Diacritics Of The Arabic Alphabet
As written currently, the Arabic alphabet as it does not have diacritics , in addition to the agreed point or to distinguish mandatory suscrit ambiguous letters.
For ease of reading, however, and this in a didactic or religious, many signs are ancillary to the text less ambiguous: Arabic does not normally noting the short vowels, for example, or gemination or the assimilation , it is not possible for a beginning reader to read aloud a text without the help of these signs, or without a good knowledge of the language.
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Diacritics mandatory
The only historical diacritics of the Arabic alphabet, that is to say, those used to differentiate several letters of the same plot, are the point and the hamza.
Point
It is also advisable to consult History of the Arabic alphabet to understand that part.
We know that early models of the Arabic alphabet are rich in ambiguity, which shows the image below.
We see that nine letters are identical plot or nearly so. In the seventh century , in imitation of the model Nabataean or Syriac , the letters were ambiguous or ambivalent distinguished by one, two or three (depending on the number of ambiguities to lift) points above written, recorded or entered in cases where more than two letters have a line too close or to invent new letters from simple letters. In this way, the point doubling works:
- it differs from grapheme homograph;
- it expands the number of graphemes possible.
Currently, spelling alone, 18 letters (out of 28 total) differ only in the presence or absence of points, as well as their position and number if applicable:
- and
- , and;
- , and;
- and;
- and ;
- and ;
- and;
- and;
In graphic related , raising the number of ambiguities is even greater, some differences of course being abolished, the basic form , indeed, may receive five combinations of points:
| b | t | T | n | y |
The same letters in spelling alone, are not so close (in the same order):
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| b | t | T | n | y |
Similarly, although spelling their isolated position on the line is not identical, f and q are also distinguished by the points connected graph:
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| f | q |
Hamza and alif wasla
The hamza is a letter, , which under certain conditions, written as a diacritic. It notes the phoneme / /, said glottal stop. Its investment is relatively complex.
The wasla is another diacritic, used mostly in editions of the Koran. It is placed above or below an alif and notes the presence of an unstable hamza elided: thus, alif, supporting a vowel and a hamza, did not comment.
Diacritics used to facilitate reading
Signs of vocalization
Schedules for these signs noting the vowels were invented by Abu al-Aswad al-Douali, grammarian of the seventh century. The model is almost clear: these letters of the alphabet in signs superscript processed. This is the eighth century what set the current rating.
Vowels simple
Les voyelles (qui peuvent tre brves ou longues) ne sont gnralement pas crites, sauf parfois dans les textes sacrs et didactiques, auquel cas l'on dit de ces textes qu'ils sont vocaliss. Vowels (which can be short or long) are generally not written, except sometimes in the sacred texts and teaching, in which case we say that these texts are "vocalized.
Shorts are the diacritics (including Diphthongs and aw ay
They are simply noted by the short vowel followed by consonant y or w. Writing treats them as I and U, that is to say, it does not record them differently from other suites vowel + consonant. Similarly, one could rank among those diphthongs beginning with iy and uw; they are, however, that vowel followed by a consonant. As before, the diphthongs are presented in Table preceded by the letters d and are not related.
| Diphthongs | Name | Trans. | Value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fatha ago | ay / ai / ai | Vowels and contingencies tanwn Lors de la flexion nominale , les noms peuvent recevoir trois dsinences diffrentes, -a , -i , et -u (qu'on transcrira de prfrence en les plaant en exposant : -a , etc). At the nominal inflection , names can receive three different endings,-a,-i and-u (that transcribe preferably placing them stating:-a, etc.). These are not written in a non-vocalized text, otherwise the usual signs are used. There are seldom pronounced in everyday speech: in fact, being neither written nor spoken usual, these inflectional vowels belong mostly to classical Arabic. If the word is indefinite (no article or add name), it takes (with exceptions) the endings-an,-in-one, named tanwn. These are denoted by special diacritic replaces the vowels and the letter n-awaited end of a word, depending on whether the text is vocalized or not, rating changes:
In practice, the vowel and / n / of tanwn are not pronounced (except in adverbial phrases in fixed-year, as sukr year, "thank you" more often wrote ). These endings also belong to the literary language of classical Arabic. Alif MaddaTo avoid the succession of two alif in one word, one uses a diacritic called madda replacing one of two alif and placing himself on the Left: . This meeting is in fact not only in cases where a holder of a alif hamza above a Alif suscrit Certains mots portent phontiquement la trace d'un ancien alif de prolongement qui n'tait pas crit dans graphie othmanienne, et qui n'a pas t rtabli lors de la stabilisation de l'orthographe ; il est cependant parfois crit sous une forme suscrite, en remplacement d'une ventuelle fata et de son alif de prolongement ; c'est le cas dans certains dmonstratifs : Some words are phonetically the mark of an ancient alif extension that was not written in othmanienne spelling, and has not been restored during the stabilization of the spelling, however it is sometimes written in a superscript, in lieu of any Fath and its extension alif as is the case in some demonstrative:
Other words can be written with the alif suscrit:
The term most famous wearing alif suscrit is that designating the one God of Islm , named "The God", that is to say, according to popular etymology (which does not stand for analysis) al (him / her ") + Ilahi (" divinity "); this last name beginning with a hamza unstable form contracted gives Al-lah, more commonly written and transcribed Allh (there is also a location in Unicode for writing the name of Allh into one character and it is U + FDF2, Allah ligature in its isolated form, is . Signs of syllabificationAs for the vocalization signs, signs of syllabification are not necessarily written. They can, however, high accuracy and are used sometimes when the text is not vocalized. SukunaUne syllabe arabe peut tre ouverte (elle est termine par une voyelle) ou ferme (par une ou deux consonnes) : A syllable Arabic can be opened (it ends in a vowel) or closed (by one or two consonants):
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