Decalogue

The 10 Commandments in Hebrew on parchment

The Decalogue (in Hebrew : ) - literally the ten commandments, commonly translated as the Ten Commandments - is a written set of instructions received moral and religious, according to Biblical tradition, of God through Moses at Mount Sinai. In the Torah it is written that the transmission of these moral instructions in the form of tables carved from "the finger of God." The Bible does not say "Ten Commandments" but "Ten Words" Essr haDevarim (Ex. 34, 28, Deut. 4, 13, Je 10, 4) resulted in the version of the Septuagint , the words in ancient Greek Dka Logoi, whence comes the French word Decalogue.

In Judaism , the statement of the Decalogue is a dozen of the 613 commandments ( mitzvot ) prescribed by Moses.

The two statements of the Ten Commandments

These instructions are given twice in the Pentateuch , the book of Exodus (20, 2-17), and in Deuteronomy (5, 6-21). Small differences exist between these two texts.

The text of Exodus 20, 2-17 is, in the King James translation, the following:

The second statement in Deuteronomy 5, 6-17, is almost identical. Unlike a well-known for the 4 ^th Commandment. In Exodus, it says "remember (zakhor) Day Shabbat "and in Deuteronomy" notes "or" guard "(Hamor) on the Sabbath." tradition, recalled at each entrance of Shabbat at the Friday evening in the Lekha Dodi , is that both words were spoken at the same time.

We note that seven out of ten commandments begin with the negation "Lo", do not. Only Premier (I am YHWH), Fourth ("Remember the Sabbath) and Fifth (Honor thy father and thy mother) are positive.

The version of the Samaritans

The ten commandments of the Torah Samaritan Tenth Commandment incorporate in respect of Mount Gerizim as the center of the cult "on the Mount Gerizim.

In Josephus

In the ^first century in the Jewish Antiquities , Flavius Josephus sums up the Ten Commandments:

All they hear a voice from above, it reaches them at all, so they do not lose any of these ten words that Moses left written on two tables. These words, we can no longer permitted to say explicitly in words, but tell us the meaning.

The first word tells us that God is One, that we should worship him alone. The second requires us to make no image of the animal for worship, the third not to invoke God in vain, the fourth to observe every seventh day by refraining from all work, the fifth to honor our parents, the sixth to keep us of the murder, the seventh of not committing adultery, not to steal the eighth, the ninth does not make false testimony, the Tenth covet nothing that belongs to others.

The phrase "we can no longer permitted to explicitly say" appears to refer to the abolition of the Decalogue in the composition of the Shema Israel , deletion seems to have been determined to fight against the attitude of pagans , the Jews assimilated and first Christians of limiting the law of Moses the Ten Commandments .

The different numbering

The Catechism of the Catholic Church uses the following version of the Jewish tradition as well as teacher version of Exodus 20 2-17 common to Jews and Catholics as the end of Deuteronomy 5, 6-21. It also offers also a shortened form derived from the catechetical Catechismus Catholicus P. Card. Gasparri, (Vatican 1933 p. 23) to the attention of catechumens leaving free the believer to adopt that corresponding to its sensitivity.

Thus, the version sent to catechetical catechumens currently recommended by the Vatican website is:

• First Commandment: One God you worship and love perfectly.
• Second Commandment: Thou shalt respect His holy name, fleeing blasphemy and perjury.
• Third Commandment: Day of the Lord guards, serving God devoutly.
• Fourth Commandment: Honor thy father and mother, your superiors alike.
• Fifth Commandment: Murder and will avoid scandal, hatred and anger as well.
• Sixth Commandment: Pure observed, your actions carefully.
• Seventh Commandment: The good of others you shall not take or hold back unfairly.
• Eighth Commandment: The scandal also banned and falsehood.
• Ninth Commandment: In thoughts, desires ensure that it remains completely pure.
• Tenth Commandment: Though shall not covet other people for having dishonestly.

Version of Jewish tradition also taught at the official site of the Vatican is:

• First Commandment: I am the Lord your God Who brought you out of Egypt.
• Second Commandment: Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
• Third Commandment: Thou shalt not take God's name in vain.
• Fourth Commandment: Remember the Sabbath day.
• Fifth Commandment: Honor thy father and thy mother.
• Sixth Commandment: Thou shalt not kill.
• Seventh Commandment: Thou shall not commit adultery.
• Eighth Commandment: Thou shalt not steal.
• Ninth Commandment: Thou shalt not bear false witness.
• Tenth Commandment: Thou shalt not covet nor woman, neither the house nor anything that belongs to your neighbor.

