Dallas

Dallas was founded in 1841 and incorporated as a city on 2 February 1856. Third largest city in Texas after Houston and San Antonio , where she is competing, "Big D" is a major industrial center specialized in the technology of the petroleum industry , the telecommunications , information, banking and transport. This is the kernel of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States because it has no link with the sea waterway, but despite that its historical importance as a center of petroleum and cotton comes from its position located along the railway lines.

Geography

Main Data

Dallas is the seat of Dallas County. The parts of the city spread over the neighboring counties of Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall.

According to the Census Bureau United States , the city has a total area of 997.1 km of which 887.2 km of land and 110 sq km of water (11.03% water). Dallas is the city's main urban area of Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex (DFW), which includes one quarter of the population of Texas.

Climate

Climate of Dallas

Climate of Dallas

Dallas receives approximately 942.3 millimeters of rain per year, many of which fall to spring.

Dallas has a humid subtropical climate , yet this part of Texas also tends to receive warm, dry winds from the north and west in summer. During the winter, cold fronts from the north through Dallas, sometimes the night temperatures descend from -12 C and -7 C. Snowfalls are rare and occur about three days in the year. From time to time the warm, moist air from the south-east is lifted by the cold, dry air difficult to dislodge from the surface, leading to episodes of freezing rain and the formation of ice. This usually causes major disruptions in the city for a day or two if the roads and highways become dangerously smooth.

Spring and autumn bring very pleasant climate in the region and are usually the best seasons for visiting the city. In the spring, residents and tourists enjoy the beauty of "wildflowers" ("wild flowers" such as the bluebonnet, castilleja and other flora) which bloom in spring and are planted along roads throughout Texas. During this season, the weather can change dramatically within minutes and transfer to the storm. Spring is mild and pleasant in the city. The climate in Dallas is also very good from late September to early November, and unlike spring storms are rare.

The tornadoes are perhaps the greatest threat to the city of Dallas. Most recently, the city was hit by a powerful tornado on 2 April 1957. The tornado would probably be recorded as F3 on the Fujita scale. The most recent minor tornado with notable damage occurred in 1984 when a minuscule formation landed near Lovers Lane and Greenville Avenue. In spring, cold fronts moving from Canada collide with warm, moist air in the region of Gulf of Mexico. When these fronts meet over Texas, severe thunderstorms with lightning are produced spectacular, sometimes the torrents of rain, hail, and tornadoes. Dallas is located at the southern end of Tornado Alley. In May 2000 , the " Fort Worth Tornado "hit the center of the nearby city of Fort Worth , causing severe damage to several skyscrapers with smaller buildings on the periphery of the central business district.

The Department of Agriculture of the United States places the city of Dallas in Hardiness Zone Level 8. Dallas has ^the 12th worst air in the country according to American Lung Association. Much of air pollution in Dallas, and DFW Metroplex usually comes from an incineration plant materials located in the suburb of Midlothian , and factories nearby Ellis County. Another major contributor to pollution is exhaust from automobiles.

Etymology

According to the city of Dallas, originally named "Dallas" is a mystery, despite claims to the contrary. The city's founder, John Neely Bryan , stated only that it has been dubbed the "name of my friend Dallas." It is often said that the county and city were named after George Mifflin Dallas , the ^11th vice president of the United States. However, there is no evidence that Bryan ever met George Mifflin Dallas , and the area was called Dallas several years before he was elected.

Other leading candidates for the eponymy Dallas are:

• Commodore Alexander James Dallas , brother of George Mifflin Dallas , an officer in the U.S. Navy and stationed in the Gulf of Mexico.
• Walter R. Dallas, who fought at San Jacinto.
• Joseph Dallas of Arkansas, who lived in the Cedar Springs area in 1843 and moved from Washington County (near the land of John Neely Bryan Crawford County) to the Dallas area a few years after Bryan's arrival.

Heraldry

Like any town American , Dallas has its own flag and coat of arms.

