Dalmatia

43 48 '46 "N 16 13' 08" E / 43.8128, 16.2188

Coat of arms of Dalmatia

Dalmatia

Dalmatia (in Croatian in Latin is a coastal region of Croatia along the Adriatic Sea , which goes from the island of Pag in the north-west to Dubrovnik and the Bay of Kotor ( Montenegro ) south-east.

Dalmatia is a coastal region of Croatia along the Adriatic Sea , which goes from the island of Pag in the north-west to Dubrovnik and the Bay of Kotor ( Montenegro ) to the southeast. Dubrovnik and the former territory of the Republic of Ragusa are not part of Dalmatia. It extends 350 km along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea about 60 km wide, covers 12,100 sq km to 897 000 inhabitants ( 2001 ). It is crossed by the Dinaric Alps and also includes many islands (See Islands of Croatia ).

Dalmatia covers all or part of four counties : the county of Zadar , the county of ibenik-Knin , the county of Split-Dalmatia and Dubrovnik-Neretva county.

Etymology and linguistics

The first inhabitants of Dalmatia were the Illyrians , the Indo-European language , and their closest relatives are the Albanians of today. According to a specific interpretation of Albanian linguists, "Dalmatian" mean "land of shepherds" language Illyrian shepherd saying Delmas old Albanian , Albanian bari delsh contemporary.

Language Illyrian old spoken in Dalmatia disappears with the Roman occupation of the region. The Dalmatian who was speaking after the fall of the Roman Empire of the West was a Romance language , possibly substrate Illyrian. Linguistic grouping of former Illyrian and Albanian modern in a wide range Thracian-Illyrian is now generally accepted by linguists. ^History

Antiquity

The period of the kingdoms Illyrians and Dalmatians

In ^the sixth century BC. BC , the Greeks established colonies in the kingdom of Illyria , which was then part of Dalmatia.

In -229 and -228 , the Roman fleet fought the Illyrian pirates who sheltered in the many islands in this region, from -219, the Romans took control of the Dalmatian coast to ensure the safety of the sea Adriatic.

In -168 , the Roman consul Aemilius the Macedonian defeated the kingdom of Macedonia and its ally the kingdom of Illyria. The Romans took control of Dalmatia, to secure a permanent land route to Macedonia and Greece. However they did not go deeper into the Illyrian territory, and Julius Caesar , Proconsul of Gaul and Illyricum from -58 , led his legions to Gaul.

Roman period

Between -9 and -6, the Romans ordered by Tiberius made the conquest of Illyria. Tiberius must intervene again between grades 6 and 9 to reduce a revolt of Illyria during a difficult war, involving no less than 15 legions and as many assistants, a considerable number of between 150,000 and 180,000 soldiers. After his victory, Illyria is divided into provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia.

Dalmatia in the Roman Empire, around 120

Due to the presence of two legions, the former senatorial province of Dalmatia was reorganized in the year 10 in an imperial province , with its capital Salonae ( Salone , the important Roman archaeological remains: strong walls, baths, basilica). Other Roman towns were prosperous:''''Tarsatica ( Trsat , south of Rijeka ) Iader''''( Zadar , which are still visible remains of Roman Forum),''Narona'',''Burnum ' '. The mines of gold and silver contribute to the prosperity of Dalmatia.

Even after the departure of the legions to the Danube frontier provinces, Pannonia and Moesia , Dalmatia retained its status as an imperial province entrusted to a former consul. She kept a garrison was reinforced auxiliary during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The province seems to have been affected at that time by the phenomenon of brigandage. Didius Julianus , the future emperor, and then the governor would have conducted operations against the bandits around 175 - 178. Its strategic importance was also reaffirmed since the barbarians had crossed the frontier provinces to reach Italy. From the ^second century, urbanization, Romanization and the Christianization of the Illyrians are progressing, and the area became an important place of the empire, establishing, with the Rhaetian and Noricum inescapable link between Italy and borders Danube.

During the III ^century, Dalmatia may then appear to be the heart of Illyria, extending throughout the Balkans to the Danube, concentrating large forces. Many officers from these regions played a crucial role in defending the empire during the crisis ^of the third century: the political importance of Dalmatia grew. Originated in Dalmatia: the Roman emperor Carus (282-283), born in Narona according to some authors, his son and successor Carin (283-285) and Numerian (283-284), and illustrates Diocletian , emperor from 284 at 305. Diocletian built near Salona a vast palace fortress on the Dalmatian coast, where he retired after his abdication in 305. This palace was originally the city of Split. St. Jerome, translator of the Vulgate, was also the original Dalmatian.

The remodeling of the provinces under the tetrarchy retained Dalmatia into one province. His control is often played between the reigning emperors in the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire. During the final division of the Roman Empire in 395 , Dalmatia is attached to the Roman Empire.

In the Germanic invasions ^of the fourth century, Dalmatia became the refuge of what remains of the Roman army of Illyria and the last land link between the Western Empire and Eastern Roman Empire. She sees the passage of the candidates supported the Western Empire in Constantinople ( Valentinian III , Anthemius , Julius Nepos ), and then passes to 490 under the rule of the Ostrogoths.