In the usual representation of the Tablets of the Law of the synagogues , the first five commandments are generally presented from top to bottom on the right table, commands 6-10 on the left. They often symbolize their first two Hebrew words, observing the commandments 6, 7 and 8 have only two words.

Comments on the interpretation of certain commandments

Themes: Adoration , adultery ( chastity ), parent ( authority ), blasphemy , lust , Sabbath , sincerity , kill ( murder ), theft ( trade ).

The explanations below are mostly those provided by the Catholic Church.

By Jesus Christ : "A man approached Jesus and asked," Teacher, what should I do good to have eternal life? "Jesus said to him:" Why do you ask me about what is good? One is good. If you want to enter life, obey the commandments. "(Matthew 19.16-17) " . "The first is," Hear O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord: and thou shalt love the Lord your God with all thy heart and with all your soul and with all thy mind and with all your strength! "This is the second:" Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. " There is no commandment greater than these. (Mark 12.29-31) .

For the Apostle Paul : "He who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law. Indeed, the precept ... can be summarized in these words: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. Love does no wrong to a neighbor. Therefore love is the law in its fullness. (Romans 13.8-10). "

In the Catechism of the Catholic Church : The Decalogue contains a privileged expression of natural law. It forms an organic unity in which each word or command refers to the whole. Transgress one commandment is to infringe the whole Law (cf. Jacques 2.10-11). The Ten Commandments state, in their fundamental content, grave obligations, but obedience to these precepts also implies obligations in matter which is, in itself, light. The gift of the Decalogue is granted within the alliance entered into by God with his people. It is known to us by divine revelation and human reason. What God commands he makes possible by his grace. Jesus Christ has verified the durability of the Decalogue, by his practice and his preaching.

Adultery

The prohibition of adultery is interpreted as prohibiting sexual relations with someone already married and sometimes as a ban on sex outside of marriage. Orthodox Christians refer to the translation of the Septuagint is older than the Masoretic version, and whose value has been recognized by the Talmud have a less regular adultery. Adultery in the Bible is the word given by porneia-"prostitution" (porneia or results of such pornography and everything related to prostitution, an unhealthy relationship between people of the opposite sex as the expression "to a shot of a bitch "makes good. It is therefore an act of non-loyalty. conjugual simulated But love can, and is in many respects considered prostitution. Thus, for some Orthodox theologians (Olivier Clement to name him), the sexual act with someone you do not like may well be regarded as prostitution - and thereby a failure to command loyalty between spouses. There is no scriptural basis to doubt this teaching is not an innovation, but a reminder of past biblical. The simulated piety or religious hypocrisy is also a case of infidelity, adultery, but to the Other SUPPREM this time: God. The only closed possible to divorce the New Testament, is adultery. Adultery mentioned in the Gospels is porneia as the canonical text of the Gospels, the first gospel was written in Greek. The consequence of this is that for the early Christians who read and not ad-porneia ulteros, who gave adultery ("to another", a sort of imprisonment of members of the couple by one another, the failure to love his partner made their couple illegitimate, illegitimate. And they could well get divorced. In addition, the second result this exegesis is that the relationship to the deity, religion is "a marriage between God and man, which must be made freely" if it is hypocritical of God is no longer required, there can be divorce (Isaiah 1, 11-17 % http://www.interbible.org/interBible/ecritures/bu/index.php?page=passage&ref=isa 201:11 -17 ).

The day of rest

The day of rest for Jews will sunset Friday to sunset Saturday. The vast majority of Christians practiced Sunday , while some others are following the Jewish practice in this regard (cf. Sabbath (Christianity) ). For Muslims, the rest day is Friday.

Killing

The standard translation of this commandment is thou shalt not kill, but the translation of Andre Chouraqui You do not assassinate gives another Interpret this command. It is not written taharog Lo, in particular verb used when Cain kills Abel , Ge. 4.8 tirtza'h but Lo. It is a more complex legal concept, which does not cover the killing in war, self defense, or delivered by a regular court (death penalty).

References

See also

• The 10 commandments of Buddhism
• Ten Commandments Alternative

• Portal of Jewish culture and Judaism
• Christianity portal
• Bible Portal

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