History

The preliminary Dallas

Flag of New Spain

Before Texas had been claimed as part of New Spain by the Spanish colonial empire in the years 1500 , the Dallas area was inhabited by Indians Caddo. A European who probably visited the Dallas area was Athanase de Mezieres in 1778. De Mezieres, a French service of the King of Spain, has probably crossed the Trinity River near Fort Worth now, having followed the Cross Timbers through the Tawakoni village on the river Brazos near Waco. Later, France also claimed the area , but in 1819 the Adams-Onis Treaty made the Red River south of the northern frontier of New Spain , officially placing Dallas in Spanish territory. The area remained under Spanish rule until 1821 , when Mexico declared its independence and the territory became part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836 , the Republic of Texas seceded from Mexico to become an independent nation.

The birth of the city

John Neely Bryan , looking for a good trading post serving Indians and settlers, looked for the first time the Dallas area in 1839. Bryan, who shared insights of Sam Houston in the wisdom of Native American customs, realized that the Indians Caddo , he found by chance, crossed the only natural passage for hundreds of miles on the Trinity River. In what has become the "Bryan's Bluff", the river was impassable barrier of mud and water. The route north-south and Bryan's Bluff "became more important when the U.S. had annexed Texas in 1845.

After that Bryan had examined the area, he returned to the Arkansas. While there, a treaty was signed to remove all the Indians of North Texas. When he returned in November 1841 , half of its customers, the Indians were gone. He decided that instead of creating a trading post, it would create a city, he founded the same month. About 35 kilometers north-west of its territory was a community called Bird's Foot , Bryan invited the settlers of this community to live in Dallas. John Beeman arrived in April 1842 and planted the first corn. Other families followed suit, including members of the nearby settlement of Peter.

John Neely Bryan was responsible for almost everything to Dallas he was postmaster, a store owner, operator of the ferry (he operated a ferry where Commerce Street crosses the Trinity River today, and his house was used court. In 1843 , the first doctor arrived in Dallas in 1845 , the first lawyer made his home there. In 1845, the first vote was held in Dallas about the annexation of Texas by the United States. about 32 citizens entitled to vote, 29 voted for annexation and 3 voted against it. In 1846 , the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States and Dallas County is established and then named after George Mifflin Dallas , which was the ^11th Vice President of the United States. The name of the city is questionable because John Neely Bryan stated only that she had been dubbed the "name of his friend Dallas." In 1855 A group of European musicians and artists founded a community called Fourier Reunion. In 1860 , the village of Dallas incorporated La Reunion booming in its own territory and the last settlers were absorbed in the general population to which they brought their skills. Currently around Reunion Tower, one of the main buildings in Dallas, owes its name to the colony, although it is located some distance from the spot where once stood the Meeting.

1856-1873

Dallas has been legally incorporated as "town" on 2 February 1856. Dr. Samuel Pryor was elected the first mayor with a police officer, a treasurer, a judge and six councilors. In 1859 , Dallas had his first haircut and a photographer. In 1860 , the population reached 678 people, including 97 African-American , Belgians, French, Germans and Swiss. The city had few slaves, African Americans , mostly brought by settlers from Alabama and Georgia. That year, the railroad was approaching from the south, and several coaches were crossing the region. In July 1860 , a fire erupted in the square, destroying most buildings in the business district of Dallas. Many residents assumed that the slaves were behind this coup and two abolitionists were chased out of town. Three African-American slaves were hanged, and all the other slaves were whipped in Dallas. In December of that year, most of the city had been rebuilt. The population grew so fast that the units were difficult to obtain.

Dallas in 1872

In 1861 , Dallas County voted 741-237 in favor of secession. On June 8 this year, the state of war was declared. The city was decorated and parades were held, there was no shortage of volunteers for the war. Dallas was as far from the fighting, people have donated money, flour and other supplies to the cause Confederate. A munitions factory was also built in the city.

