Francesco Crispi

Francesco Crispi
Mandates
17 th and 20 thpresident of Italy
29 July 1887 - 6 February 1891
Monarch	Umberto I
Predecessor	Agostino Depretis
Successor	Antonio di Rudin
15 December 1893 - 10 March 1896
Monarch	Umberto I
Predecessor	Giovanni Giolitti
Successor	Antonio di Rudin
President of the Camera dei
26 November 1877 - 26 December 1877
Monarch	Umberto I
Predecessor	Giuseppe Branchieri
Successor	Benedetto Cairoli
Minister of Interior
26 December 1877 - 7 March 1878
Council President	Agostino Depretis
Predecessor	Giovanni Nicotera
Successor	Agostino Depretis
4 April 1887 - 6 February 1891
Council President	himself
Predecessor	Agostino Depretis
Successor	Giovanni Nicotera
15 December 1893 - 9 March 1896
Council President	himself
Predecessor	Giovanni Giolitti
Successor	Antonio di Rudin
Minister of Foreign Affairs
29 July 1887 - 6 February 1891
Council President	himself
Predecessor	Agostino Depretis
Successor	Antonio di Rudin
Biography
Birth name	Francesco Crispi
Date of Birth	4 October 1819
Place of birth	Ribera ( Kingdom of the Two Sicilies )
Date of death	12 August 1901 (81 years)
Place of death	Naples
Nationality	Italian
Religion	Catholic
Presidents of the Italian Council
change

Francesco Crispi (born 4 October 1819 in Ribera , near Agrigento , in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and died on 12 August 1901 in Naples ) is an Italian statesman of the Kingdom of Italy , who was chairman of the board of 7 August 1887 to 6 February 1891 , then from 15 December 1893 to 14 June 1896.

Summary 1 Biography 1.1 The Republican 1.2 The political career 1.3 The Chairman of the Board 2 Notes and references

Biography

Republican

Lawyer in Naples, Francesco Crispi involved in the uprising of 1848-49 in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. After the failed uprising, he took refuge in the Piedmont. Republican Mazzinian , he was expelled from Piedmont after the attempted conspiracy of his friends in 1853. He fled to Malta , where he married and then Paris. Again expelled, he found asylum in London , where he became a collaborator of Mazzini. He returned to Italy in June 1859, when the Austro-Franco-Sardinian (the second war of independence). It plays a leading role in the preparation and conduct of the Expedition of the Thousand of Garibaldi against the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He landed at Marsala , Sicily, in May 1860, and after the conquest of the island became Minister of Interior and Finance in the new Government in Sicily. He denies the annexation of his native kingdom of Sardinia , is a failure.

Political life

Crispi was elected Republican from Palermo in 1861 and sits on the far left in the first Italian Parliament. But in 1864, he decided to join the monarchy. "The Republic divides us, the monarchy unites us," he wrote to Mazzini then. In 1866, he refused to participate in the ministry Ricasoli. In 1867, he opposed the military expedition against Rome that leads, without success, his former friend Garibaldi. In 1873, the death of Rattazzi , he supports the candidacy for the leadership of the left Depretis. In 1876 he was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies. In December 1877, Depretis called in his ministry as Minister of the Interior. He remained there until March 1878, when he must resign as a result of a serious private matter where he is accused of bigamy. It is also known for making use of policy transformism initiated by Depretis and heiress of connubio of Camille Cavour.

In his office, he has a centralizing action. He suggested that the new King Humbert to take the title of Umberto I , King of Italy, and waives continuation Savoy (Humbert IV of Savoy). He gets that King Victor Emmanuel II is buried in Rome and not in Savoy with his ancestors. Pope Pius IX had died, Crispi convinces Cardinal Pecci, the future Pope Leo XIII , that the conclave to elect the successor to be held in Rome, although the position of the papacy or to regard themselves as "trapped" in Vatican. Becomes a member, Crispi critical policy Depretis, accusing his lack of ambition to restore to Italy the prestige it had known. In 1887, Depretis must call the Department of the Interior.

The President of Council

In January 1887, Crispi was appointed President of the Council of Ministers. It will remain until January 31, 1891. After the interlude of government Giovanni Giolitti , he returned December 15, 1893 over the government, he held until his resignation March 4, 1896. It is supported by King Umberto I, but his authoritarianism alienated the support of radicals. Crispi exchange alliance and governs with the right. Often, it happens the control of the dissolved parliament or for convenience. In 1893, he ends the insurgency almost brought about by the fascination of poor peasants in Sicily. Outside, it aims to strengthen the prestige of Italy, but it does not take sufficient account of the poverty of his country. A great admirer of Bismarck , Crispi strengthens the ties of alliance with Austria and Germany initiated by Depretis in 1882. It is very hostile to France, he resents the temptation to dictate its foreign policy in Italy and, placing Tunisia as a protectorate, a private peninsula colony easy access. Crispi broken off negotiations for the Treaty of Commerce and he refuses to open an Italian pavilion at the Universal Exhibition held in Paris in 1889. But more importantly, increases Crispi's colonial policy of Italy in Africa. Following the defeat of the Italians Dogal in January 1887 he signed a treaty which translation is falsified at Negus of Abyssinia giving Italy a protectorate of Eritrea. Following the denunciation by Menelik II , he launched Italy in an attempt military conquest of Abyssinia. It ends with the disaster of the Battle of Adowa March 3, 1896. Crispi was forced to resign. The essayist Domenico Margiotta will attack violently in one of his pamphlets published in 1896 ^References