Ecole Normale Superieure France
In France, Ecole Normale Suprieure ENS or is a school of public service through training of researchers and teachers in the humanities, science and technology. Their designation differentiates the old normal schools to teachers, now renamed the Institute of Teacher Training (IUFM).
When the term is used without clarification, it is usually the Ecole Normale Superieure , rue d'Ulm in Paris, the oldest of the ENS in the world.
There are currently two schools in France the same type: the Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan and Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon.
Regarded as belonging to high schools more selective, French SLAs are under the supervision of the Ministry of Higher Education.
Summary |
History
From the Ecole Normale in rue d'Ulm
The first school, the Ecole Normale of the Year III , is created - on the spur of Dominique Joseph Garat , who was the initiator, Joseph Lakanal and Public Education Committee - on 30 October 1794 (9 Brumaire Year III ) in Paris by the Convention which declares that "There shall be a Ecole Normale in Paris, which will be called from all parts of the Republic, citizens already educated in the sciences useful to learn, as teachers the most skilled in all genres, the art of teaching. "
The school, scheduled for around 1500 students From the Streets to the new ENS Ulm New teacher training colleges were created in line with the reforms of Jules Ferry and the law Camille Se (open to girls in public secondary education). On 26 July 1881 , at the same time as the aggregation of Women, the ENS girls (ENSJF) of Sevres is created (and moved to Paris, in premises located boulevard Jourdan, in 1940 ). On 13 July 1880 and 22 December 1882 are based teacher training colleges for primary education, at Fontenay-aux-Roses for girls and St. Cloud for boys. They are designed to train school teachers training colleges. In 1904, the Ecole Normale Superieure loses its autonomy and is held at the University of Paris. In 1891, the first " normal sections "are emerging. They are attached to different high schools and aim to train teachers of technical education and special schools, including: practice at the School of Le Havre, to prepare for a professorship in practical schools of commerce and industry girls (Decree of June 11, 1891) at the Ecole des Arts et Metiers de Chalons-sur-Marne to schools of industry practices (Decree of June 15, 1899) at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC) for the training of teachers of trade and foreign language schools Business Practices (Decree 21 July 1894) , , . In 1912 , a decree of 26 October in Paris brings together the four sections of normal ( Chalons-sur-Marne , Paris , Lyon and Le Havre ) under the name of Normal School of Technical Education. This new school moves into the premises of the National School of Arts and Crafts . In 1932 , she is known as " Ecole Normale Superieure of Technical Education (ENSET) , simultaneously with the creation of sections of Art, Literature and Languages in more technical areas. In 1956 , ENSET installed on the campus of Cachan south of Paris , built by architect Roger-Henri Expert and Andre Remondet it leaves more (construction began in 1937 but completed only in 1955). In 1954, the cole normale suprieure, rue d'Ulm recovers its autonomy by obtaining legal personality and financial autonomy. In 1985 , the teacher training colleges are organized according to the status of EPSCP and Ecole Normale Superieure of technical education becomes the Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan ENS Cachan or . The same year, under the leadership of the Director of ENSJF, Josiane Serre , ENS (rue d'Ulm) and ENS de Sevres merging : it follows the current Ecole Normale Superieure (including main buildings are still in Paris, rue d'Ulm, but also the old premises ENSJF on Boulevard Jourdan to Montrouge). The ENS de Fontenay and St. Cloud also merge, but split up shortly afterwards in two: the sciences are moved to Lyon in 1987 and form the ENS Lyon while the letters remain in the Paris region before moving to Lyon in turn ( in 2000 , while remaining separate from the ENS Lyon) to form the ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud (ENS LSH). At 1January 2010 , the two schools merged again by taking the name "ENS Lyon . In 2010, there are three teacher training colleges on French territory: ENS Cachan has an antenna since 1994 on the site Ker Lann , near Rennes . It is expected that this will become an ENS full fiscal year 1January 2012 , . It includes the Departments of Law, Economics and Management (D1), IT, SSEP, mechatronics and mathematics. On Italian territory, Napoleon founded the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa (Pisa ENS), the 18 October 1810 , "branch" of the Paris School in Tuscany, "country which has rendered