Dallas was just a small town dotting the border of Texas until after the Civil War , in which it was part of the Confederate States of America , is legally became a city in 1871. The arrival of several lines of railroad in 1870 gave a boost to economic activity, Dallas became a center of agricultural trade. The city has paid Houston and Texas Central Railroad 5 000 USD to shift its route 32 kilometers to the west and build its tracks on a north-south through Dallas, rather than through Corsicana as planned. A year later, Dallas leaders could not pay Texas and Pacific Railway, and they found a way to trick the Railroad. In 1873 , routes north-south and east-west main railway Texas intersected in Dallas, thus ensuring its future as a commercial center.

Industrial Period

Originally a small community around agriculture, the convergence of several lines of railroads made the city a strategic location for many industries. Meanwhile, Dallas has prospered and became the largest city of Texas. The transition to manufacturing and heavy industry has created problems for penalizing farmers in the Dallas area. They had traders most of their crop because of high costs of shipment to the coast and the falling price of cotton. A group known as the Farmers' Alliance, created in 1877 , hoped to break this cycle of poverty by setting up a warehouse in Dallas to pick cotton to St. Louis because the cost of shipping to Missouri was significantly lower than towards the coast. However, the bankers refused to finance the warehouse and the company sank into the twenty months that followed.

Developing with the richness of its booming economy, the city began to light its streets with gas lamps (appeared in 1874 ) and pave the streets. In 1880 , the first telephone line arrived in Dallas, with the water company and the barracks. In 1888 , the Dallas Zoo is inaugurated as the first zoo in the state. In 1890 , Dallas annexed the city of East Dallas, becoming the largest city in Texas with about 40,000 inhabitants.

Dallas in 1892

In 1893 , after the national financial panic, many industries and five Dallas banks have closed. Cotton prices have dipped below five cents per pound. In 1898 however, the city began to recover and grow again. The economic panic has also affected the labor union, which had just begun to organize: the American Federation of Labor granted a charter to the Assembly of Commerce in Dallas in 1899. In 1894, Parkland Memorial Hospital opened just west of Oak Lawn. In 1903 , Oak Cliff, a city along the Trinity River , was annexed. The same year, Wilson Building, modeled after the Opera Paris , opened on Main Street in downtown.

At the turn of the twentieth century Dallas was an important trading hub in the southwestern United States. The city quickly became the trading center for cotton, grain, and bison. Agricultural trade, dominated by cotton, made his prosperity. Later in the century, Dallas transformed from an agricultural center to a center of banking, insurance, and other businesses. Finance and insurance also played a role.

In the flood of 1908 , the Trinity River has reached a depth of 16.03 m and a width of 2.4 km. Five people died, 4,000 were homeless, and damage was estimated at 2.5 million USD. After the flood, the city wanted to find a way to control the Trinity carefree and build a bridge linking Oak Cliff and Dallas. In 1911 , George Kessler , an urban planner, has created a project for the river and city. His plans were initially ignored, but finally updated in 1920 and 1930. In 1915 , the Southern Methodist University is open and is still operational today. Aviation has become a big thing in the city during the First World War. Airport Dallas Love Field was established as a training ground for military aviation. The city bought the Love Field in 1927 for use as a municipal airport. In August 1922 , the Magnolia Building (now the Magnolia Hotel) is inaugurated, becoming the tallest building in Texas with its 29 floors.

Age of Oil

Despite the start of the Great Depression , business was booming in the construction in 1930. This year, Columbus Marion "Dad" Joiner discovered a huge deposit of oil and 160 miles east of Dallas to Kilgore , causing the oil boom in eastern Texas. Dallas became a major center for the oil industry in Texas and the Oklahoma. In the early months of 1931 , 28 companies or move to Dallas to form oil. The banks make loans to develop oil fields. This has delayed the most thoughts of depression until mid 1931 , when falling prices and overproduction affected the city economy negatively. By then, more than 18,000 people in the city were unemployed. Before the policy of New Deal began, the city had a program work-for-food (food-for-work) that helped a lot. In 1931 , the city had done the construction based on plans by George Kessler.

