mary of Guise | |
| Successor | Henry Stuart | |
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| Biography | ||
| Birth name | Francis de France | |
| Birth | 19 January 1544 | |
Fontainebleau ,  Kingdom of France | ||
| Deaths | 5 December 1560 (16 years) | |
| Orleans , Kingdom of France | ||
| Father | Henry II | |
| Mother | Catherine de Medici | |
| Spouse (s) | Mary Stuart | |
| Descent | Childless | |
| Residence (s) | Chateau de Blois | |
.svg) | ||
| Kings of France | ||
in the Book of Hours of Catherine de Medici (c. 1572-1574)
Francis II ( Fontainebleau , on 19 January 1544 - Orleans , on 5 December 1560 ) was King of France from 1559 until his death.
Eldest son of Henry II and Catherine de Medici , he ascended the throne of France at the premature age of fifteen years after the accidental death of his father July 10, 1559. Upon his arrival, he confided the reins of government to Guise , uncles of his wife Mary Stuart , Queen of Scotland.
In respect of Reformed Protestants , the reign of Francis II is primarily a continuation of repressive Henry II and tries to conciliate. He inaugurated the establishment of a dialogue towards reformed but implacable face of agitators.
His reign lasted only one year and five months.
Summary |
Biography
Childhood and education
Francis received the name of his grandfather, King Francis I. He was born eleven years after the marriage of his parents, relieving her mother Catherine after a period of infertility that could be the cause of a repudiation. Baptized 10 February 1544 at the chapel of the Trinitarians in Fontainebleau , Francis is first raised to the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Her godparents were Pope Paul III , Francis I, the Republic of Venice and his great aunt Margaret of Angouleme. Knighted by his grandfather at his baptism, he received the government of Languedoc in 1546. He became Dauphin of France at the death of his grandfather, Francis I in 1547.
At the end of childhood, Francis receives Governor Jean d'Humires and Pierre Danes tutor, Hellenistic original Neapolitan. The dance is taught to him by Virgilio Bracesco and fencing by Hector de Mantua. Through the agreement signed on January 27 at Chatillon in 1548 , he is betrothed as young as five years to Mary Stuart , Queen of Scotland and the granddaughter of Claude de Lorraine , first Duke of Guise. He married 24 April 1558 and became king consort of Scotland. She has only two years older than him.
The palace revolution
He succeeded at the age of 15 years to his father Henry II , who died accidentally on 10 July 1559. The young king then takes a sun emblem and motto:
- Spectanda fides: Thus we must respect the faith.
- Lumen rect: The light is in righteousness.
The ascent to the throne of Francis been a palace revolution. Entering its sixteenth year, Francis II is an adult and did not theoretically need to be surrounded by a regent, but inexperienced and fragile health, he places his trust in the hands of his maternal uncles wife Mary Stuart the Guise. Supporters of a repressive policy vis--vis the Protestants , the two elder brothers of this family have all the powers: Francois de Lorraine , Duke of Guise and the second prestigious military leader, is the royal army, while Charles de Guise , Cardinal of Lorraine , has the finances and affairs of the Church. As the constable Anne de Montmorency , "Almighty" favorite in the preceding reign, he must give way to his former rivals and left the court. Charles de Guise begins downsizing of the army July 14, 1559, to replenish the coffers of the state, while in bankruptcy under Henry II.
On 21 September 1559 , Francis II was crowned at Reims by Cardinal de Lorraine. Then the court joins the Loire Valley. The city of Orleans and Blois castle remain the preferred locations of the new king. Francis II, under the influence of the Guises, gives the Duke of Lorraine , the sovereignty of the duchy of Bar. Therefore, the favors and privileges Guise are becoming more numerous.
