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Ecumenism

The ecumenism (or is a movement towards successively and periods of history:

  • to promote unity ecclesiology of Churches Protestant from the Reformation , in which case it is of unionism;
  • to promote joint activities between the various Christianities , despite doctrinal differences displayed by the various churches, with the goal of visible unity of the Church .

    Moreover, the adjective "ecumenical" in its original sense, means regarding the whole Church. It is well used by the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church to appoint a council to which all bishops and all the patriarchs are called.

    The founder of modern ecumenism is the Lutheran Lars Olof Jonathan Sderblom , Archbishop of Uppsala (Sweden), he received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1929 for this activity.

    Ecumenism is met by the existence of various agreements, many instances of dialogue, but also by a number of concrete achievements, such as translation companies shared sacred texts or the existence of a week of prayer for Christian unity.

    Summary

    Objectives of the ecumenical movement

    This movement aims to answer the prayer that the Gospel of John ( Jn 17. 21 ) attributes to Christ :

    "Let all be one as you, Father, are in me and I in thee, that they also be one in us: that the world may believe that you sent me . "

    "The visible unity of the Church is the central goal of the ecumenical movement" according to the World Council of Churches , which implies relations and dialogues between the various churches . But according to some authorities Catholics and Orthodox, the expansion of contemporary differences in doctrine and morals, in terms of relativism and secularism, particularly in the Protestant world, are seen as serious threats to the reconciliation process (which Paradoxically native Protestant world) .

    History

    Modern Ecumenism is relatively recent, dating only from 1910 . He seems to have been more difficult to envisage the creation of links between the various Christian denominations and between the various religions of the world as the interfaith dialogue began in 1877 and the attitude of the Catholic hierarchy but keep considering the basis of faithful Catholics.

     . It was long believed that Christian unity is treated by the combination of doctrines. We ended up realizing that in fact, ecumenism must first address issues of ecclesiology as shown by the positive results of work on the sacraments and ministries .

    The Union

    The United Churches

    Debates, discussions and proposals

    • 1873 : Synod of the Reformed Churches of France placed a number of ecumenical issues and had, at the time, some impact .
    • 1888 : The " Lambeth Quadrilateral ", first made in Chicago in 1886 , was an initiative of the Anglican Church to promote Christian unity. He called on churches to meet separately on the basis of:
    1. of Scripture as the Word of God revealed from faith and foundation;
    2. the Nicene-Constantinople , and the Apostles' Creed , as exposed enough of the Christian faith;
    3. the sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist ;
    4. the episcopate history.

    This "Lambeth Quadrilateral" then define the bases and their Anglican communion .

    Ecumenism

    The union is left with Willem Visser 't Hooft , Dutch theologian who became the first Secretary General of World Council of Churches (WCC) in 1948. The declaration of intent states that the WCC is not a super-church and did not intend to become one.

    The modern ecumenical movement and the World Council of Churches

    Main article: World Council of Churches.

    Milestones

    The Bible societies missionaries

    At the conference in Edinburgh in 1910, the issue of Christian unity was especially urge the delegates of Churches news, Africa and Asia. The contemporary ecumenism is thus born missionary of the problem: how to preach the gospel from churches separated, divided about the same doctrine of the Gospel as long as it proposes a? But it appeared immediately that the problem of separation of Christians has two aspects: rivalry in practice differences in interpretation.

    Three agencies were born of the Conference of Edinburgh :

    1. The International Missionary Council, which convenes its first conference at Lake Mohonk, in 1921 ;
    2. Life and activity, more commonly called practical Christianity , for practical issues, which held its first global conference in 1925 in Stockholm , the latter organization was run by the Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala , Sderblom Nathan ( 1866 - 1931 );
    3. Faith and Order, for doctrinal matters, under the leadership of Bishop Anglican American Charles Brent ( 1862 - 1,929 ) which held its first global conference in 1927 in Lausanne.

    The creation of the World Council of Churches itself, the WCC was delayed by the war in 1939 - one thousand nine hundred and forty-five and the fierce opposition of the Catholic Church . The founding assembly of the WCC was held in 1948 in Amsterdam. She saw the amalgamation of Life and Activity and Faith and Order. This organization maintains its own life yet in the WCC. The first WCC general secretary was the pastor and theologian Willem Visser 't Hooft , when he realized that they could not wait for the Vatican .

    Official creation of the WCC

    The WCC, in its basic document, refers explicitly to the Bible , since 1961 (sitting of New Delhi ). At this conference, during which join the Orthodox Churches, the WCC member churches "confess the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Savior according to the Scriptures. . This assertion of a confession of faith (non-biblical, in fact) causes the departure of the Unitarians and the foundation of Unitarian Universalists. Incidentally, it revives the feud Christological put under a bushel in 1948.

    Successive meetings of the WCC should be:

    • Amsterdam , 1948 : "The disorder of man and God's plan. . A provisional basis is adopted: "The World Council of Churches is a fellowship of churches which confess the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Savior. "
    • Evanston , 1954 : "Christ, Hope of the world. "
    • New Delhi , 1961 : " Jesus Christ , Light of the world. . This meeting saw the coming of the International Missionary Council into the WCC.
      A new Basic or definition is adopted: "The World Council of Churches is a fellowship of churches which confess the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Saviour according to the Scriptures and seek to fulfill together their common calling to the glory the one God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. . On this statement, the Reformed Church of France (FRA) demanded that does not insist too much on the Trinity because it did not wish to exclude its liberal minority , mostly Unitarian .
    • Uppsala , 1968 : "Behold, I make everything new. "
    • Nairobi , 1975 : " Jesus Christ frees and unites. "
    • Vancouver , 1983 : " Jesus Christ , life of the world. "
    • Canberra , 1991 : "Come, Holy Spirit, renews all creation. "
    • Harare , 1998 : "Turn to God in the joy of hope. "During this synod was a scene near the Orthodox Churches because disputed the opening ceremony chaired by a woman pastor .
    • Porto Alegre , 2006 : "Transform the world, God in your grace. . During the World Assembly of the WCC, a new voting procedure for the adoption of texts, such as motions, was used: a vote by consensus or virtual unanimity instead of majority voting, simple or qualified , participants.

