Eschatological
The eschatology (from the Greek / "last", and "word", "Study") is the discourse on the end of time. It is the theology and philosophy in connection with last time, recent events in the history of the world or the ultimate destiny of human kind , commonly called the " end of the world. " In many religions, it is a future event prophesied in sacred texts or folklore. More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as that of Messiah or messianic times , the afterlife and the soul.
Most religions monotheistic doctrines have members who say "selected" or "worthy" of the one true faith will be "saved" or "delivered" Judgement and God's wrath to come. They will be sent to heaven before, during, or after them, depending on the scenario of the end times they hold.
The cosmic eschatology deals with the end of time, sometimes the Last Judgement, resurrection. As for the individual eschatology, it deals with life after death , the destiny of the soul post mortem (which takes various forms: living in the Hades of the Greeks in Sheol Jews, reincarnation ...).
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Christianity
Eschatos the term is used in the New Testament to indicate that with the second coming of Christ will begin the end. Jesus taught his disciples during his ministry and at his ascension , he would return and he finds the living and the dead, as claimed by the Christians in their faith.
For Christians, it seems that God looks at a glance three kinds of events that seem different to a human eye:
- death of individuals, the life after death : personal eschatology;
- the end of human society or a generation (the end of the world): human eschatology;
- the end of the world (the events of the last generation that will live on earth): cosmic eschatology.
We find evidence of these multiple meanings in a text of the Gospel of Matthew 24, 37-42. This is a passage where Jesus speaks of his return in glory, mystery usually reserved for the end of the world. But it also describes the individual death of a man and a woman: "As the days of Noah, so shall also the coming of the Son of man. In those days before the flood, we ate and drank, we took wife and husband until the day Noah entered the ark, and people do not doubted until the arrival of the flood, which took them all away. This will also the coming of the Son of man. Then two men in the fields: one is taken, one left, two women trying to grind: one is taken, the other left. "
We can cite another text of the Gospels:
Luke 12:39-40 "You know that if a father was told what time a thief (thief) to come, he would have watched and would not leave his home break. So you also, be ready because the Son of man (Jesus Christ) coming at an hour you think not. "
Christians throughout the centuryI believe that the end of the world happen in their lifetime. Jesus in the Gospel of Mark , chapter 13, verse 8, comparing the end of the world with the birth pangs of a mother, and image implied the world was already "knocked up" by its own destruction, but no one except God can not ascertain when this will happen. When the converts of Paul in Thessalonica were persecuted by the Roman Empire , they believed that the end had come. However, doubt rose when in the 90s AD. In the years AD 190, Justin Martyr said that God was delaying the end of the world because he wanted the Christian to become a world religion. In the year 250, Cyprian wrote that the sins of Christians of that time were a prelude to the evidence that the end was near.
But around the third century, most Christians believed that the End was beyond their generation, Jesus, they believed, had denounced attempts to make the divination of the future, to know "the times and seasons, and such attempts to predict the future were discouraged, though a date was set for the end of using the Jewish traditions in the Six Ages of the World. Using this system, the End was fixed at 202, but when the date had passed, it was changed to 500 AD. AD After 500 AD. AD, the importance of the End as part of Christianity was marginalized, though it still insists on it traditionally when the season of Advent.
Islam
In the Islam , the Day of Judgement or Yawm al-Qiyamah (Arabic: : "Resurrection Day"), God ( Allah in Arabic) will resurrect the dead, and welcome those who do good and righteous in heaven and evil, criminals, corrupt, unrepentant and disbelievers into hell. The historical origin of Islamic eschatology is similar to Christian eschatology, Muhammad having told his companions ( sahaba ). Some thought that the end of the world would come to their own end.
The hadiths say therefore a holy warrior, the mahdi , identified by the Shia Twelver as Muhammad al-Mahdi , their last imam , will defend Islam against the Antichrist or al-Dajjal. Taken from Koran and Hadith , the signs of Qiyamah by Mohammed Ali Ibn Zubair discusses the arrival of the Enlightened One, the mahdi , followed by: "The earth will collapse, fog or smoke will cover the skies for forty days. This will appear on the earth, which will cause believers to catch something like a slight cold, whereas the unbelievers will be hit harder by it all. Finally, a cold wind will come and kill all believers, leaving only unbelievers on earth who will witness the last hour. The angel Israfil sound the trumpet and the resurrection of all human beings will begin. The Koran will be high from the heart of people.
