Decolonization

Decolonization is a process of emancipation of colonies compared to cities. It usually involves access to the independence of countries colonized. It is supposed to have begun in 1775 in America , but after the Second World War that the term was born, when the phenomenon is a true global scale with the development of nationalism.

This map, outlining the chronology of access to the independence of colonized territories by color code, used to collect cuttings per phase of the historical process of decolonization.

In the ^eighteenth century

The War of Independence of the United States of America

Signature of the Treaty of Paris , ending the American War of Independence (1783)

• It has often been regarded as the first movement of decolonization ^{War of Independence in} Haiti formerly called Saint-Domingue

  Causes

  The Revolutionary War occurred, when the French Revolution , following:

  • the reluctance of some of the revolutionaries in metropolitan grant equality to slaves (either because they were still considered unfit to govern themselves, either because their access to equality would risk depriving the plantations their workforce, and therefore the plantation colonies of profitability)
  • the hostility of the Creoles (whites born in the colonies, now dubbed the "Bks"), from richest to poorest, to a tie with former slaves, inconceivable to them.
  • the particular problem of mixed race, often landowners, and thus disinclined to accept the end of slavery.
  Main article: Haitian Revolution and History of the Dominican Republic.

  Consequences

  • Revolt of the Spanish settlers who call to their aid
  • Revolt of the Mtis
  • Ultimately successful slave revolt on a part of the island ( Haiti ), despite the repression of General Leclerc and despite the death in a dungeon Metropolitan Toussaint Louverture , who was arrested by treachery, while the Spanish colonists and retained the other party Island, the richest (Dominican).

  An appearance of decolonization

  • Slaves, while being oppressed, have indeed also been colonizers forced certainly, but still colonizers. This was often also the case of the first white settlers, recruited from among the convicts (prisoners of European law) and deported against their will, including Australia and New Zealand. This was also the case of some early colonizers French ( French Louisiana ) and the Spanish New World.
  • The true natives of West Indies , the Caribbean Indians and others exterminated long ago, could not enjoy independence.
  • Finally thanks to the work of the Creole slaves were able to clear these Indians in the Caribbean, less resilient and less productive, without adversely affecting the profitability of their plantations.

  In the ^nineteenth century

  Main article: Decolonization of the Americas.

  Independence of the Iberian colonies

  Independence of Spanish Colonies

  • An independence movement originates in Latin America, partly under the influence of encyclopedias, philosophers of the Enlightenment and the ideas of the French Revolution . ^{Independence of Brazil}
    • The Brazil became independent, as the Spanish colonies, but without revolution, under the crown of a member of the ruling family of Portugal.

    Help U.S.

    • Monroe Doctrine (America for Americans ") to the ^nineteenth century.
    • Military interventions of the United States to Cuba and the Philippines , colonized in 1946.

    Failure of Bolivarian ideals

    • The independence of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the New World was not so far followed by the implementation of the Bolivarians , antagonisms quickly emerged between some of the new sovereign nations in South America, the Argentine was on the verge of civil war between federalist and unitary. Simn Bolvar , Jos de San Martn and Antonio Jos de Sucre , who were among the main actors of independence, were removed from power shortly after the end of war (San Martn exiled from 1824 , Sucre was assassinated in 1830 and then relinquished rule Bolvar died the same year, 1830).
    • Despite independence, the plight of Native Americans still predominate in most of these countries has not changed much. Slavery was abolished in front released in some countries (Chile in 1811, Argentina in 1813, Venezuela in 1816, Bolivia in 1826) but generally conditional, for example in exchange for enlisting men into the army ^{"principle of nationalities"}

      This principle emerged in Europe in the ^nineteenth century and continuing into the next century with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his famous list of 14 points.

      Application in Europe for the principle of nationalities

      This principle was reflected in Europe, according to two trends:

      • Right to the unit:
        • Italian unification (with the help of France)
        • German unity (against Austria and France)
      • Right to independence:
        • Moldavia and Wallachia (Romania)
        • Serbia

      But in these early forms, the principle applied only to European nations

      First extension of the "principle of nationalities" outside of Europe, by Zionism

      This first ^{In the twentieth century}

      Unlike most previous decolonization, the decolonization of the ^twentieth century will benefit the indigenous and non-settlers.

      The first shock of European military supremacy

      • The Russo-Japanese War of 1905 , ending a military victory by the Japanese, including sea, Tsushima , where their modern vessels and their longer-range artillery outperform those of the Russians.
      • The victory of an Asian country, certainly not colonized, but had embarked on the path of industrialization only a few decades ago, shows the elites of other nations in Asia that European dominance is not fatal, and that provided to assimilate the techniques of the West colonized countries could afford to hold its own against them.

