Egypt
24 08 '00 "N 35 29' 00" E / 24.1333, 35.4833
| (ar) | |||||
| Gumhuriyya Misr al- t Arabiyya h (ar) | |||||
| Arab Republic of Egypt (en) | |||||
| |||||
| Motto : Silence and patience, freedom, socialism, unity | |||||
 | |||||
| Official language | Arab | ||||
| Capital | Cairo 30 3'0 "N 31 15'0" E | ||||
| Largest city | Cairo | ||||
| Form of State | Republic | ||||
| - President of the Republic - Prime Minister | Mohammed Hosni Mubarak Ahmed Nazif | ||||
| Area - Total - Water (%) | Ranked 30 th 1,001,449 km 2 0.6% | ||||
| Population - Total ( 2010 ) - Density | Ranked 15 th 84,474,000 inhab. 84.3 inhabitants / km 2 | ||||
| Independence - Date | Former protectorate of the United Kingdom 28 February 1922 | ||||
| Demonym | Egyptian | ||||
| HDI ( 2007 ) | 0.703 (medium) ( 123 ) | ||||
| Currency | Egyptian pound ( EGP ) | ||||
| Time Zone | UTC +1 or +2 by date | ||||
| National anthem | Bilady, Bilady, Bilady | ||||
| Internet domain | . Eg | ||||
| Indicative Telephone | +20 | ||||
(1) English and French are also widely used | |||||
The Egypt, long form the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arab History For almost three millennia, the valley of the Nile lives prosper one of the most brilliant civilizations in history. The invention of writing original form of ideograms, hieroglyphics , shortly after the appearance of cuneiform in Mesopotamia to -3300, brought out the kind of human prehistory. Egypt of the Pharaohs could well flourish largely reached its peak in the thirteenth century BC, leaving a monumental World Heritage. After many invasions and occupations of various (mainly Persians , Greeks , Romans and Byzantines ), the first century Christian community was formed, converted by St. Mark , the Copts (deformation Arabic word of Greek Aiguptios: Egyptian). They are now several million, concentrated in Ethiopia and Egypt. The country passed under domination Arabic in the seventh century , and Ottoman. The kingdom of Egypt became independent in 1922. Despite a long tutelage Ottoman and British , its culture is still strongly marked by Arab identity, including President Gamal Abdel Nasser was one of the most famous pioneers. Today, Egypt is part of a policy in the Middle East impregnated by his many conflicts with Israel. Besides his monumental works such as the Suez Canal and the Aswan High Dam , it remains famous for its rich archaeological present in prestigious international museums. The disappearance of many archives is, however, that its history is fragmentary, although changing technologies enable better and understand the magnitude and scope. Executive power is held by the president. Since 1981, Mohammed Hosni Mubarak has served as president, reelected in referendums every six years. In 2005, the election for the presidency was first opened to other candidates. Legislative power belongs to the People's Assembly (elected for a term of five years by universal suffrage ). Finally, a consultative body called the Shura Council shall be consulted by the President of the Republic and the People's Assembly on policy decisions. This assembly is composed of 264 members, including two-thirds elected and one third appointed by the President of the Republic. Organizations denounce violations of human rights . While the circumcision has been banned since 1997, 96% of married women are circumcised . 83% and 98% of citizens of foreign claim to have sexually harassed at some point in their lives in Egypt . Respectively 46% and 52% say they suffer on a daily basis . 62% of Egyptians say they do it with women wearing the veil . The Islam is the state religion , but freedom of thought and religion are officially insured. Egypt is divided into twenty-nine governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah): France is represented since 24 August 2008 by Jean-Felix Paganon. The Consul General of France in Cairo is Marie Masdupuy. The Consul General of France in Alexandria Hedi Picquart. The Egyptian Ambassador in France Nasser Kamel. The Egyptian armed forces are the largest number in Africa. They consist of the Egyptian army , the Egyptian navy , the Egyptian Air Force , and the Egyptian Air Defense Command. There are four regions: Lower Egypt , the Middle Egypt , the Upper Egypt and Nubia. Egypt multiplies the extremes: the most populous Arab country, 90% of its population lives in a fertile strip of land along the Nile (24 km at its widest point near the Fayum, an average