The Middle Ages

The Byzantine period

In 535 the Eastern Emperor Justinian I sent General Belisarius Ostrogoth against the kingdom of Italy. Incidentally, Belisarius returns Dalmatia in the Roman Empire, for a few years.

The Avars and the early Slavs , who conquered most of the cities of Dalmatia in the sixth ^century, pushed to 614 the populations Romance of the interior to the coast, resulting in the founding of Spalato ( Split ) on the site of Roman palaces built by Diocletian. Other refugees settled on an island novels easy to defend and founded Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ). Some coastal cities like Zara ( Zadar ) or Trau (Trogir), and most of the islands remained territories of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Installation of Croats

In the years 600 , other Slavs , the Hrobates of Galicia into separate Bjalohrobates (which remain on site and participating in the ethnogenesis of Poles and Ruthenians ) and ernohrobates that descend towards the southwest and 640 appear in Pannonia as the Croats. Conquerors of the Avars they founded principalities, soon federated into a duchy, and kingdom of Croatia, including Dalmatia mainland, which had several successive capitals: Biacs , Nin , Biograd , Sibenik , Knin , Split , Omis , Klis and Solin.

During the schism between Christians, Croats choose Catholicism and stayed loyal from the point that this membership is part of their identity.

In 1102 , Croatia, including Dalmatia, joined with the Hungary. From 1115 to 1420 , Dalmatia was the scene of numerous confrontations between the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom and the Republic of Venice , who had inherited the Dalmatian islands of the Byzantine Empire. Eventually, the war, negotiation or purchase, Venice eventually extend its domain in Dalmatia Mainland, excluding the Republic of Ragusa (today Dubrovnik ), remained independent, but also romance.

The modern period

The Venetian period

In 1403 Ladislas of Durazzo , King of Anjou of Naples and pretender to the throne of Hungary - Croatia , waives his rights to the Dalmatian mainland in exchange for 100,000 ducats, and moved to Venice nearly four centuries on the Adriatic coast even if it will never conquer or overcome her rival Ragusa.

Many Venetians settled during this period, in ports and islands of Dalmatia. Venice will definitely lose the Dalmatian with his own independence during its conquest by Bonaparte in 1797. However, under the Venetians, the Croatian language has flourished in Dalmatia (including the islands) as well as the Italian , and schools, publications have emerged.

The Austro-Hungarian period

After the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797 during the French Revolution , Dalmatia became possession of the Austrian Empire by the Treaty of Campo Formio. She was united in the Kingdom of Italy founded by Napoleon I and after the French under the First Empire , in the " Illyrian Provinces ". The Marshal Soult was titled Duke of Dalmatia in 1808. Dalmatia is again attached to Austria in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 which became the Kingdom of Dalmatia. Austria, more than Venice, it promotes the development of Croatian culture, especially as she sees a way to counter the irredentism of the Italian coast.

The Yugoslav period

By the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920 , following the defeat of the Central Powers in the First World War , Dalmatia, with the exception of the city of Zadar (Zara) and the island of Lastovo (Lagosta), transferred to Italy, was included with the rest of Croatia in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During the Second World War the Italians have annexed from 1941 to 1943 some other islands and part of Dalmatia mainland, while the Independent State of Croatia of Ante Pavelic kept the rest (and then all after October 1943). In 1944 the Yugoslav partisans in Dalmatia resume Ustasha of Ante Pavelic. Between 1944 and 1950 , the Italian minority was deported to Italy. In 1991 , after the Croatia had declared its independence vis--vis the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , the region again became a battleground between pro-independence Croats and Serbs Yugoslavs.

Dalmatia in the Republic of Croatia

On August 17, 1990 at Knin , under the leadership of Colonel Ratko Mladic appointed for this purpose in this city, the Serbs , the majority in Northern Dalmatia, Yugoslavs say they want to stay and fight the Republic of Croatia. They blocked the roads, cutting the land link between the northern Croatia and the rest of Dalmatia: the " Revolution of Logs. " Once the new Croatian police tried to clear roads, the Yugoslav Army (JNA) opened fire against him. In 1991 , Serb leaders, then led by Milan Babic , expelled the Croatian population (not without dead) in northern Dalmatia, and connected with the Republic of Serbian Krajina proclaimed, they are the capital of Knin. They justify this proclamation by the membership of the Krajina, in the Austrian period, the military confines of Habsburg, a majority of Serbs although Northern Dalmatia ever making party. Surrounded by the Army of the Republic of Croatia and by the troops of the Croatian Defence Council of Bosnia-Herzegovina (HVO), the "Republic of Serbian Krajina" falls during a maneuver conducted in 1994 - 1995. Knin fall Economy

The resources of Dalmatia are industry (shipbuilding, metallurgy), and agriculture and fisheries in decline, while in the islands and the coast, tourism has become instead a vast scale, with a very rapid pace of construction and prices are soaring.

Culture and Heritage

References

See also

Bibliography

• Luigi Tomaz, it borders d'Italia e in Istria Dalmatia. Anni di storia Duemila, Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV Conselve 2008.

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