    Structures

    The plenum elects the central committee of 150 members to whom it delegates its powers, subject to apply the Constitution of the WCC during the intersession. The WCC currently has more than 340 churches , denominations and church fellowships, representing some 550 million Christians worldwide spread. The headquarters of the WCC is based in Geneva.

    The movement since 1962

    The EOC facilitates bilateral contacts that have developed between the churches ,

    • or between the Old Catholics and Anglicans,
    • either within the Protestant , or between Protestantism and Orthodoxy ,
    • It gives an observer seat at the Roman Church is not a member. Indeed, she claims a rule that has no place in this assembly.

    Issues are pending :

    • the question of sacraments
    • the issue of departments, ie mutual recognition of ministries
    • the issue of women's ministries
    • the question of the nature of the missions

    Despite this investment, the question of ecumenism, the Protestant world is not homogeneous. Churches fundamentalists consider ecumenism as the prostitution.

    Moreover, one can identify the existence of tensions within the WCC between Protestants, who take into account the secularization and advocated the adaptation of Christian witness in today's civil society and the Orthodox, who have perhaps less need agency at the time of the Communist challenge the modernist tendency of some guidance WCC Furthermore, the WCC, whose structure is increased by a large bureaucracy, is facing financial problems which reduce the scope of a vocation which is to be "prophetic "

    Orthodox Churches and ecumenism

    Discrepancies ecclesiological

    It is difficult to speak of a single position of the Orthodox Church , which does not exist as such , on ecumenism. The diversity of positions is not unrelated to the structure itself collegial and conciliar orthodoxy, because it consists of five patriarchates , fourteen autocephalous churches.

    These churches generally regard the Catholic Apostolic Roman is a heresy (or, in any case, heterodoxy) Doctrinal Differences

    For the Orthodox, theological differences with the Catholic Church comes from the estate of the first seven councils. The 3rd, 4th and 8th ecumenical councils were followed by a schism and the formation of a breakaway church. The Orthodox Church can not recognize the councils that the Pope met without recourse to the other patriarchs (and therefore, according to the Orthodox Church, in the absence of catholicity that invites the Holy Spirit has inspired the making).

    In applying this principle, a time, so enlightened that it can be believed, must not act and decide without putting himself in harmony with previous eras: the principle of tradition that governs the life of the Orthodox Churches.

    The orthodox view about it as null and void Vatican I, which is asserted the dogma of papal infallibility , which they dispute the argument. According to the orthodox position is the Church as a whole, in its catholicity, which is not infallible and the only person of the pope. On the contrary, the Orthodox believe that the isolation of the pope out of college the other patriarchs (continued schism but also the collapse of the Roman Empire), is the cause of doctrinal developments (such as purgatory, the immaculate conception , papal infallibility) that the Orthodox Church considers heretical. .

    A Russian Orthodox theologian Vladimir Soloviev ( one thousand eight hundred fifty-three - 1.9 thousand ) had addressed the issue of Christian unity. He hoped the reconciliation eschatological , facing the threat of the Antichrist , Church of John (Orthodox) of Peter (Catholic) and Paul (Protestant) in which there were three additional terms of one faith and experience of deification, dear to the theology of Gregory Palamas . However, this theologian is not recognized or widely criticized within the Orthodox Church (because of some of its sophiology the other of his remarks about the Catholic Church).

    The question of territories

    The end of communism was accompanied by a spiritual revival of the Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe, as in Russia, and the opportunity to further conflict with the Catholic Church. The main reason contemporary quarrel comes from understanding the distribution of Orthodox dioceses. Indeed, some Russian Orthodox Catholic evangelization experience in Russia as a form of proselytism does not respect the division of dioceses. This conflict between the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church is related to the critique of the claim of the Roman Catholic Church to universal jurisdiction, which goes against the Orthodox ecclesiology which sees in it the ancient patriarchate of Rome, that is to say, as having jurisdiction legitimately as the only Western Europe. Indeed, this understanding has orthodox critics of the papacy itself, not only as the Patriarchate of Rome, but as a super-diocese which would include other dioceses.

    The Orthodox Churches have often been the support of nationalist demands of the time of the Central Powers as the Soviet Union. In countries like Romania , the Ukraine , the Orthodox Church enjoyed the rivalry with the Uniate churches - churches of Eastern rite but Roman Catholics - largely because they had been the instrument of ideological divisions between nationalities in different countries. The allocation of places of worship between Uniate and Orthodox has a problem following the collapse of communism, they, indeed, had sometimes been confiscated by the Orthodox Churches random partitions of Poland , the Ukraine or the establishment of communism. Uniate churches suffered particularly the persecution of Christianity in Communist countries, because of their suspected connection with the West and Rome to be spies.

    Much of the Orthodox installed in the West, especially France, Paris, Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois on the Riviera, came with the Russian emigration "white" (supporters of the last tsar and hostile to the establishment of communism). We must also take into account the Romanian community, which has always had a special relationship with France. Moreover, many Eastern Christians from Arab countries and from the churches not chalcdonniennes, settled in France , for example, many Chaldeans have settled in Sarcelles, near Paris or Brussels in Belgium, refugees from war Iraq in 2003. The Orthodox diaspora in Western Europe is perhaps not without value for ecumenism in that it shares a common world with the Catholic and Protestant.

    Sometimes it is the jurisdictional disputes between the Orthodox patriarchate of burden on the functioning of ecumenical dialogue, and Moscow withdrew in 2008 from the Conference of European Churches because of a quarrel with Constantinople influence on the Estonia .

    The changing perception of ecumenical dialogue

    Quick doctrinal developments experienced by some Protestant churches in the area, particularly on the question of the ordination of women to the priesthood and the episcopate, or the issue of homosexuality, have been very badly received by the Orthodox churches , including the largest, the Moscow Patriarchate. Thus, September 9, 2010, in a speech highly acclaimed and sometimes very badly received , Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk , chairman of the Department of External Relations of the Patriarchate of Moscow, stands before the Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams a speech highly critical of developments in the Anglican Communion , speaking of the formation of a widening gulf between "liberals" and "traditional" and talks about real threats to the whole dialogue between Orthodox and Anglicans

    "We were struck by the belief expressed by "

    In fact the Russian Orthodox Church broke off contacts with the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in 2003, with the Church of Sweden in 2005. Orthodox churches also denounced the danger of the World Council of Churches becoming merely a forum for exchange of ideas without specifically Christian theological basis and where "common prayer become increasingly difficult and ultimately impossible" .