      The Soviet decolonization

      • During the Russian Revolution , the Mensheviks in power (social democrats), while claiming the principle of nationality, had refused to acknowledge, before the general election, the secession of several provinces of the empire, as the Ukraine and Finland (proclaimed by the Ukrainian Rada and the Diet of Finland). Then the Bolsheviks, after seizing Petrograd , for their October Revolution in 1917 , decided to recognize the independence of nationalities who wished (Ukraine, Baltic States , Poland and Caucasian nations). But this independence did not last: Ukraine was retaken by the USSR in 1921-1922, after the Civil War. The Baltic countries were restored to the USSR in an authoritarian manner under Stalin in 1940, following the Nazi-Soviet pact. In Poland, it was occupied by the Red Army and placed in the orbit of Moscow after the Second World War.
      • But they adopted for the rest of the country, now called the "Socialist Federal Republic of Soviet Russia (RSFSR), a federal constitution. Within this federation, alien peoples who had not seceded were erected in the autonomous republics and autonomous provinces, equipped with autonomous governments. Certainly, the dominance of the Communist Party, which controlled all Member States through a system of elections with a single listing, it was that in all these republics, only the local communist party which exercised power was centralized. But at least the citizens of non-Russian nationalities they had the satisfaction of self-esteem to feel their identity recognized.

      Also recognized this independence to former colonies of the Tsar, would she become a model for some patriots of the colonized nations around the world, such as the future Ho Chi Minh. "

      The pan-Arab policy of the United Kingdom

      • During the First World War, the Arab policy of the United Kingdom , already existing in Egypt , was extended through its agents, such as Lawrence , for a revolt of Arab nations against Turkey. All the promises were then made possible not only to Arabs but also to the Zionists and the Kurds to weaken the Turkish opponent.
      • At the end of this political conflict led to the birth of new states in the Middle East such as Syria , the Iraq , and Transjordan , temporarily under the terms of League of Nations , and the Mandated Territory of Palestine built in "Jewish national home", with the consent of Prince Faisal, head of Arab nationalists who had fought the Turks.

      Terms of decolonization

      Decolonization resulted in 3 possible options:
      - Assimilation
      - The internal self-
      - And independence,
      not exclusive of each other.

      Assimilation

      • Assimilation is the mode of decolonization, which assigns to the indigenous civil and political equality, and, correspondingly, includes the former colony to the colonial state.
      • Precedents for such a solution existed for a long time since the Roman Empire has used periodically until the Edict of Caracalla , the most impressive example of this policy, which granted 212 full Roman citizenship to all men and free women of the Empire.
      • France has experienced this type of reform in its colonies, first in Algeria where the Senatus-consulte of 1865 granted all the native French subjects Muslims or Jews, the opportunity to become citizens individually, provided they adopt the secular civil status law (no polygamy) and accept all the duties (military service, taxes).
      • Then, still in Algeria, one more step concerned the native Jews. These, previously treated as outcasts ("Dhimmis") in their own country by the Muslim conquest, were allowed in 1830 the French as liberators and embraced the French language and culture. So when, in 1870 , Cremieux Decree of the Government of National Defence has awarded French citizenship automatically to the native Jews, but by removing their status as civil religious mosaic, they have nevertheless welcomed reform and the new duties resulting therefrom. This was largely determined on the battlefields of 14-18 and 39-45.
      • This Cremieux decree was certainly a first act of decolonization, but it was partial. It should have been extended later to Muslims, as claimed including several Jewish leaders, such as Professor Henry and Dr Aboulker Loufrani, especially as the Patriots have claimed several major Muslim, as the Emir Khaled , a descendant of Abd El Kader , 1920, and Ferhat Abbas , until 1943.

      Therefore colonialist circles never ceased to request removal of Cremieux decree, and to attack Muslim patriots who asked a similar text, that is to say access to equality and the right to vote for their co-religionists.