The princes of the blood, Antoine de Bourbon , King of Navarre and his brother Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Conde , consider with great jealousy favor enjoyed by Guise. Indeed, the Bourbons believe that the position of advisers is rightfully theirs as descendants of St. Louis and heirs to the throne of France in case of disappearance of the reigning branch of Valois-Angoulme. The Guise are in their eyes as ambitious foreigners from the Duchy of Lorraine.
The crisis of faith
The reign of Francis II is marked by religious strife. The death of Henry II is a source of hope for those who are called evil representatives of faith. They hope that the monarchy will end the policy of repression conducted so far. However, the Guises who now govern the country, are among Catholics who refuse all concessions to the Protestants.
Supporters of reform are led by Antoine de Bourbon and Prince de Conde. The most active imagine mounting a coup to rid the king of Guise. Faced with the danger, the royal council decides, under the influence of Catherine de Medici to make concessions. On 8 March 1560 , the Edict of Amboise gives amnesty to the Protestants and prevents the installation of the Inquisition.
Meanwhile, a few Protestant gentlemen headed by Barry Godfrey , Lord of The Renaudie organize a plot to kidnap the young king in order to escape the influence of Guise power and place in the Prince Louis de Cond in order to recognize the right of Reformed worship. This is what we will call the conspiracy of Amboise. The conspirators massage 500 horsemen to attack the court. Warned, it moves the castle of Blois to that of Amboise, safer. But the Protestants, betrayed by one of them, Stone Avenelles , were taken prisoner by the Duke of Guise, over a hundred of them will be executed, some hung from the balcony of the castle.
The crackdown will last several weeks and nearly 1,200 victims. Time considered guilty, Prince de Conde is released.
After the bloody crackdown, several measures including the Edict of Romorantin, are taken for Protestants. May 20, 1560 , the Queen Mother by Olivier replaces Chancellor Michel de L'Hospital , a Catholic moderate, close to the Reformation. With it, he seeks to convince the king and his entourage, the need to set up a religious tolerance and to reform the Church of France. He asked the nobles to meet at Fontainebleau so they can give their views on these issues. This assembly of notables, which met in August, allows Gaspard de Coligny , future leader of the Protestants, to pass the petitions to the king written by Protestants of Normandy claiming freedom of religion. After several days of deliberation, the assembly of notables decided to convene the States General on 12 November. She also chooses to ask the bishops of France the possibility of convening a national council despite opposition from the Pope. If Guise remain opposed to the idea of tolerance, Cardinal de Lorraine is far from being resistant to reform the Church.
Despite the opening measures taken by the government, the unrest continues. They come mainly from Protestants (iconoclasm, and failed coup in Lyon ). Moreover, to oust the Guise, a new plot is prepared. Despite his vigorous protests, the Prince de Conde was arrested again. The king remains convinced that none other than the master of the silent conspiracy of Amboise. Conde was sentenced to death.
End of life pain
The king's condition worsens in November 1560. On 16 November he is suffering from syncope. After only seventeen months of his reign, Francis II died on 5 December 1560 of unbearable pain in his ear. It was perhaps a mastoiditis , a meningitis , or an ear infection become an abscess. The trephination was proposed by Ambroise Pare. Some suspect that the Protestants of having poisoned him, unfounded rumors.
Francis II died leaving no children, his younger brother Charles , aged ten years, succeeded him. December 21, the Privy Council appoints Catherine "governess of France." The Guise withdrew from the court. Mary Stuart returns to Scotland. Louis de Cond , who was awaiting execution in his cell, was released after negotiations with Catherine de Medici.
On 23 December 1560 , the body of Francis II was taken to Saint-Denis by the Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon.
Posterity
Francis II was a short reign, he ascended the throne in their teens and so inexperienced, while his time was beset by religious strife. Historians agree that Francis II was fragile physically and psychologically and that his frail constitution was due to his health References See also
Bibliography
Timelines
Preceded by Francis II of France Followed by Henry II 
King of France 1559 - 1560 Charles IX Mary of Guise 
King consort of Scotland 1558 - 1560 Henry Stuart
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