    The rise of Benedict XVI is often cited as the trigger for a warming of relations between Orthodox and Catholics, even if actual progress is going very slowly. Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk plans and forms of combined action, which he calls a "strategic alliance", particularly in the fight against secularism and that of the new evangelization .

    holique_romaine_et_l.E2.80.99.C5.93cum.C3.A9nisme "> The Roman Catholic Church and ecumenism

    Uniatism

    Since the time of the Crusades, the Western Church Reconnecting with a number of separate communities. Some initiatives meeting will lead to the creation of the Eastern Churches in full communion with the See of Rome, they recognize the universal jurisdiction. These meetings are often the occasion for new schisms between a party and a party refuses to accept the union agreement.

    The Eastern Catholic Churches are also called churches "Uniate" but this term is sometimes used with pejorative against Catholics concerned .

    "The Greek-Catholic phenomenon has always been perceived by the Orthodox as aggression and denial of their ecclesial nature, as if they were not recognized by the Latin Church as full Christians" ( Olivier Clement ) . The uniatism is one of those events that comprise the Orthodox as a predation of the Latin Church. In particular, the role of the Pro Oriente Foundation, founded in Vienna (Austria) in 1964 Bishop Franz Knig is frequently discussed. Its creation doitfavoriser dialogue between non-Chalcedonian Churches and the Catholic Church. In some cases, the Eastern Churches talk about phenomena entryism . . The Commission has met only a few years later at Baltimore in 2000 , but difficulties persist . In 2004 , it is the joint declaration of Pope John Paul II and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople , which indicated that despite some recent problems and misunderstandings, "the long practice of" dialogue of charity "helps us precisely in these circumstances, so that difficulties can be faced with equanimity and without slowing or darken the path undertaken toward full communion in Christ . "

    The question of the Filioque continued to be between Central Catholic and Orthodox Churches, since the use that was made in the course of history. Is because the introduction of the Filioque in the creed West (Spirit who proceeds from the Father and the Son), which was proposed during the reign of Charlemagne , and made unilaterally in the Roman Creed in the eleventh century. Very badly perceived by the Eastern Churches, the double procession is a place of contention ever since.

    XIX century

    the "union" Catholic in the nineteenth century

    The popes had never lost hope of restoring unity of Christendom, which they felt they charge. The nineteenth century , in particular, was the heyday of the intransigeantisme enjoining other Christian denominations return to Roman unity.

    • On the other hand, Pius IX invited bishops Greek and other Oriental, to participate in Vatican Council I ( one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine - 1870 ), where he will be proclaimed the papal infallibility , and harvesting, fairly consistent with Orthodox collegiality, a plea of inadmissibility.
    • Pope Leo XIII , especially, was the champion of Unionism. He encouraged prayer for Christian unity, as a novena in preparation for Pentecost. In the encyclical Satis cognitum ( 1896 ), a sort of charter for the Union and 35 other papers devoted to the cause of Christian unity, he called on Catholics to greater charity towards all Christians, and more broadly to all men of goodwill.

    XX century

    The Roman Catholic Church is reluctant for a long time in the ecumenical movement, sanctioning its craft very often could be counted in its ranks.

    Not until the pontificate John XXIII (in 1958 ) and the Council Vatican II ( 1962 - 1965 ) that the Roman Catholic Church has radically changed its attitude and was officially and seriously engaged in the ecumenism, in view of seeking unity of Christians .

    The Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity is with this commitment. It was founded in Rome by Pope John XXIII in 1960 , as the Secretariat of the Council of Christian Unity .

    The encyclical Mortalium animosity of Pius XI

    The Roman Magisterium has frequently expressed great reluctance to the first ecumenical assemblies, suspected of "panchristianisme. In the encyclical Mortalium animosity (1928), Pius XI absolutely forbade Catholics to participate. "It is understandable therefore, Venerable Brothers

    This encyclical, which was responding to the invitation for the work of the Committee on Ecumenical Faith and Order . tantamount to saying that there could be no true ecumenism that the reintegration of churches of the Reformation in the heart of the one true Church. This encyclical provoked the departure of Father Lev Gillet of the Catholic Church to become non-ecumenical church service while remaining Orthodox Catholic priest.

    Thus the Roman Catholic Church has considered the ecumenism that from 1928 , and integration into the mainstream without being in Protestant circles, preferring to develop its specificity. Yves Congar op testified that she made every possible effort to prevent the creation of the WCC in 1948 . She said the term ecumenical is taken of the adjective which is termed the common councils of all the universal Christian church special, since the first of them: the Council of Nicaea in 325. It means "the whole inhabited earth." It was a time when the churches were no other independent regional and centrality as that gave them Constantine , Paul Veyne has been described as "President of the Church" to emphasize its role in matters of doctrine in the manner organization of the Church.

    Work of individualities

    However, even the Catholic side, the efforts of some prominent figures of Christian unity never ceased completely. The Vincentian Fernand Portal , with his friend Viscount Anglo-Catholic Lord Halifax , tried as early as 1890 a rapprochement between the Anglican and Catholic churches, but these efforts were abruptly interrupted in 1896 by the bubble Apostolicae Curae of Leo XIII. Portal and Halifax continue on the path they have plotted and the Vincentian suspicion of modernism is silenced in 1908 by Secretary of State of the Vatican, Rafael Merry del Val.

    In December 1921 , the two men, supported by the Cardinal Mercier , Primate of Belgium nevertheless launch what will be known as the Malines Conversations. This will be 5 meetings between theologians and clergymen Anglicans and Roman Catholics. Chaired by Cardinal Mercier, whose last meeting in April 1925. The experiment will be completed following the deaths of Cardinal Mercier and Mr. Portal in 1926 but also by stopping the momentum that is ecumenical publishing Mortalium animosity in 1928.

    In 1935 , Lyon is the beginning of Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, at the initiative of Abb Paul Couturier. It is in 1937 the first days of Dombes Group (see below).

    They are still the pioneering work of some Catholic theologians: the French Henri de Lubac and Yves Congar , the German Karl Adam among others, the first two were long worried precisely this work of opening.