      • Yet in 1936, the Popular Front government proposed a measure of partial assimilation limited for Muslims, the Blum-Violette : according to this draft, the natives holding a military summons, or a French degree, such as graduation certificate, or approximately 25 000 individuals over 6 million, would become citizens without renouncing their status. Colonialists and then made their accusations the government back down to reality this measure inadequate.
      • In 1940, the government of Marshal Petain (see Vichy Regime ) gave satisfaction to the colonists by repealing retroactive Cremieux decree and removing their French citizenship to Jews from Algeria, regardless of the blood they shed for France since 1870. As for the Algerian Muslim, he did nothing for them.
      • Also, after the Allied invasion (see Operation Torch ), withdrawal of citizenship to Algerian Jews inflicted was maintained by Franois Darlan and Giraud (see Political Situation in Africa released ). Ferhat Abbas then estimated that this assimilation, which could be removed by simple decree was no future. So he opted in 1943 for internal self-publishing his Manifesto of Algerian People (in which case, he cited the withdrawal of the decree Cremieux, one of the reasons which had to renounce claims to citizenship French).
      • Subsequently, in 1943 the French Committee of National Liberation chaired by General de Gaulle restored Cremieux Decree.
      • Then he adopted, March 7, 1944, an order which incorporated, expanding the provisions of the Blum-Violette , in favor of Muslims.
      • From 1946 , the French colonies have become "departments" or "overseas territories" and all their inhabitants citizens, but this reform has been fully realized as the West Indies and Reunion.
      • In other colonies, in fact, the old subjects, while receiving the quality of French citizens, were made "citizens ^of the 2nd college, so that unequal status has been perpetuated against them: for example, in Algeria In 1947, one million citizens from ¹ school (in ordinary civil status) enjoyed by as many representatives to the Assembly of Algeria (60), the 8 million citizens ^of the 2nd college (to civilian status Koranic ), and this after 117 years of French presence. They were therefore 1 / 8 of citizens, which was likely to motivate their discontent.
      • Many colleges were finally abolished in 1956, all overseas territories, and equality, therefore, established at the initiative of Minister Defferre. But merging the two colleges was not conducted in Algeria during the return to power of Charles de Gaulle in 1958.

      Internal autonomy

      Recognition of own skills

      • In this system, we reserve the former colonies the right to enact their own laws in a number of areas more or less wide. The central government retains in principle the skills of foreign affairs, military and internal order. Local governments in former colonies then exercise all other powers.
      • But often, even in these core areas, the skills of law enforcement (police), military (National Guard) and even Foreign Affairs (Quebec representation in France, a member of the Canadian Federation) can be shared. Conversely, new core competencies may appear, such as social, where nuclear energy, when the regional states can not exercise them.

      The internal autonomy of the Dominions

      • Internal autonomy has been widely used, first in the former British colonies transformed into dominions as Canada , the colonies of Australia , the New Zealand and the Union of South Africa whose skills have become local by-step increasingly widespread.

      The federalization of the former Russian Empire

      • But this internal autonomy could not exist in a sustainable manner, as in the federations. Thus, in Russia , during their October Revolution in 1917 , the Bolsheviks were faced with the problem of national minorities:

      Some European minorities have ripped their independence by force (Finns, Balts, Poles) or attachment to another state ( Moldova , Romania until 1940). Others have experienced a brief attempt at independence and tumultuous. Ukraine, fought between independence, White Russians, makhnistes anarchists, Poles and Bolsheviks, eventually returning to them. In the Caucasus , the threat that prompted the Turkish Armenians and Georgians to return to the Russian fold. In all peripheral regions, the Red Army was able to rely on local communists who were often anti-modernist as feudal, traditional forces (large landowners and religious) are more cons-revolutionaries.

      The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a confederation of republics, theoretically equal before the law and where languages and national autonomy are recognized. In fact, the essential organs (single party, political police, planned economy) are closely centrally from Moscow. The Soviet regime imposes changes in party modernizers (literacy, women's rights) but also imposes economic choices questionable ( monoculture of cotton in Central Asia ) and often leads a policy of terror ( collectivization of land in the 1930 deportation of peoples integers, Crimean Tatars , Chechens , etc.. in 1945).

      In the 1980s, the system is weakened by the economic collapse, the war in Afghanistan and the growing demographic gap between the European republics (low birth rate) and the Asian republics (with high birth rates). However, this is not the revolt of the colonized, but the fall of the Soviet central power in 1991 leading to the bursting of the last European colonial empire.

      Independence

      • Decolonization by the independence was to recognize the full sovereignty to a former colony
      • The decolonization movements have fought, some to internal autonomy, as UDMA Ferhat Abbas, Algeria, or the RDA of Felix Houphouet-Boigny in French Black Africa, and the other for independence, as the PPP Messali of Algeria, the Viet Minh or Viet-Dai in Indo-China , etc.. But it is clear that independence which was mainly for them. So that the internal autonomy has often been a step towards independence.
      • The process leading to independence has been effected:
        • stages,
        • per revolution.

      Independence achieved in stages

      The independence by stages has usually been achieved by moving the country decolonized by one (or several) point (s) of internal autonomy.