of 10 miles, but could n ' have a hundred meters). The rest of the territory is desert. Besides the capital, Cairo , which also includes Giza , Egypt major cities are: Alexandria , Aswan , Asyut , Banha, Dahab , El Arish, El-Mahalla El-Kubra , Hurghada , Mansoura , Marsa Matrouh, Luxor , Karnak , Kom Ombo , Port Safaga , Port Said , Sharm el Sheikh , Suez , Tanta, Zagazig , etc.. The air is particularly dry and safe, and only the Nile because they do not find totally Saharan climate. In winter, temperatures are mild and frosts are rare. Apart from the months of January, February and March, sometimes rather cold in the north, average temperatures around 20 degrees on the Mediterranean coast (maximum 31 ) and 28 to Aswan (maximum 50 !). In the desert, are the extremes of hardship - incandescent the day, cold night. Become significantly wetter since the construction of the High Dam , the Upper Egypt knew little rain in antiquity, to the point that it seemed like an omen, usually fatal, in the eyes of its inhabitants. The Nile Delta and especially the coastal belt are experiencing less severe drought. During winter, heavy showers transform the region into marshes, but these are still relatively rare rainfall (the average in Cairo is six days of rain per year). Alexandria is the Egyptian city that receives the most rainfall, about 19 cm / year, while qu'Assouan receives only about 10 mm every five years. Prevalent in the spring often the Khamsin , a dry wind, hot and dusty, blowing burning deserts of south-east. At the speed of 150 km / h, he tears the leaves and gives the sky a deep orange hue, and the air takes care of dust which makes breathing oppressive. During these fifty days (hence the name of this season), Egypt knows a few thunderstorms, once symbolized by the god Seth. In summer the temperature is high, but a steady breeze at night cools the atmosphere of the north, and this dry heat is actually more bearable than humid heat. This great sun, the dry heat was not without influence on the manners of the ancient Egyptians: the need clothes do not smell was, but the wig was useful to protect themselves from sunlight, bathing and care toilet refreshes the skin, while the makeup, cosmetics, perfumes protecting the skin and eyes from the sun reflection, and masked the smell of perspiration. It is also to collect some freshness that were built of brick thick, which is working under porches and people hid their affluent homes in the green gardens. If Egypt is 94% desert, she now had no less diverse ecosystems that have adapted to conditions particularly hostile lotus , papyrus , palm trees , tamarisk , acacia , jacaranda , poinciana , mangroves ... Wildlife side, there are about four hundred and thirty species of birds and hundreds of mammals , among which the camels , the donkeys and gazelles ... There were formerly an extraordinary variety of large mammals ( leopard , oryx , hyenas , desert lynx ...), now devastated by hunting. Very at ease, however, thirty-four species of snakes , and scorpions and a few crocodiles live side Aswan. The country is experiencing serious economic difficulties. Poverty is growing. Once primarily agricultural , the Egyptian economy is now trying to diversify into areas such as tourism or industry. The main economic partners of Egypt (in 2004) are the United States , the European Union , and Japan. The main economic resources of Egypt are the oil , the revenues from the Suez Canal, tourism, metals, and agriculture (especially cotton ). The country also depends largely on international aid. In 2009 , the World Bank gives the following ranking for the first African countries: Religious holidays vary according to the lunar calendar (Bairam, Eid el-Kebir, Mouled el-Nabi). The Islamic calendar is shorter than the Gregorian calendar, religious festivals fell by approximately eleven days each year. The Ramadan is also an important time for Egyptian Muslims, to meet people and participate in the many festivities that begin at the end of fasting. The Moulid , a mixture of fair and religious festival celebrating the birthday of a local saint, and gives rise to a riot of colors, food, entertainment, blessings, public circumcision. Since the Napoleonic campaigns that led beside expeditionary forces, many engineers, historians, Egyptologists, lingu ists, lawyers and doctors, Egypt hosted a large French community. Other foreign communities existed at the same time, Italian, Greek, Jewish, etc. ... All