    However, in 1950 , Pius XII , in exercise of the privilege of infallibility , proclaimed the dogma of the Assumption , proclaimed that offend the Protestants - to the extent that this dogma has no biblical reference - and freeze Sustaining the nascent ecumenical relations already obliterated by the publication in September 1949 , Statement of Ecclesia Catholica , which restricted the participation of Catholics in the ecumenical movement's activities . The instruction of the Holy Office Ecclesia Catholica considered inter alia that the desire for unity was within an "inspiration from the grace of the Holy Spirit."

    Vatican II and its aftermath

    New boost

    It was not until the advent of Pope John XXIII (in 1958 ) and the announcement of the Second Vatican Council ( 1962 - 1965 ) to see the Catholic Church to engage fully in the adventure of the ecumenical movement. non-Catholic observers were invited to the council. A Secretariat for Christian Unity was established, which became the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity by Pope John Paul II. The council enacted major documents for ecumenism: Unitatis Redintegratio (Decree on Ecumenism) ; Nostra Aetate (on non-Christian religions); Dignitatis Humanae (on religious freedom). But all his work was of purpose clearly ecumenical liturgical reform, defining the Church as the People of God as koinonia, communion.

    The successors of John XXIII , or Rome either during their many trips around the world have stepped up contacts with leaders of other churches. The episcopal conferences are members of the Councils of Churches, which were formed in most countries. The Catholic faithful themselves participate fully in the work, as well as prayers, conferences and interfaith ecumenical meetings.

    The Catholic traditionalists

    Some Catholics will object to the council Vatican II , whether for doctrinal reasons (recognition of religious freedom by the Council, ecumenism, which is also found, according to the testimony of Yves Congar op . some policy implications have long professed by some of those who seceded, some ultramontane , maurassiennes ), or because of their commitment to the celebration in Latin and in the Roman Missal of St. Pius V. One of the lead, Monsignor Marcel Lefebvre , founder of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Pius X broke with Rome in 1988 by ordaining bishops despite the ban imposed on him (he was thereby excommunicated latae sententiae).

    Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have sought, by giving various permissions, particularly in terms of liturgy , to restore unity with some priests and faithful traditionalists. Part of the Society of St. Pius X broke away to join with some privileges, as the Fraternity of St. Peter

    Visits and meetings of the ecumenical Pope

    See below: Catholic-Anglican agreements

    The continuing difficulties

    • The soteriology of Protestantism can be summed (taking into account the existence of variants) Only God saves. Of Catholicism that views the Church as an instrument of salvation
    • The role and meaning of the papacy, which constitutes an obstacle
    • Mutual recognition (but symbolic, because the Protestant churches expect no dubbing) departments is a bone of contention with the Protestant churches, as well as the sharp words of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger at the location of their institutions, suggesting that a single Ecclesiology , Episcopal and hierarchical is good .
    • The question of eucharistic hospitality is also debate. The historic Protestant churches (those of Leuenberg , see below) usually readily admit other Christians to communion, while the Catholic and Orthodox churches are very restrictive, one communion in the sacraments according to their doctrine, assuming the same communion in faith . The current period, where the principles are reaffirmed with firmness, disappoints the ecumenical Protestants, who were waiting more openness in the wake of the Council Vatican II .
    • In 2000 , the declaration Dominus Jesus and , the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , strongly emphasizes the uniqueness and universality of salvation in Jesus Christ and his Church. It was written at the initiative of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger and secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Tarcisio Bertone. She was not well received in ecumenical circles, including the fact that the church communities of the Reformation were not considered churches in the proper sense of the word, and because of a rather restrictive interpretation of the texts of the Council concerning the Ecumenism .

    Results

    In his encyclical Ut unum sint , Pope John Paul II says the irreversible commitment to ecumenism of the Catholic Church: "At the Council Vatican II , the Catholic Church committed herself irrevocably to following the path of the ecumenical , putting themselves in tune with the Spirit of the Lord who learns to read the signs of the times. " The experiences she had during these years and continues to live even more profoundly about his identity and mission in history. The Catholic Church acknowledges and confesses the weaknesses of her son, conscious that their sins are so many betrayals of and obstacles to the achievement of the purpose of the Saviour . "

    If signs of good will have multiplied, the pontificate of John Paul II remains mixed on the subject including the practice of one form of highlighting the papal function - a major obstacle to ecumenism - and the takeover discipline, moral and doctrinal authorities Vatican .

    Thus, according to some observers , the current period brand forms of slowing the momentum of the ecumenical and some are disappointed with the slow progress towards Christian unity, which is seeking a third breath . It is of course too early to try to do a complete history of ecumenism and only the future will reveal and analyze the successes and limitations of the current period.

    Achievements

    Agreements Inter-Church

    Bonn Agreements between Old Catholics and Anglicans

    The motion -old Catholic is a federation of several churches which organized the declaration of Utrecht of 1889. The rejection of dogma proclaimed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the papal infallibility , is the main cause of the disagreement with the Roman Catholic Church.

    The Bonn Agreement , signed in 1931 , established between the churches of the Anglican Communion and those of the Union of Utrecht full communion in the sacraments, and the recognition by each of the Catholic church and the faithfulness of the other essential elements of Christian faith.

    Agreements Catholic-Anglican

    The International Commission Anglican-Roman Catholic (often known by the acronym ARCIC) was established in 1967 , following the historic meeting between the Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey and Pope Paul VI. It aims to facilitate the meeting ecclesiological the entire Anglican Communion and the Roman Catholic Church and adopt common positions in the social and ethical debates.

    It takes place in several phases of joint declarations signed by: ARCIC-I and publish its conclusions on "Eucharistic Doctrine", "Ministry and Ordination", "Authority in the Church" from 1971 to 1981. The assembly is ratified by the Anglican Communion at the Lambeth Conference of 1988, but the Catholic Church emphasizes the incompleteness of the points of agreement obtained and request the removal of some ambiguities . Some conservative commentators see it as a repudiation of the work of ARCIC.

    However, a second phase of discussions taking place, citing "The Hi and the Church," "The Church as Communion," "Life in Christ: morals, communion, church," "The Gift of Authority. Authority in the Church III "and" Mary: Grace and Hope in Christ. " . Progress is threatened and the work slowed by a series of innovations in some Anglican churches that divide this communion lasting and are perceived as unilateral changes by the Catholic party: women priests , bishops openly gay couples blessing homosexuals .