      

      

      Distribution of colonial territories in 1920 , the British Empire has managed to preserve its influence in empowering its vice-kingdoms.
      • The evolution of British dominions was an example. Canada, Australia and New Zealand did not become fully sovereign in the 1920s, however, while maintaining a common head of state, the British monarch, represented locally by a governor. As the latter did not, in practice, more power than the monarch does in the United Kingdom, its presence is hardly embarrassing and now everything is decided on the spot. Thus was inaugurated the Commonwealth. It must, however, that independence was, in these three cases, attributed mist to the descendants of European settlers and later immigrants, not natives. Because they have been marginalized for a long time practically in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. However, the descendants of these settlers have their advantages granted nowadays, with the statutory heirs Amerindian tribes, Aboriginal or Maori. Nevertheless, the question remains whether the steps required to obtain a complete decolonization remains open.
      • independence of Morocco and Tunisia: two territories were French protectorates, and France had the power over diplomatic and military elite based on local administrations. After the war, nationalist agitation was very strong and resulted in demonstrations. France acted through repression and arrest of leaders: for Tunisia is Bourguiba and Morocco, the sultan's Benyoussef. These measures have strengthened the dispute; under the government of Mendes-France, negotiations were initiated. In 1956, Tunisia and Morocco became independent.
      • The emancipation of French colonies in black Africa was initially slow, because the claims of Africans were most often limited, except in the island of Madagascar , which was the scene in 1947 with a dramatic uprising suppressed. Indeed, after the Second World War , a new party had emerged in all French colonies in sub-Saharan Africa, except in Senegal , and had grown in public opinion and the French Parliament, the African Democratic Rally (RDA ). The party used the voting rights attributable to the natives of former colonies by the 1946 Constitution (although the election results have been lowered, the college system) to enter the parliamentary groups in some metropolitan parties. From 1956, through their contacts in France, elected GDR obtained agrees that a peaceful process that will allow a gradual transfer of sovereignty. First by the framework law Defferre ( 1956 ), this Act and its implementing regulations, adopted when the party's socialist Guy Mollet was deeply involved in the war of Algeria , gave a highly decentralized to territories Outre-Mer, with the removal of many colleges still in force in Algeria, freely elected local assemblies and councils of government designated by them freely in each territory. This new electoral system, applied for once without rigging, finally allowed the assumption of the head of each territory leaders as representative Felix Houphouet-Boigny and Leopold Sedar Senghor.
      • Subsequently, in 1958 , when voting on new constitution of the ^5th Republic , all TOM (Overseas Territories), except for Guinea , voted favorably, and then had the choice, within 3 months, between maintaining their status as TOM, the adoption of the Statute of the department, or the new status as an autonomous state. During these three months, the assemblies of all territories, Africa and Madagascar adopted the status of autonomous states, except the Somali Coast. All other territories, including New Caledonia, declared themselves to maintain their status, as established by law Defferre.
      • The new independent states came into a community led by France, with the title of Member States. As for Guinea, it became independent, immediately after his negative response to the referendum, under the influence of its president Ahmed Sekou Toure.
      • But the French Community in 1958, was not going to last long in its federal form. Indeed, its members would in turn gain independence in 1959 and 1960, through negotiation, but with cooperation agreements with France.

      Independence without transition

      This was the case of Congo (also known as the Zaire ), the king of the Belgians announced unexpectedly in 1959 , his decision to decolonize within a year.

      • However, previously, had played Belgium in the Congo ultra-colonialist policy, focusing on form only junior staff and closing access to its universities to the natives, to the point that no more a thirty Congolese students in the world at the time of independence (although the rate of literacy and education of natives was higher than other African countries). Finally in the Congo Force Publique, not a single aspirant was not formed, even during the final year before independence, because the Belgians wanted to keep close control.
      • So when independence was proclaimed, the party unit of Patrice Lumumba , only to be present throughout the Congo, only obtained a relative majority of 45% of the vote. Indeed, the absence of any serious political framework, the other voices were scattered among the tribal parties centrifugal, one of which, the party Bacongo teamed with his to govern. Lumumba became Prime Minister and President Kasavubu.
      • Officials improvised then spread to the highest positions of state, while in the army, the NCO NCO remained. Where disorders, after which the NCOs and Congolese soldiers, backed by Lumumba. revolted against their Belgian officers. Unfortunately, the rioters turned also to other Europeans, so that Lumumba sought help from the UN so that peacekeepers restored order.
      • It was then that the rich province of Katanga, led by its President Moise Tshombe , seceded, with the support of a strong police remained under Belgian Command and with the large industrial enterprises. Another province, the southern Kasai diamond is proclaimed itself independent.
      • So when Lumumba wanted to send his troops, at whose head he had to appoint generals improvised these undisciplined, took a few massacres that were blown up. That's when Lumumba was betrayed by both the President Kasavubu, who sided with Tshombe, and the UN pretended not to recognize that tribal chair (which was actually only 10% of Congolese).
      • Mobutu, one of the generals appointed by improvised Lumumba, then took power, and with the complicity of the UN peacekeepers that had arrested Lumumba, gave it to Tshombe, who was immediately killed.

      It is in these circumstances that the Congo was handed over to a bloody anarchy, and eventually corrupt dictatorship of Mobutu.