essential services to science and arts. " The school, which has survived the Risorgimento , was long the only high school in Italy. She has trained many Nobel laureates and presidents of the Italian Republic. An agreement relates it to his sister in Paris since 1988 and many exchanges are between the two schools, as well as other French ENS. The Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna of Pisa and the Etvs College of Budapest are also built on the model of the School of the rue d'Ulm and maintain close links with it and with other French ENS. The Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Pisa from elsewhere in the merger in 1967 of the Scuola per le Scienze Applicat A. Pacinotti (founded 1951) and the prestigious Collegio Medico-giuridico fully transferred by the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna . Through the disciplines are taken into account, the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Pisa is most similar to the ENS Cachan at the rue d'Ulm. The Ecole Normale of Pisa, however, is more similar to the ENS Ulm . There is a certain symmetry between the lives of both ENS Paris and the two ENS pisantines: on one hand the pure sciences and humanities (ENS Ulm and SNS) and the other applied sciences, engineering, Law and Management (ENS Cachan and SSSA); finding it must nevertheless be qualified by considering that the ENS Cachan and Ecole Normale Sant'Anna also host specialized in humanities and social sciences (economics, sociology, history ... ). There are also many ENS in Vietnam (Hanoi, Nha Trang and Tien Giang), the Maghreb ( Fez , Meknes, Tunis, Rabat, Casablanca, Marrakech, Tetouan, Bouzarah, Constantine and Oran), in African Sahara (Nouakchott, Bangui, Parakou, Libreville, Yaounde, Dakar, Koudougou N'djamena and Niamey) to Madagascar (Antananarivo) and Haiti (Port-au-Prince), usually integrated with universities. The presence of the academic model SLA is here related to the French colonial settlement. Some of the ENS are members of the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie. The Chinese model of "normal universities" is similar to that of SLA. The Normal University East China (ECNU) has signed a partnership with the four French teacher training colleges, which opened on this occasion an antenna to Shanghai. Normal universities responsible for teacher training exist for example in Guangzhou (south China) in Beijing and Nanjing. The original mission was to train teachers for the different degrees of the French public school system: Since the nineteenth century, however, the rue d'Ulm had the primary mission to train academics for research. Other ENS have been gradually aligned with its business model and lost the specificity of their outlets, St. Cloud, Fontenay-aux-Roses in the late 1960s (including the authorization to prepare the competition of aggregation) and Cachan in 1985. Today, education is no longer the sole outlet of the ENS, and part of the ENS no longer aggregation: the current statutes provide that higher teacher "prepared by a scientific and cultural training high level, students intending to basic scientific research or applied to university and preparatory classes for grandes coles and to secondary education and, more generally, serve government and the State local authorities, their public institutions or companies. "' The relative importance of these markets varies from one SLA to another and from one discipline to another. The teacher training colleges are a special category of public institutions involved in scientific, cultural and professional (EPCSP). They enjoy legal personality under public law. They are subject to the provisions of Article L. 716-1 of the Code of education, their statuses are set by Order in Council of State. SLAs are headed by a Director, assisted by one or more deputy directors and directors of studies or training. The Director is appointed by a decree of the Council of Ministers on the proposal of a committee of experts. They are administered by a board of directors and a scientific council, each composed half of members elected by students and various staff of the School and the other half - including the president - members appointed by the Minister for higher education. Students gain since a 1948 law the quality of staff and students thus receive a salary for the duration of their studies (currently four years): The entrance examination is a recruitment of the civil service in return, students sign a ten-year commitment by pledging to work for ten years (after their entry to school) on behalf of the state, its communities, or public enterprises. It is nevertheless clear that all students at the ENS are not students ENS , and there are many other possible statuses. The main recruitment of students ENS is from preparatory classes to high schools by an annual competition that falls within the general