    In 2009, is published the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum Ctibus allowing the integration of groups of Anglicans who have applied within the Catholic Church and is felt by many Anglican bishops as an unfriendly act. Pope Benedict XVI expresses its willingness to undertake this initiative in front of physical meeting and the launch of a new phase of bilateral discussions (ARCIC-III) , .

    Agreements between the Roman Catholic Church and non-Chalcedonian Churches

    There are various joint statements between the Catholic Church and some Oriental Orthodox Churches include the Armenian Apostolic Church since 1970, the Syro-Orthodox Church of Antioch since 1971 or Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt since 1973 .

    Moreover, the dialogue initiated in 1994 between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Apostolic Church of the East - one of two councils of churches - gives rise to an agreement in 2001 on the inter-communion between the Assyrian and Chaldean Catholic Church .

    Leuenberg

    Main article: Leuenberg.

    Agreement restoring the "communion of pulpit and altar" in 1973 among many Protestant churches of Europe, including the Lutheran and Reformed, and since Methodists. The Community Church Leuenberg, now Community of Protestant Churches in Europe (CPCE), which comprises some 105 member churches, seeks to strengthen the voice of Protestantism in Europe , .

    Porvoo Common Statement

    The Porvoo Common Statement between Scandinavian Lutherans and Anglicans in Britain (9-13 October 1992) .

    Agreement Lutheran-Episcopal

    USA and Canada, in 1999; hospitality liturgical Eucharistic hospitality, recognition of ministries: Episcopalians believe that Lutherans have apostolic succession. Exchange of inter-church pulpit.

    Lutheran-Catholic Agreement

    In 1999 , the Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation signed in Augsburg, the " Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification , fruit of over thirty years of dialogue and that seemed to end a controversy that lasted since the Reformation.

    The application has left the Lutherans on their hunger , when a few months after the signing, John Paul II granted the indulgences during the Jubilee Year 2000 .

    Other bilateral dialogues between Catholic and Protestant churches

    There are also bilateral dialogues between the Catholic Church and other Protestant churches, particularly with the World Methodist Council , the World Alliance of Reformed Churches and the Baptist World Alliance .

    Agreement Lutheran-Reformed

    Scandinavia and Great Britain, 2000; hospitality liturgical Eucharistic hospitality, recognition of ministries: Episcopalians believe that Lutherans have apostolic succession. Exchange of inter-church pulpit.

    Common Statement Reuilly

    In 2001, an agreement of mutual recognition of ministries between Anglicans in Britain and Lutherans and Protestants of France , .

    Multilateral Dialogues

    Agreements Lima

    Agreement on baptism in 1962.

    In 1982 , it was the initiative of the Commission on Faith and Order of the World Council of Churches , the important document Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry "(said of Lima), in which Catholic theologians have participated and which had strong echoes in the various churches. "This famous text, adopted by the Plenary Commission on Faith and Order at its meeting in Lima (Peru) in 1982 , focuses on the growing agreement - and remaining differences - in fundamental matters of faith and life of the churches. Document as widely distributed and studied Faith and Order, the BEM was the basis for many arrangements of "mutual recognition" between church and remains a reference today . "

    The European Ecumenical Charter

    The charter was signed by the Conference of European Churches (CEC), which includes much of the Protestant churches, Catholic and Orthodox old Europe, and the Council of Catholic Bishops' Conferences of Europe (CCEE). "The churches renew their commitment to a shared mission in Europe" (April 2001) .

    The nature and purpose of the Church: Toward a joint statement

    The Fifth World Conference on Faith and Order ( World Council of Churches ), held in St. Jacques de Compostela in Spain (1993), called for a study on the nature and purpose of the Church. The study proposed by Faith and Order (Document No. 181 - November 1998), and is subject to the opinions and reactions of Churches, is a step toward a possible joint statement.

    For the Commission on Faith and Order, the major documents issued by that body "contribute in one way or another to better understand the nature and purpose of the Church." "In addition, the documents" Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry "," Confessing the One Faith "and" Church and World ", sent to the churches for response and reception are all ways to remind them of the urgent nature of the call Christ to visible unity and the essential characteristics of this unit. During the last decade, work on ecclesiology and ethics, which were a continuation of studies on racism and the community of women and men in the Church, for example, have contributed to understand the vocation of Christians at the service of humanity and creation. For its part, Faith and constantly receives new light on the unit to which God calls us, comes from reactions of Churches in his studies, the results of bilateral dialogues, the work done elsewhere in the World Council of Churches and its reflection on the experience of Churches United and Uniting . "

    Actions

    Week of Prayer for Christian Unity

    This week is held every year during the second half of January, since 1908 . These dates were proposed in 1908 by Paul Wattson to cover the period between the feast of St. Peter e t that of St. Paul. This election has a symbolic meaning. In the southern hemisphere where January is a time of summer vacation, often find another date, for example around Pentecost (which was suggested by the Faith and Order movement in 1926) represents also a symbolic date for the unity of the Church.

    The various churches have prayed for unity, but separately. For example, already into 1740 , a Pentecostal movement in Scotland calls for all churches to pray for and with them. In 1867 , the first meeting of Anglican bishops at Lambeth emphasizes prayer for unity. In 1894 , Pope Leo XIII encouraged the Octave of Prayer for Unity, part of the Pentecost.

    Today it is a common prayer for the same unit. Established under the name of Octave for Unity of the Church, at the initiative of Father Paul James Francis Wattson , a minister Episcopalian U.S. Group Dombes

    Since 1937 , there are unofficial dialogue between Catholic and Protestant theologians French, founded by Paul Couturier ( 1881 - 1953 ) and some Swiss Reformed pastors. In 1942 , this group took the name of the group Dombes. He has published since a number of reports of high value like "One Master" - The doctrinal authority in the Church in 2006 . The method is the "differentiated consensus" where everyone sets his faith for the sake of specificity to "enter into the views of his brother, for his consistency in understanding and enrich them."