      • In summary, the independence of a large territory (that of India) was not desired by the English at the time, wanting to keep the land (for cultivation of tea or keep a transit port between South Africa and Australia)
      

      

      Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Indian independence leader
      • The Indian independence was granted in 1947 by the British government. It was largely prepared by the non-violent Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The "Mahatma" ("Great Soul", from Sanskrit great and the soul) is one of the founding fathers of India and a modern advocate of nonviolence as a means revolutionary. On 15 August 1947 India became a dominion within the Commonwealth , under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Of violent clashes between Hindus and Muslims lead the British to divide India, creating Pakistan oriental future Bangladesh and West, where there were Muslim majorities. India became a secular republic, a member of the Commonwealth after promulgating its constitution on 26 January 1950.

      Independence torn by force

      • Where no hope is left to the colonized to achieve equality is through assimilation or through independence, the temptation to revolt becomes large. But you should note that while independence is rarely acquired the battlefield, but when public opinion metropolitan tired of fighting against the rebellion, is in favor of independence. ^{War of Independence of Viet Nam}
        • France undertook the reconquest of Indochina in October 1945 with General Leclerc. In December 1946 , war broke out because the French authorities disagreed, despite numerous contacts with President Ho Chi Minh , leader of the Viet Minh , a federation of Vietnamese patriotic movements, and especially with his General Giap, both on the principle Independence, on the future fate of Cochin. For their part, Ho Chi Minh and Giap any two Francophones and Francophiles seeking at all costs to avoid a bloody war with France. They seemed willing to sign with Jean Sainteny and General Leclerc , who had earned their trust, agreements providing for a peaceful self-independence of Vietnam within the French Union. As they traveled with him and the General Salan to Biarritz to sign these agreements with the French Government, Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu , related to the family Michelin - which had huge interests in rubber plantations of Indochina - had scuppered the agreement by encouraging the creation of the republic of Cochin on ¹ June 1946. This action was on the loss of Indochina and consecutively throughout the French Empire and the wars that followed.
        • Triggered in response to provocations from both sides, the war of decolonization then becomes an issue in the Cold War , to the extent that the Viet Minh, while patriotic organization grouping originally nationalist parties and sects was dominated by the Indochinese Communist Party.
        • Viet Minh cities that stood firmly driven into the interior, particularly in the north and invented new combat techniques suitable for its lack of equipment and ammunition.
        • France, then sought a political solution, without passing by the Viet Minh in June 1948 , she recognized the Associated State Vietnam Cochinchina understood, led by Emperor Bao Dai. This solution too late did not change the military situation.

        The war became international in 1949 when the Chinese Communists, having reached the boundary of Indochina, brought immediate relief to the Viet Minh. The Americans initially support Viet Minh, supported financially France.

        • In 1954 , the defeat at Dien Bien Phu , in which the brave French soldiers suffered for the incompetence of the French generals who had sent them buried in a bowl and had underestimated the military capabilities of the Viet Minh, convinced France to withdraw.
        • Mendes France , having established a government from the center to the right, gave a month to resolve the dispute at the international conference in Geneva. The independence of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam there were then proclaimed.
        • But while Vietnam was temporarily divided into two states, the North under the authority of Ho Chi Minh, and South led by Bao Dai. The latter, following a referendum, was promptly replaced by a nationalist anti-French Catholic, Ngo Dinh Diem.
        • He refused the elections, planned throughout Vietnam for one year after independence, and established a dictatorship fascist in the south involving American military advisers. So he led the insurrection of the "National Liberation Front (FNL), soon known as the" Viet Cong "and he sparked the second war in Indochina.

        See also: Indochina War and Vietnam War

        War of Independence of Algeria

        • Algeria was a colony specific: it was part of the French state was divided into three departments. It was a settlement where there were a million Europeans mainly French and beside them, lived 8.5 million Arabs and Berbers. The Algerian population was devoid of full French citizenship since she was precluded from voting. The French were opposed to any reform while the Algerian nationalism developed. In 1943, the Algerians had indicated their desire to manifest Fehrat Abbas by emphasizing the equality in law. In 1945, France is not open to reform. ^{War of Independence of Angola}

          The Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique , gained independence after interminable guerrilla in 1974 , after the Carnation Revolution which overthrew the Salazar regime. In the case of Angola is the insurgency movement's "unity" of Joseph Savimbi, the only truly native (and the only one who has truly fought the Portuguese forces). So he forced the Portuguese population in metropolitan war who refused to support the coup by his officers rebel against the government Salazar. The success of the latter he helped end the conflict.

          Note that the independence of Angola was confiscated by the mestizos of Luanda, one of which, related to Admiral Coutinho Salazar, became transmit power by one at independence. Then, the mestizos, unable to overcome alone Unita, had to call, thanks to oil revenues, the former Katanga gendarmes of Tchoumba, then the Cuban army, to break, through long years of war, the real resistance of Angola.

          Causes of decolonization

          

          

          The situation of the colonies in the world in 1936 , three years before the great world conflict.

