Excommunication

The excommunication is among Catholics , an exclusion of the Christian community and church fellowship. This sanction, only a bishop can decide, and only for very serious reasons, is the most serious canonical penalties. It excludes the possibility of receiving the sacraments and the exercise of certain ecclesiastical acts. The excommunication affects among other schismatics and heretics. In an excommunication, however the church does not comment on the 'eternal salvation' of a person. The excommunication is' put into the hands of God.

The word comes from the Latin ecclesiastical former communicare, "put out of the community." Is the canonical penalty oldest in Christianity. In the early Christians, it consists of an exclusion of the Eucharistic assembly: the resumption of Jewish practice of excluding the synagogue , which the New Testament refers to various passages ^{Among Catholics}

Excommunication (legendary) of Robert the Pious , academic painting orientalist of Jean-Paul Laurens , ^nineteenth century. Muse d'Orsay.

In the Catholic Church , excommunication applies only to baptized Catholics. As defined in the Code of Canon Law of 1917 , it consists of "exclusion from the communion of the faithful" (Canon 2257 1). The excommunication was not excluded from the Catholic Church, but of communion in sacred (or full communion), that is to say participation in the various sacraments. A sentence of excommunication has always intended the guilty to repentance and eventual return to unity . The Church can lift a sentence of excommunication if it considers that it becomes instead an obstacle to reconciliation.

At the end of the Code of Canon Law of 1983 , are excommunicated (curiously, the Code of 1983, unlike 1917, does not define the word excommunication):

• the apostate , the schismatic and heretical (Can. 1364-1);
• one who commits an act of physical violence against the pope (1370-1 Can.);
• the priest who absolves "the accomplice of a sin against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue "(that is to say a person who had freely committed with the priest as a sin against chastity , whose excommunication is lifted reserved for the "Apostolic", can. 1378 1, cf. can. 977);
• layman who throws or conceals "a sacrilegious purpose" of the material (bread or wine) spent (Can. 1367);
• the bishop who ordered a bishop without a mandate from Pope , and one that was ordered (Can. 1382). The canonical situation of Marcel Lefebvre or Emmanuel Milingo is a recent illustration of this case;
• the priest who violates the secrecy of confession , and the interpreter if (Can. 1388);
• practice or one who is active accomplice of abortion who succeeds (Can. 1398).

The canon law distinguishes two types of excommunication (Can. 1314):

• ferendae sententiae: excommunication does not strike the guilty as it was not respondent by a judicial or administrative authority;
• latae sententiae: excommunication incurred by virtue of the offense (canon law must expressly provide for such cases). Barring exceptional cases, it does not receive a statement to the offender (Can. 1318).

However, the penalty of excommunication is subject to all the general rules for penalties, in particular: Can. 1323 - Is punishable by any sentence a person who, when she violated a law or precept:

1. had not yet sixteen years of age; accomplished is the date of his application for adult baptism
2. unaware, through no fault of his own, it violated a law or precept, however, inadvertence and error are quipares to ignorance;
3. acted under duress of physical violence or the result of a fortuitous circumstance sectarian gathering place in the Lord's Day that she could not foresee, or if she planned to which it could not oppose;
4. acted compelled by grave fear, even if it was only relatively, or driven by necessity or to avoid a serious drawback to divorce by chain communion wafer that is not always Eucharist, however, that unless the act is intrinsically evil or that it harms souls receive a blessing by the Sign of the Cross Resurrected
5. acted in self-defense against an aggressor who attacked unfairly

Contrary to popular opinion, a Catholic divorced cohabiting or remarried civilly is not excommunicated. However, the fact that he lives in a state of grave sin, because from the perspective of the Church is in a state of sin of adultery , he can not receive the Eucharist (Catholics are not supposed to communicate qu'absous - by the sacrament of forgiveness - of any grave sin (in a "state of grace"), divorced and remarried or cohabiting can not be discharged because the discharge requires a sincere repentance and a firm intention of s amend a condition which can not be completed until the second marriage or civil union exists).

The penalty of excommunication is never judge the eternal destiny (hell, paradise) of the person excommunicated.

Excommunication in the Middle Ages in the West

There are two types of excommunication:

• The minor excommunication deprived, temporarily, the faithful of the sacraments, especially that of the Eucharist.
• The excommunication or anathema deprived the person buried in hallowed ground and contact with other Catholics.

It was perpetual and more severe. Everything depends on the year excommunicated Liturgical AB and C to determine whether it is fair to apply without error because the error is fatal in this case respect the gun and the wise decision is excommunicated for the lives of divorced s 'enslave Excommunication could be pronounced by the pope, a council or a bishop. The excommunicated person had a chance to return to the church, provided it goes to the end of his penance. Only Adult Confirmation gives truth to life, the precious, a rare gem of genuine communion. The Catholic Apostolic universal law in all its glory that comes from God through His Son Jesus Christ is Lord for the life led by Virgin Mary, who remains

In the Carolingian period, the king control the excommunications and in fact a formidable political weapon. After the year 1000, with the Gregorian reform , the Church took control of excommunication to enforce the peace of God. During the term of the excommunication of a lord, the vassal is freed from his oath of loyalty to him. The ^Second Lateran Council ( 1139 ) punishes with excommunication all those who attack the clerics. In the ^sixteenth century , Luther 's excommunication critical and in fact the symbol of the tyranny of the Catholic Church.

Some famous excommunicated from the Middle Ages:

• Emperor Henry IV ( XI ^century ), during the investiture controversy ;
• his son Henry V , excommunicated in similar circumstances;
• King of France Philip ^I following his second marriage with Bertrade;
• Philip IV the Fair ;
• Louis VII.

See also: List of famous excommunicated.

Biblical Foundations

Besides the texts that refer to Jewish practice of excluding the above mentioned (CG Ezra 10.8; Luke 6.22), there are several passages that speak of a form of exclusion that the Christian Church may apply in certain cases.

• Matthew 18.15-17: "If your brother sins, go and rebuke him between thee and him alone. If he listens, thou hast gained thy brother. But if he does not listen, take with thee one or two people, so that the whole thing is set on the mouth of two or three witnesses. If he refuses to listen, tell it to the Church, and if he refuses to listen Church, let him be unto thee as an heathen and a publican. "
• Matthew 18.18: "I tell you the truth, whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."
• 5.1 to 5 1 Corinthians: "We usually hear that some of you from fornication, and fornication as is not found even among pagans is the point that one of you were the wife of his father. And you are puffed up! And you have not been quite in affliction, so that whoever has committed this deed might be taken away from you! To me, missing body but present in spirit, have judged already, as though I were present, one who has committed such an act. In the name of the Lord Jesus, you and my mind being assembled with the power of our Lord Jesus, that Such a man is delivered to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus. "
• 1 Timothy 1.18-20: "This charge I commit unto thee, Timothy, my child, according to the prophecies previously made about you is that, according to them, you war a good fight, keeping the faith and good conscience. This consciousness, some have lost, and they have made shipwreck concerning the faith. Of these the Hymen and Alexander, whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they learn to not to blaspheme. "

(Excerpts from the translation of King James , 1910)

Notes

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