    Joint Working Group between the World Council of Churches and the Catholic Church

    From 1964 , began a process of forming a "Joint Working Group" between the Roman Catholic Church and World Council of Churches (including the Catholic Church does not belong). This group, among others, published in 2005 a study on the nature and purpose of ecumenical dialogue .

    Moreover, since 1968 , the Catholic Church is a full member of the Commission on Faith and Order of the World Council of Churches.

    Documents

    Ecumenical version of the Our Father

    In 1966 was published the French Common Prayer Our Father , adopted by the Roman Catholic Church and the World Council of Churches ( Text of the prayer ).

    Ecumenical Translation of the Bible

    The Ecumenical Translation of the Bible (NIV) is the result of decades of thinking and working together, and was published for the first time in 1975. It is not liturgically adopted by all churches, but it is an important practical step towards unity, as a reference book. This is not a "bible of work" as are Jerusalem or the NASB 2000. Different editions include the Deuterocanonical books or not (not recognized "divinely inspired" by the Protestants: Wisdom, Tobit ...). It was rejected by the Orthodox churches in the early work .

    The only New Testament text recognized by all Christian churches is critical edition Novum Testamentum Graeca: Bibelausgaben of Eberhard Nestle , Erwin Nestle and Kurt Aland. For the Old Testament is the Bibelausgaben, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia , critical edition of Karl Elliger Rudolf Kittel, and Wilhelm Rudolph

    Ecumenical Lectionary

    Lectionary

    See also

    Related articles

    Personalities
    Institutions
    Other

    External Links

    Sites of Churches
    Other sites

    Bibliography

    Reference books
    • (In) Willem Adolph Visser 't Hooft , Has the Ecumenical Movement a Future, ed. John Knox Press, Atlanta, 1974 ISBN 0-8042-0917-0
    • (In) Philip Potter , Willem Adolph Visser 't Hooft , JGM Willebrands, The Gospel of Life for All Realms: Reflections on the Universal Christian Conference on Life and Work, Stockholm 1925, World Council of Churches, ISBN 2-8254-0522 - 1
    • Willem Adolph Visser 't Hooft , The time of collection (memory), Paris, Seuil, 1975
    • Jacques Maury, WA Visser 't Hooft, a pioneer of ecumenism, Paris, Cerf, 2001 ISBN 2204067997
    • George Tavard, Ecumenism, What do I know? No. 2903, PUF
    • Peter Neuner, Ecumenical Theology: The Quest for Christian Unity Churches, Paris, Cerf, 2005
    • Yves Congar , disunited Christians. Principles of Catholic ecumenism, Paris, Cerf, 1937
    • Yves Congar , Christians in dialogue. Catholic Contributions to Ecumenism, Paris, Cerf, 1964
    • Yves Congar , Diversity and Communion. Historical record and theological conclusion, Paris, Cerf, 1982
    • Lorenz Cardinal Jaeger, The Vatican II Decree on Ecumenism, Coll Living Church, Tournai, Casterman, 1965.
    • Walter Kasper , Manual of spiritual ecumenism, Paris, New City, 2007
    • Dombes Group , for the Communion of Churches. The contribution of the Group of Dombes 1937-1987, Paris, Centurion, 1988
    • Dombes Group , For the conversion of Church. Identity and change in the dynamics of communion, Paris, Centurion, 1991
    • Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry, 1982-1990 by World Council of Churches. Commission on Faith and Order, 1993
    • The Doctrine of Justification. Joint Statement. Catholic Church. Lutheran World Federation, 1999
    • Richard Stauffer, Moses Amyraut : a French pioneer of ecumenism, the shepherds and the Magi, 1962
    Specialty Items
    Articles