          The shock of the colonial empires in World War II

          The Second World War led to a huge loss of prestige for the colonial powers: The image of invincibility there was very affected, because of the Japanese and German victories.

          In addition, during the war, British and French colonies needed and have increased the promises of emancipation, beginning with that of British India . ^{The influence of various international charters}

          

          

          Situation of the colonies in 1945 , just after the last war : the decolonization will take place with the deletion of old cities in favor of the two superpowers of the Cold War in the making who will transfer their opposition through their influence on these newly independent countries notwithstanding the later assertion of a "third bloc of nonaligned.

          International opinion, it was more favorable to decolonization, under the influence of the Atlantic Charter of August 14, 1941 , in which Roosevelt and Churchill recognized the right of all peoples to self- the United Nations , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

          The reversal of position movements of thought

          Churches that had played an important role in the work of colonization, both by sending its missionaries, as the outbreak of military expeditions to protect them when they were persecuted, began to abandon their positions colonialists in defense of the natives. ^{The strength of each new copy of independence on the colonized}

          The independence of a whole series of countries encouraged new political movements anti-colonialists in all overseas countries are still dependent: In 1946 , the Philippines, in 1947 , Union of India and Pakistan in 1948 , Burma and Ceylon , etc.. This is particularly the independence of the Indian Empire, promised during the war by the United Kingdom, who impressed the views of countries still colonized or colonizers. British India, known for the novels of Rudyard Kipling and many films, and by imposing on its surface maps of textbooks, was devised as a pillar of colonization. If the United Kingdom that dominated the seas victorious abandoned, how can we imagine that the colonies of other countries could be kept? The division of the empire into two separate states, the Union of India, whose population was predominantly Brahmin religion, and Pakistan mainly populated by Muslims, who had attained independence separately showed that decolonization was not advantages: It had in fact resulted in terrible massacres of the exodus, and left a terrible tensions persist, and many unsolved problems. But the killings seemed distant and only survived the colossal image of NIS. The colonial movements were working, one for independence in Algeria PPP Messali, Viet Minh and Dai-Viet in Indochina, the other for autonomy, UDMA Ferhat Abbas in Algeria, RDA of Felix Houphouet-Boigny in Africa French Black, etc.. etc.. It is often, by accessing the political consciousness and turned against the colonizers their own values, that these movements would develop sympathy for their action in the metropolitan views.

          The cost of empire

          Awareness of the high cost to the economy of European colonial empires, which will be later called Dutch complex , has weighed heavily on the colonial powers. ^{The question "racial" and the economic issue, the French case}

          • Jacques Soustelle , who was appointed Governor General of Algeria in January 1955 under the ministry Pierre Mendes France , thought he had to gradually transform the French Algerians in their own right, even going so far as to propose the merger of the Algerian and French economies, in Whereas the Algeria as Britain or the Lorraine and its inhabitants as metropolitan. Soustelle called this doctrine Integration. Anthropologist of international reputation, Soustelle was linked to de Gaulle's era of free France. Gaullist remained after the war - Soustelle was commissioned by de Gaulle to create the RPF in 1947 and was its first secretary general - he was also a friend of Claude Levi-Strauss. The latter wrote in 1955: "If, however, a France forty-eight million people opened widely on the basis of equal rights, to admit twenty-five million Muslim citizens, even in large proportion illiterate it would not undertake a more aggressive than what America had not to remain a small province of Anglo-Saxon. When the citizens of New England decided a century ago to allow immigration from the most backward regions of Europe and the poorest social strata, and being overwhelmed by this wave, they did and won a bet that the issue was as serious as we refuse to risk. The could we ever? In addition, two forces are regressive-they reversed their direction? We would we save ourselves, or rather do not we would spend our loss if, strengthening our fault that it is symmetrical , nous nous rsignions triquer le patrimoine de l'Ancien Monde ces dix ou quinze sicles d'appauvrissement spirituel dont sa moiti occidentale a t le thtre et l'agent ? Ici, Taxila, dans ces monastres bouddhistes que l'influence grecque a fait bourgeonner de statues, je suis confront cette chance fugitive qu'eut notre Ancien Monde de rester un ; la scission n'est pas encore accomplie. Un autre destin est possible (...)" .

          • C'est en prtendant faire siennes les propositions de Jacques Soustelle mais aussi de Claude Lvi-Strauss , que le gnral De Gaulle revint aux affaires en mai 1958, profitant du soulvement de l'Arme en Algrie. Alger, le 4 juin 1958, de Gaulle dclara la foule : " () sa gauche, au balcon o le gnral de Gaulle pronona ce discours rvolutionnaire, se tenait Jacques Soustelle.