system of assistance from large schools. The ENS Rue d'Ulm, ENS Lyon also recruit students who have completed their first two years of study at the university through the second competition (even if the seats are very limited or nonexistent in some years ). ENS de Cachan finally proposes a competitive examination open to students holding an M1 (Old Masters). Students normaliens represent only about one-half to two thirds of the promotion of an SLA, some students are enrolled on academic record and interview, while others perform a master, the ENS also welcomes foreign students with different possible statuses (either through bilateral exchanges, either on an international selection). Once inside, students have considerable freedom of curriculum, which varies among different SLA (choice of option at determining not to contest the rue d'Ulm, determining elsewhere). This freedom is everywhere surrounded by a learning agreement negotiated annually between the student, his mentor in a department of the School, and management studies. The education of students is four years. This typically corresponds to the time for a license (the year of L3), a master (M1 and M2), the aggregation and often starting a thesis for doctorate for those who engage in research. The disciplines represented by the SLA cover a wide spectrum, including: As part of the traditional meetings Normale these competitions together in teams, each year, ENS de Cachan campus of Ker Lann , Lyon and Ulm. The teams compete in various sports in order to have pride in their school to bring the trophy "Cachan Ulm Lyon . Each year a different school hosting the event. A Normale is a student (or former student) of a higher teacher. Here are some lists (non-exhaustive) of famous ENS: The following personalities have taught in an SLA or led a: Like other high schools , higher teacher have been criticized by a number of works from the 1980s. Pierre Bourdieu (himself a former student of ENS rue d'Ulm) was thus considered that the recruitment of large schools was too socially selective and served primarily to allow the reproduction of elites . The essayist Peter Veltz recently accused aggregate large schools to be "machine selection, closed socially, Franco-centric and not very innovative . Others argue the uniqueness of normal schools in the French higher education: lack of classification output , very much geared towards the research basic and applied , they stand at the crossroads of major schools and universities and are so considered by the Commission for Philip to bring the two components of the French higher education . International recognition of the ENS has been recently reinforced by the opening of a common antenna to Shanghai , the development of recruitment and international trade. Several international rankings have consistently placed among the best institution ENS European and French. Unlike other institutions, they recruit their students on purely academic. Only the scientific capabilities of the candidate must be evaluated. The total anonymity in writing, the presence of the jury teachers outside the school, the systematic correction and double the absence of events such as "maintenance of personality, socially highly selective, should promote greater equality between candidates in the entrance examination, which are competitive recruitment of civil service. Also note that only public preparations to contest SLAs exist . These choices strengths, from the origins of revolutionary and republican ENS, do not prevent that, as in other highly selective channels , the majority of pupils is promoted from the lower classes . Various approaches, such as reform of CPGE literary programs Talens (Enter prepare, enter the ENS is possible), Science Academy and Springboard , trying to make an initial response. SLAs outside of France
Missions and Opportunities
Articles and administrative
Entrance and Training
The Inter-ENS sports
Some normaliens famous
The following persons, without having been a student of ENS in the strict sense (usually because they were not French), have studied: Critics and their scope
References
Bibliography
See also
Political bodies Ministry of Higher Education and Research High Council for Science and Technology Higher Council for Research and Technology Funding agencies and control Assessment Agency Research and Higher Education National Agency for Research OSEO Operational structures Like organisms EPST ( CNRS , INRA , INSERM ...) Organizations like EPIC ( CNES , CEA , IFREMER ...) Organizations such EPSCP ( large institutions , universities , training colleges ...) Other ANRT Institute for Advanced Studies on Science and Technology Center for Scientific Culture, Technology and Industrial Label Carnot Competence in Research and Higher Education Advanced Research Thematic Network Clusters
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