shared a "lingua franca" which was French. The Egyptian elite and middle class, sent his children to learn French. The Napoleonic code was the basis for modern Egyptian institutions. Until 1956 , the year of the crisis of Suez , the French language played an important role in Egypt, including under the British protectorate. With the departure of foreign communities in Egypt, the French did not disappear, however. Internationally, Egypt was an active member of the Francophone community. This is Egypt, which imposed the French language in all international treaties concerning the crisis in the Middle East, by the action of high-Egyptian diplomat Boutros Boutros-Ghali , former UN secretary general , who was even Secretary General of the International Organization of la Francophonie , . The essential feature of the Egyptian-French bilingual landscape is its diversity. The types of institutions are of different status (experimental schools, colleges Al Horreya, schools investment denominational schools). Sixty-two schools "bilingual" teaching French strengthened (LV1) to 45 000 students. Prices are provided by approximately 2,000 teachers, including some fifty French. Key element of another pan of bilingualism in Egypt, the French School educates Cairo, meanwhile, more than 600 students, of whom 47% are French nationals and 32.5% Egyptians. Added to the 10,000 additional students in the five other schools of Cairo, and Alexandria in high school, high school in Port Said, small French schools in Sharm el-Sheikh, Ourghada and many institutes and schools French curriculum pursuing the same goal. Finally, as a significant component of the French Egyptian educational landscape, it is estimated that some 1.7 million the number of students, supervised by about 10 000 teachers, who study French as a second foreign language (L2) . With regard to private Christian schools, they now house a majority of young Muslims. A contract with the Egyptian state ensures, theoretically, control teaching content . The majority of Egyptians (~ 90% ) claim of Islam Sunni , introduced in Egypt in 642. The authority is the supreme Sunni sheikh of Al-Azhar. The Christians , mostly Copts , are the largest minority (~ 9% ) religious, with strong representation in the regions of Upper Egypt ( Beni Suef , El Minya, Assiut , Sohag , Qena , Luxor ). Before the arrival of Islam, Christianity was the predominant religion in the country, one of the first to have embraced this new faith. The Copts are the result of a split in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Long dedicated to monastic life, they are now a cultural elite (whose most famous member is former UN Secretary General , Boutros Boutros-Ghali ) and an economically powerful minority . The Baha'i faith emerged in the mid-nineteenth century and is derived from Babism founded in 1844 in Persia by Mirza Ali Mohammed Al-Al-Shirazi , Ali Hussein Fed , born in Iran in 1817 , is the real founder of the Baha'i faith with nearly six million followers worldwide. Egyptian Baha'is, estimated at about 10,000 people, have finally obtained 19 March 2009, after a lengthy court proceedings, the right to leave open the box that says religion on their identity cards and birth certificates . The various Jewish communities in this country at all times have been persecuted more or less important over time (under Trajan in the Roman era) and preferred to leave Egypt between 1956 and 1967 (at the height of tensions between Israelis -Arab). The community has increased from 80 000 persons in 1940 to a few dozen in 2010 . Egypt has the code: South Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde a href = "% C3% R A9publique_centrafricaine" title = "Central African Republic"> Central African Republic Comoros Congo DR Congo Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Equatorial Guinea Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Uganda Rwanda Republic Sahrawi Arab Democratic 1Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Chad Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Politics
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State GDP 
South Africa U.S. 285.983 billion 
Egypt U.S. 188.334 billion 
Nigeria U.S. 168.994 billion 
Algeria U.S. 140.577 billion Source: World Bank ranking of countries by GDP (2009) , World Development Indicators database (World Bank), July 1, 2009. Demographics
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