          • Le surlendemain, le 6 juin 1958, Mostaganem , le gnral proclame devant une foule majoritairement arabo-berbre :

          • Ce projet galitariste que le gnral de Gaulle s'affirmait dcid accomplir en Algrie, il laissait entendre vouloir l'accomplir galement en Afrique noire. En effet, lors du discours de Mostaganem du 6 juin 1958, de Gaulle dclara : " ".

          • Mais ce programme qui lui avait permis de revenir au pouvoir avec l'appui de l'Arme, le gnral de Gaulle y tait en ralit oppos. Il pensait qu'il ne s'agissait que d'une utopie universaliste. " " .

          • Or, tant revenu au pouvoir grce l'Arme sur le programme de l'Intgration, au nom duquel il avait renvers la IVe Rpublique, de Gaulle ne pouvait pas avouer ses convictions : "()

          • Quelques annes plus tard, le gnral de Gaulle expliqua au gnral Koenig : " .

          • Dans le mme esprit, au cours d'un entretien accord Pierre Laffont, dput d'Oran, directeur du journal , le 25 novembre 1960 : (...)"

          • De Gaulle voulait la dcolonisation en raison de l'impossibilit pour la France , selon lui, de pouvoir assimiler les populations des colonies. Dans ses confidences Alain Peyrefitte , il fut trs clair ce sujet: " mw-redirect "> Berbers of Algeria were considered French, how do we prevent them from coming to settle in France, while the standard of living is so much higher? My village no longer called Colombey-les- Two churches , but Colombey-les-Deux-Mosques "

          • One of the reasons that led to decolonization was the refusal of General de Gaulle, but also the majority of the metropolitan political class, to give political equality to the people overseas. In contrast, all the time polls indicate that metropolitan opinion was in favor of granting French citizenship to the population of overseas. Moreover, during the referendum of November 1958, the French approved of the new Constitution, which provided that all Algerians are now full French. As such, 46 members of Arab-Berber took place in the National Assembly in Paris.

          • The convictions of General de Gaulle on the incompatibility of the French and Africans also led him to opt for separation from the mainland and the territories of sub-Saharan Africa. In October 1958, the French Community is newly created Council of Government of Gabon , relying on Article 76 of the Constitution, asked to become a French department. Leon Mba , President of Gabon , charged Sanmarco Louis to present the application to the metropolitan government. Received in Paris by the Minister of Overseas France, Bernard Cornut-Gentille , Louis Sanmarco received this response clearly: "Sanmarco, you fell on your head? Have we not enough of the Caribbean? Go, independence as everyone! "

          • The minister's response Cornut-Gentille reflected the thinking of General de Gaulle, who later explained to Peyrefitte: "We can not keep at arm's prolific as this population of rabbits (...). Our countertops, our stops, our grandchildren overseas territories, all right, they are dust. The rest is too heavy " . General de Gaulle was explained in these terms on the "Case of Gabon": "In Gabon, Leon M'Ba would opt for the status of the French department. In the midst of equatorial Africa! They remained attached we would like stones in the neck a swimmer! We had all the trouble to dissuade them from choosing this status. "

          • General de Gaulle Alain Peyrefitte also explained: "You think I do not know, that decolonization is disastrous for Africa? (...) They will know again the tribal warfare, sorcery, cannibalism? (...) That fifteen or twenty years supervising more we would have to modernize their agriculture, to build infrastructure, to completely eradicate leprosy, sleeping sickness, etc.. It is true that this independence was premature. (...) But what would you have me do? (...) And then (he lowers his voice) you know, it was a chance for us to grasp: get rid of this burden, too heavy for our shoulders now, as people have increasingly more thirst for equality. We've escaped the worst! (...) Fortunately most of our Africans were willing to take the peaceful path to independence, and independence "

          • The essayist Alexander Gerbi showed how General de Gaulle drove him African leaders to independence , including Felix Houphouet-Boigny , yet ardent advocate of Franco-African unity within a federal framework, and Leon Mba , yet strong supporter of the departmentalization of Gabon.

          According Gerbi, if the Franco-African decolonization was to perpetuate colonialism, that is to say the economic exploitation of French territories in Africa, that real democracy would be impeded, but his secret goal was basically to prevent interbreeding of France that political equality between metropolitan and ultramarine would have resulted; independence was forced on Africa by the mother for financial reasons of course, but also and above all, racial or civilizational. To achieve this, General de Gaulle and his government, with the complicity of the majority of the metropolitan political class, violated the Constitution by amending it by unconstitutional means, through the law 60-525.

          • Law 60-525 was passed in May-June 1960, ignoring a negative opinion of the State Council and despite the resignation of former President Vincent Auriol of the Constitutional Council. Law 60-525 removed the requirement to hold a referendum for an African state of the French Community became independent, contrary to what was provided previously in the Constitution. Very concretely, the law permits, the month following its promulgation, that African states of the French Community achieve independence without a referendum, that is to say without their people are consulted and can therefore through their voices, hinder the process of independence .