    References

    1. a and b The WCC and the ecumenical movement in the twenty-first century on the site oikoumene WCC
    2. The inter-religious dialogue took shape during the Universal Exhibition in Chicago in 1892 - 1893. A "parliament of religions" was organized. Number of Christian denominations and non-Christian were represented at the instigation of the Swedenborgian American, Charles Carroll Bonney, and coordinated by a Unitarian also American, Jenkin Lloyd Jones: "We meet up on top of an absolute respect for religious beliefs an individual and a profound desire to learn more about the consolations of other forms of faith as ours offer their devotees. "(Inaugural Lecture, 11 September 1893 ). It prefigures the "Spirit of Assisi". The parliament of religions meets approximately every five years since 1993.
    3. Cf John 17.20-23: "This is not for them I only pray, but for those who believe in me through their word, so that all may be one, as You, Father, are in me, and as I am in you, that they also be one in us: that the world may believe that You sent Me. I have given them the glory that you gave me, that they be one as we are one - I in them and thou in me, that they may become perfectly one, and that the world may know that thou sent me and hast loved them as You have loved me. .
      We can not however pay for Jesus to want to build a church on the basis of this verse. During the first two centuries of its history, Christianity will also consist only of small Churches disorganized ,(...) purely Congregational church every pleasurable [ing] complete freedom cf Stephen Trocm The Beginnings of Christianity.
      This verse has been included in various documents of the World Council of Churches (WCC's constitution, the text of Nairobi in 1975), and its presentation page What is the World Council of Churches? and within various churches, for example in the Encyclical Ut Unum Sint Pope John Paul II (1995).
      According to the WCC website: "The World Council of Churches is a fellowship of churches which confess the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Savior according to the Scriptures and seek to fulfill together their common calling to the glory of one God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
      This community of churches is on the way to visible unity in one faith and one eucharistic fellowship expressed in worship and common life in Christ. It seeks to advance towards that unity, as Jesus prayed for His disciples, "so that the world may believe" (John 17:21).
      European Ecumenical Charter also refers to this reference: "Many forms of ecumenical cooperation have already proven themselves. In fidelity to Christ's prayer: "May they all be one as you, Father, are in me and I in thee, may they also be in us so that the world may believe that thou hast sent me" (John 17:21), we should not, however, remain at the current situation ... "cf. Oecumenica Charta, Guidelines for a growing collaboration between the Churches in Europe by the Conference of European Churches (CEC) and Council of Catholic Bishops' Conferences (CCEE) (The Conference of European Churches (CEC) is a fellowship of 126 Orthodox churches, Protestant and Old Catholic Churches).
    4. Pope Paul VI : "The Pope, as we well know, is undoubtedly the most serious obstacle on the road of ecumenism. "Speech to the Secretariat for Unity, April 28, 1967, in AAS 59 (1967), p. 498;
      Willem Visser 't Hooft : "The real problem is the papacy as it exists today. , "Reflect on" Magistri magisterium in ecumenical dialogue, "published in WA Visser 't Hooft, a pioneer of ecumenism Geneva-Rome, Cerf, 2002 178. Quotes taken by Bruno Chenu, The Ministry of Peter there a future ecumenical? (2003)
    5. As shown in both the analysis of Cardinal Koch , and that of the Metropolitan of Volokolamsk , respectively responsible for ecumenical dialogue of the Catholic Church and the Russian Orthodox Church
    6. a and b of the first world congress Jubilee Ecumenical Missionaries
    7. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith : Dominus Iesus declaration on the "unicity and salvific universality of Jesus Christ and the Church" on the Vatican website
    8. cf. Jacques Maury in WA Visser 't Hooft, a pioneer of ecumenism, ed. Cerf, 2001
    9. See below: Paragraph achievements
    10. [The monarch spoke of "a unification in which the Reformed Church does not melt in the Lutheran Church, nor does the Lutheran Church in the background but reformed a unification in which the two churches would form a Church Evangelical Christian, newly called to life in the spirit of its holy founder. "Quoted by Jean-Louis Georget, foreword to the writings on religion, 1822-1829 of Hegel , ed Vrin, 2002
    11. History of Protestantism in Wallonia, the site of the EPUB Charleroi
    12. Christianity in the nineteenth century, daily, June 1873.
    13. See especially Protestantism in England in the nineteenth century and Wrong password for the Anglican Communion
    14. cf. Jacques Maury, op.
    15. Of which the review was led by Wilfred Monod.
    16. Yves Congar , Diary of a theologian, 1946-1956, ed du Cerf, 2000; this evidence is confirmed in the memoirs of Visser 't Hooft
    17. Introduction to Memoirs of Visser 't Hooft
    18. The FRA is accustomed to introduce the following reservation in inter-church ecumenical agreements to materialize the freedom of conscience that recognizes its faithful to all dogmatic statements: "At a time when interfaith dialogue attempts to sew caused tears in the Western Church in the sixteenth century , it is desirable that these attempts do not contribute to widening the gap created at the beginning of the Christian era between Trinitarian Christians and non-Trinitarian Christians or Monophysite. In its Statement of Faith Reformed Church of France recognizes the ecumenical symbols from this period of Church history value of historical expressions of faith. She claims to the specific tradition they establish. But it also leaves open the possibility of not considering the claims they submit regarding the nature or essence of the one God as universal and eternal dogmas. The regional Synod hopes that the use of forms in the texts of trinitarian agreement does not prohibit interfaith ecumenical dialogue to expand the Unitarian Church. "
    19. The report of the Special Commission raised a lively debate
    20. Konrad Raiser, What church tomorrow? Challenges and hopes for a new millennium, CERF, 1998
    21. a and b Jean Bauberot, Art Ecumenism. The evolution of the World Council of Churches., In Encyclopdia Universalis, ed. 2006.
    22. denotes umbrella under that name all Eastern Christianities that are not in communion with Rome, whether the 7 Councils of Churches ( Moscow , Kiev , Constantinople and the churches of the two councils, Monophysite or 3 Councils (Syriac, Chaldean, a branch of the 3 account that the Armenian Church )
    23. Less Unitarians believe that this statement, which had never been required before, grows outside the Christian world. At the exit of the Unitarian, Unitarians and Universalists American founded the American Unitarian Universalists
    24. Gregory Palamas, On the deification of the human being, followed by "The Doctrine of St. Gregory Palamas on the deification of man," L'Age d'Homme
    25. Cf Cross Christians leave the Arab world, August 25, 2006, digital publishing, but most importantly, to other editions, the Arab Christians. An archipelago in the land of Islam under the leadership of Bernard Heyberger , review under the link
    26. Ecumenism. The Moscow Patriarchate suspended its participation in the CEC
    27. gospel and freedom, the Metropolitan of Volokolamsk skids
    28. (en) Full text of speech
    29. Nicolas Lossky, Orthodox Church and the ecumenical movement: challenges
    30. (en) John Burger, Archbishop Hilarion is Christian Unity , National Catholic Register
    31. "The term" Uniate "is used by historians to refer to these Eastern Churches united to Rome, but ... others make a derogatory adjective, even insulting. " Pope John Paul II in Ukraine, may God does write straight with crooked lines? , June 2001.