"The Imam JudaismMain article: Jewish eschatology.The end times described in the book of Daniel , expression, called A'harit HaYamim ( the end of days) with the most important step, as to be often confused with the whole process is called Yemot HaMashia'h ( Messianic Times). This belief is far from being incidental. Contained in the thirteen principles of Maimonides , the author will make up a database belonging to the people elected in his commentary on Mishnah Sanhedrin where this thesis was originally presented.
The End of Days is traditionally divided into a number of successive periods:
- Hevlei Hamashia'h and Ikbata deMeshi'ha (prodromal messianic). This is an era of global suffering, which is part of the war including Gog and Magog , which is to say Israel against the nations prophesied by Ezekiel and Zechariah. This confrontation apocalyptic is known of Armageddon.
- Return of the Jewish prophet Elijah , who leads the Messiah , and the early messianic times themselves.
- T'hiyat hamtim ( resurrection of the dead )
- Yom HaDin ( Day of Judgement )
- Establishment of the Olam Haba (world to come) for eternity.
Dharmic Religions
Hinduism
Prophecies traditional Hindu , as described in the Puranas and numerous other texts, say the world will fall into chaos and degradation. There will be a rapid rise of perversity, greed and conflict, and this condition was described as:
- "When deceit falsehood, lethargy, sleepiness, violence, discouragement, anger, delusion, fear, and poverty prevail Buddhism
From its inception, Buddhism has been declining. According to the Sutta Pitaka , the Buddha predicted that his teachings would disappear after 500 years: the ten moral precepts will not be charged and will be replaced by their opposites; ensue a period of misery and end the reign of the true dharma. In medieval times, Buddhism has apparently survived the pessimistic forecasts of its founder, the lifetime of the doctrine is extended to 5000, then 10,000 years, but its end is certain. Commentators like Buddhaghosa describes its erasure: in a first step, arahats longer appear in the world, and later, lessons will empty themselves of their contents, then disappear completely, finally, the memory of the Buddha himself fade, and his relics will be collected at Bodh Gaya , the place of his enlightenment, to be incinerated. Some time later, a new Buddha called Maitreya , will appear to "reactivate the wheel of Dharma, Buddhism and risen again show the way to nirvana. According to tradition, Maitreya currently lives in the sky Tusita where bodhisattvas are awaiting final rebirth in the world. Gautama Buddha of our era, had himself succeeded many Buddhas of the past.
Cycles of decline and recovery of Buddhism reproduce the cycles of creation and destruction of Hindu cosmology. It distinguishes three periods in a cycle (or five times, according to the authors): the "true dharma", the "semblance of Dharma" and the "end of Dharma", in Chinese and mf Mappo Japanese () in which Buddhism is virtually since its inception. This concept has played an important role during the troubled times in the history of China and Japan which saw the birth of sects millenarian. Some common being an important part in the devotion ( Pure Land , Nichiren Buddhism ) are based on this belief to further their education, with the argument that in these times of late Buddhist Dharma "classic" based mainly on the asceticism and meditation has lost its effect, and that only devotion can still be saved.
The future for the world announced
- December 21, 2012 : According eschatology Columbian completion of the 12th and last baktun the Mayan calendar and the Aztec calendar is the end of the world itself. No consensus yet on the nature thereof.
- Beliefs New Age interpret this date as a global awareness of the human race (the end of the world takes on a sense symbolic : the rise). Others, however, expect something more drastic: Apocalypse , reverse polarity, etc..
References
See also
Related articles
External Links
Bibliography
- Jean Flori , La fin du monde in the Middle Ages, Paris, (ed. JP Gisserot), 2008
- Jean Flori , Islam and the End of Time. The prophetic interpretation of Muslim invasions in medieval Christendom, Paris (Ed. du Seuil), 2007 ( ISBN 978-2-286-02979-1 )
- Mary Luke, The Myth of the end of the World, Motion, 2009.
Filmography
- The realities of the afterlife, eschatology for all collection of 6 documentary films Marc Lawrence Turpin (measure Productions-6), France, 2008
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