After a long campaign of several years, the State of Texas chose Dallas as the site of the Texas Centennial Exposition of 1936. More than fifty buildings were constructed for the exhibition in the Fair Park, and 10 million visitors came to see the show.

During World War II , Dallas has served as a center of manufacturing for the war effort. In 1940 , the city's population had reached 294,734 people. In 1942 , the factory Ford Motor has been converted, producing only jeeps and military trucks. In 1943 , University of Texas Southwestern Medical School was also founded.

The real estate boom

In the 1970s and 1980s, Dallas has experienced a building boom that produced a new downtown with many skyscrapers in downtown Dallas , influenced by nationally acclaimed architects. Because of the immense worldwide success of the television series Dallas , the city became one of the most famous United States during the years 1980. During these years the city has also seen a lot from its oil companies to Houston to be closer to the coast and the port of Houston. However, Dallas was beginning to benefit from the technology boom at the same time, led by computer chip, and the growing industries of telecommunications. Dallas also remained a center of banking, insurance, and business. In 1983 , voters in Dallas and the industry have endorsed the creation of Dallas Area Rapid Transit to replace the Dallas Transit System. In 1984 , the Dallas Museum of Art moved from Fair Park in Dallas Arts District (Arts District). The same year the Republican National Convention was held in Reunion Arena. In 1985 , at the tip of the boom, the Bank of America Plaza , tallest tower in the city with a height of 281 meters and 72 floors is inaugurated.

The mid-1980s was as tumultuous for the city when many banks collapsed because of the crisis of savings. The crisis has put the city economy to its knees and development plans for hundreds of millions of dollars have been canceled.

Recession

From the mid -1980s to 2005 , no elevated structure was built in the city center. This is because of the savings crisis that has virtually destroyed the city economically. In 1987 , Annette Strauss was the first woman to become mayor of Dallas. In 1989 , the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center is built.

Dallas today

The city remained in recession during the year 1990 but the explosive growth of high-technology companies, particularly in areas such as Las Colinas and the Telecom Corridor , has kept the economy stable enough, Dallas has become the Silicon Valley of Texas dubbed the "Silicon Prairie". Like many large U.S. cities, Dallas has experienced an "urban renewal" since 2000.

In 2004 , signs of economic rotation began to appear. In 2005 , three towers were built from dozens of residential conversions and smaller projects. Downtown had about 1600 residents in 2000, for the year 2010 the North Central Texas Council of Governments expects that 10,000 residents live in this neighborhood. Just north, Uptown Dallas is one of the most active real estate markets in the country. In early 2006 , nine high residential buildings or hotels were under construction in this area. A project of over 3 billion USD is being developed to reinvigorate the city, the Victory Park. It should contain more than 4,000 homes and 370,000 sq ft of office and commercial space. The starting point of the project was opening a new gym ultra-modern 420 million in 2001 , the American Airlines Center.

The Dallas Center for the Performing Arts Foundation implements construction of several new projects in the neighborhood of Arts District is booming. When the new Winspear Opera House (architect: Foster and Partners) and Wyly Theatre (Office for Metropolitan Architecture - Rem Koolhaas ) join the Nasher Sculpture Center ( Renzo Piano ) and Meyerson Symphony Center ( IM Pei and Partners), Dallas will the only city in the world that has four buildings in an area that are all designed by winners of the Pritzker Prize.