    32. "This last question, that of the primacy of the bishop of Rome, which is almost the only point of contention between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic-Orthodox tensions about the Uniate Church as orthodox resistance against the establishment of Catholic dioceses in Russia appear paradoxical proximity of "sister churches". [...] The Orthodox Church sees itself as "universal" ("Catholic") in a given territory, it is hard to digest the pluralization of land traditionally Orthodox Christianity and defends its canonical territory. Therefore the question of Uniate Churches as the Eastern Churches in communion with Rome is a fact difficult to accept the logic orthodox "in The Transformations of religious authority, op. collective French Association of Social Science of Religion, ed. L'Harmattan, Paris 2004, p. 60.
    33. Olivier Clment, French Orthodox theologian, quoted by Pope John Paul II in Ukraine, may God does write straight with crooked lines? , June 2001.
    34. Cf Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, Balamand (1993) , after the Orthodox Press Service.
    35. Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, Baltimore (2000) , after the Orthodox Press Service.
    36. See The Sisters Churches in dialogue.
    37. See Joint Declaration of Pope John Paul II and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I.
    38. See Pastor Aeternus , the constitution also states that, in Chapter III, the papal primacy and the direct authority of the pope on ministers and the faithful of the whole Church.
    39. According to the Council Vatican II , Decree Unitatis Redintegratio: "In this movement towards unity, called the Ecumenical Movement, involved those who invoke the Triune God and confess Jesus as Lord and Savior. And it's not just Christians taken one by one, they are still Christians gathered in communities in which they heard the gospel and they call their church and the Church of God. Almost all, however, although in different ways, aspire to a Church of God, a visible, truly universal, sent the world for him to convert to the Gospel and so be saved for the glory of God. "
    40. Cf Unitatis Redintegratio
    41. The ecumenical commitment of the Catholic Church , Cardinal Kasper Conference delivered on the occasion of the General Assembly of the Protestant Federation of France , 23-24 March 2002 in Paris.
    42. Cf Mortalium animosity, Encyclical Letter on the true unity of the Church on the Vatican website.
    43. Memoires de Visser 't Hooft.
    44. Yves Congar op Diary of a theologian, CERF
    45. Paul Veyne, When our world has become Christian, ed. Albin Michel, 2007
    46. His book disunited Christians the corrected version by Congar ui could never seem earned him many problems, as told in detail in his Journal of a theologian 1946-1954, published in Cerf in 2000.
    47. Since then, attempts at dialogue on Mariology ecumenical emerged, see Is there an Ecumenical Mariology? on the site protesting sion.org
    48. Ecclesia Catholica Instruction, in AAS 42 (1950) 142-147 and Doc. Cath. 1064 (47 1950) 329-337
    49. Herv Legrand, OP, Yves Congar (1904-1995): a passion for unity in theological Nouvelle Revue, t. 126, 2004, p. 529-55 Article on Catholic-theo.net
    50. Cf the French text of Unitatis Redintegratio
    51. Yves Congar OP, a theologian Journal edited by Stephen Fouilloux CERF
    52. See The meeting in Jerusalem sacred by Aristide Panotis
    53. In the Joint Declaration of Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras of expressing their decision to remove the memory and the midst of the Church the sentences of excommunication of 1054 , which was read in a solemn session of the Second Vatican Council by Bishop J. Willebrands. At the same time it was read by the secretary of the Holy Synod, the church of Fanar. See the text of the joint statement.
    54. It should relativize the significance of these doctrinal agreements in the consciousness of the faithful of the Anglican Communion. The term doctrine did not have the same impact among Anglicans and Roman Catholics in. Anglicans have been granted the freedom of conscience by a synod of the 1980 Lambeth
    55. Pope Paul VI : "The Pope, as we well know, is undoubtedly the most serious obstacle on the road of ecumenism. "Speech to the Secretariat for Unity, April 28, 1967, in AAS 59 (1967), p. 498;
      Willem Visser 't Hooft : "The real problem is the papacy as it exists today. , "Reflect on" Magistri magisterium in ecumenical dialogue, "published in WA Visser 't Hooft, a pioneer of ecumenism Geneva-Rome, Cerf, 2002 178. Quotes taken by Bruno Chenu, cf. infra
    56. depending on the design of a single church founded by Jesus and the claims of apostolic succession
    57. Cf For example, initial response to the encyclical of John Paul II , by Rev. Gill Daud, Ecumenical Service, PROTESTANT FEDERATION OF FRANCE.
    58. For example, Pope John Paul II in Ecclesia De Eucharistia eucharistic hospitality plans for the Orthodox, but surrounded by a wealth of precautions which belongs, according to some, given the circumstances, to request a conversion to the pure and simple Catholicism.
    59. which is understood by many commentators as a helping hand to the 7 churches councils, first because it was published a few months before a visit of John Paul II in Greece, because the confession of faith which begins omits filioque (recovered exclusively in the French version after 4 days), because in the public prayers for WYD in Rome, the Holy Father said filioque omitted, because the text acknowledges the Byzantine churches as a church apart full while he denies Protestantism.
    60. Declaration "Dominus Iesus" on the unicity and salvific universality of Jesus Christ and the Church.
    61. Cf eg Statement of Rev. Jean-Arnold de Clermont before the Catholic bishops in Lourdes, in November 2000.
    62. Cf Ut Unum Sint , Encyclical of Pope John Paul II on ecumenism, May 25, 1995.
    63. Stephen Fouilloux, Art Ecumenism. Ecumenism Catholics., In Encyclopdia Universalis, ed. 2006
    64. Church and Society, 40 years after Vatican II , Proceedings of listening to a broadcast on France 2 of the Agape Sunday, October 6, 2002
    65. See the response of the Catholic Church
    66. (en) Site of the Centro Pro Unione
    67. The Anglican Communion and the Roman Church , site of the Conference of Bishops of France.
    68. (en) Draft Programme for ARCIC III , The Anglican Centre in Rome.
    69. The world yearns for a symphonic unity , Cardinal Levada's Speech on "Anglicanorum Ctibus" agency ZENIT.
    70. Cf dialogue with the Oriental Orthodox Churches.
    71. Cf Dialogue with the Assyrian Church of the East.
    72. See News Agency Protestant, 15/01/2007.
    73. Cf Leuenberg. Concord between Churches of the Reformation in Europe.
    74. See The Porvoo Common Statement.
    75. See The Doctrine of Justification Joint Declaration of the Lutheran World Federation and the Roman Catholic Church
    76. Cf Pastor Andre Birmel Our difference is now recognized as legitimate. See also Rev. Pierre Buhler, Protestants against indulgences for a jubilee of justification by faith, Labor et Fides, 2000.
    77. Cf a href = "http://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/docs/documents/hf_jp-ii_doc_30111998_bolla-jubilee_fr.html" class = "external text" rel = "nofollow"> Bubble indiction of the Great Jubilee of the 2000.
    78. See Speaking the Truth in Love: Teaching Authority among Catholics and Methodists (1997-2001).
    79. Cf The list of bilateral dialogues between the Catholic Church and other churches.
    80. Reuilly Common Statement.
    81. Text of the agreement.
    82. See Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (Faith and Order Paper No. 111, "Lima Text").
    83. Cf European Ecumenical Charter.
    84. See The nature and purpose of the Church: Toward a Joint Declaration (Document No. 181 - 1998).
    85. Cf Some key dates in the history of the "Prayer for Unity" and "Week of Prayer"
    86. Who was then the founder of the Society of the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement (Society of Franciscan Friars and Sisters of Reconciliation), after his conversion to Catholicism.
    87. "One Master" - The doctrinal authority in the Church, Paris, Bayard, 2006.
    88. Nature and Purpose of Ecumenical Dialogue , A Study of the Joint Working Group between the Catholic Church and the WCC (2005).
    89. The volume of the NRSV which publishes the New Testament in the 1975 edition contains an insert at the request of a group of patriarchs (list forthcoming) Orthodox detailing the withdrawal.


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