          The plots of third

          The role of Germany and Japan

          The Germany , despite having lost all its colonies after the First World War was an influential player in the process of decolonization. By participating in international races that these countries had to suffer during the Second World War. The scheme Nazi tried by radio to undermine morale and create riots in the colonies. She tried to get closer to countries dominated by the allies in order to obtain raw materials, and presented himself in this way as a friend of the colonized. In reality Hitler in Mein Kampf had clearly expressed his contempt for the colonized Arab and Indian. Nevertheless, the Nazi propaganda took part in the process of decolonization, by offering more than the metropolises, Germany urged the claims against the colonizers. The Japanese did the same in Southeast Asia by supporting local autonomy. But recently, after having welcomed the Japanese quickly constatrent the contempt in which they held the other Asian. However by the constitution of puppet governments against the Dutch (Netherlands Indies), against the United States (the Philippines) against the United Kingdom (in Malaysia and Burma) and against France (in Viet Nam, Cambodia, and Laos), they showed the natives that Westerners had ceased to be invincible.

          The role of the Soviet Union

          With the conference in Baku in 1920 already, the Soviets were interested actively with the problems of decolonization: they equated the colonized proletariat, they thus were to be released. Their propaganda was because they appeared to be honest: after all, they had themselves set the example by performing their own decolonization apparently by way of internal autonomy, while other countries like France with colonizing were far away. Support for the decolonization was however not unlimited after the death of Lenin. Indeed, two opposed theses then, that of Stalin , for consolidation of the Soviet state, and that of Trotsky for a priority to internationalism. It was Stalin who had won, and had therefore concentrated its efforts on Europe.

          This was especially after the death of Stalin (March 5, 1953 ) that the Soviet Union began to support independence, with the Cold War. The USSR then refused in third world countries to the action of Americans. There was a constant escalation between the two countries to get more control, and the greatest possible influence in these countries.

          The role of the United States

          The United States are former British colonies which reinforces the idea anti-colonialist example with Franklin Roosevelt. Symbolically, Harry Truman during his speech on the state of the Union in 1949 opened the era of development (as opposed to the underdevelopment characteristic of colonized countries) and advocates for help. ^References

      1. See this document UNESCO's Struggle Against Slavery
      2. Tristes Tropiques, Plon Ed, 1955, repr. Pocket, pp. 486-487. "Twenty-five million Muslim citizens" at the time, Tunisia and Morocco are not yet independent. Quoted and commented on by Alexander Gerbi History hidden in the Franco-African decolonization, Ed L'Harmattan, 2006.
      3. De Gaulle quoted in Alain Peyrefitte was de Gaulle, P. 52.
      4. Alain Peyrefitte, was de Gaulle, Ed Fayard, P. 58.
      5. JR Tournoux, The Tragedy of General Ed Plon, Paris-Match, 1967, pp. 307-308.
      6. JR Tournoux, The Tragedy of General Ed Plon, Paris-Match, 1967, pp. 596-597
      7. ^{a and b} Alain Peyrefitte, was de Gaulle, t.1, p.52
      8. Charles de Gaulle, quoted by Alain Peyrefitte, was in de Gaulle, P. 56.
      9. See The colonizer colonized Sanmarco Louis, Pierre-Marcel Favre Ed-ABC, 1983 211. See also interviews on the unspoken of decolonization, Samuel and Louis Mbajum Sanmarco, Ed's Officina, 2007, p. 64. See also the article by Alexander Gerbi, The Beginning or The Case of Gabon (1958): http://fusionnisme.blogspot.com/2008/10/alors-que-la-marseillaise-t-une.html
      10. Charles de Gaulle, quoted by Alain Peyrefitte, was in de Gaulle, Ed Fayard, 1994 59.
      11. It was de Gaulle, t. 2, pp. 457-458.
      12. It was de Gaulle, t. 2, pp. 457-458
      13. Interview on RFI Alexander Gerbi http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/089/article_51734.asp
      14. hidden history of Franco-African decolonization, Ed L'Harmattan, 2006.
      15. See the article The staggering Act 60-525, the site of Alexander Gerbi http://fusionnisme.blogspot.com/2008/06/leffarante-loi-60-525-ou-comment-le.html

      See also

      Related articles

      • Chronology of decolonization
      • Decolonization of Africa
      • Bandung Conference
      • Non-autonomous territories

      External Links

      • Summary on decolonization
      • Decolonization in India
      • (En) Decolonization: the empowerment of Africa , French Documentation

      Colonial empires
      Colony Colonialism Colonization Decolonization Post-colonialism ( Antiquity )
      Germany Belgium Spit Denmark Spain USA France Italy Japan Norway Netherlands (United Provinces) Portugal United Kingdom Russia Sweden Ottoman Empire

      
      

      • Portal History

Leave a Reply