Chronology

• 1841 - Founding of the City of Dallas.
• 1873 - 2 railways intersect in Dallas, ensuring its economic future.
• 1888 - The Dallas Zoo opens its doors
• 1903 - Dallas annexed the town of Oak Cliff , increasing its size by one third.
• 19 October 1917 - Airport Love Field is created.
• 1922 - The Magnolia Building is inaugurated.
• 1927 - Love Field is opened for civilian use.
• 1927 - The first store (Southland Ice Company) in the world opens in Dallas, which became 7-Eleven.
• 1930 - Discovery of an oil field 160 kilometers from the city.
• 1930 - Bonnie and Clyde meet in Oak Cliff.
• 1958 - Jack Kilby invented the first integrated circuit while working for Texas Instruments.
• 1963 - On 22 November the President of the United States , John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas.
• 1974 - Opening of the international airport DFW (Dallas Fort Worth).
• 1976 - Thanks-Giving Square is completed in downtown Dallas.
• 1978 - First broadcast of the TV series Dallas
• 1984 - Dallas is hosting the Republican National Convention in Reunion Arena.
• 1985 - Inauguration of Bank of America Plaza (Plaza InterFirst), tallest of the city with a height of 281 meters and 72 floors.
• 1987 - Annette Strauss was the first woman mayor of Dallas.
• 1996 - Dallas Area Rapid Transit is implementing the first system of light rail in Texas.

Demographics

Population density in Dallas (2000)

The metropolitan area of Dallas-Fort Worth is one of the towns in the Sun Belt that attract new residents: it welcomed 162,000 new residents between July 2006 and July 2007, which represents the largest increase in population in the U.S. States ^{Political Life}

Mayor

Since 25 June 2007 , the Mayor of Dallas Tom Leppert (Republican).

City Council

Architecture and urban landscape

Dallas skyline

Architecture and Urbanism

Neighborhoods

Skyline of Dallas

The main sectors in the city are:

• Downtown Dallas , the center of the city and the epicenter of urban revival, coupled with Oak Lawn and Uptown Dallas, new urban areas thriving with shops, restaurants and nightclubs.
• East Dallas neighborhoods include entertainment (music, art) of Deep Ellum, Lakewood and Fair Park.
• North Dallas middle-class neighborhoods such as Highland Lake and White Rock Lake and shopping at Galleria Dallas.
• South Dallas neighborhood of Oak Cliff is a beautiful hilly area with beautiful old houses and entertainment areas such as Bishop Arts District.

The city is surrounded by dozens of suburbs and encloses enclaves such as Cockrell Hill, Highland Park and University Park.

Economy

Dallas is the distribution center and shipping the oil, natural gas, minerals and agricultural products to the surrounding area (cotton, grain, livestock and fruit). Specializing in light industries and precision (car accessories, electronic and electrical equipment, missiles), Dallas ranks third for the garment. First banking center in the south-west, it houses the headquarters of many insurance companies or oil companies.

The Dallas area is sometimes called the Silicon Prairie ( Silicon Valley, Texas). The "Telecom Corridor" north of the city is the center of large companies such as Southwestern Bell , AT & T , Alcatel , Ericsson , Fujitsu , Nortel , Sprint and MCI.

Among businesses with headquarters in Dallas, there is Blockbuster Video , CompUSA , Greyhound Bus Lines , Kimberly-Clark Corporation , Kinko's, Mary Kay Cosmetics, Neiman-Marcus , Pizza Hut , Southwest Airlines , Texas Instruments and TXU.

The periphery also has a large number of companies such as RadioShack , Pier 1 Imports , Esso ( ExxonMobil United States), Dr. Pepper , Frito Lay and JC Penney.

Third place for headquarters

Many shopping malls: The Galleria (Rink, 200 stores)

Education

The city of Dallas has several universities and many community colleges.

• University of Texas at Dallas (1961)
• Southern Methodist University
• University of Dallas in Irving (1956)
• University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
• Art Institute of Dallas
• Richland College
• Mountain View College

Culture

Dallas has many museums:

• Dallas Museum of Art
• Nasher Sculpture Center

Monuments

Dallas has a large number of parks, green spaces, museums, a symphony orchestra and an opera. The Center for the Performing Arts Dallas (Dallas Theater Center) is the work of architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1959) and the Symphony Center Morton H. Meyerson (1989) was designed by architect IM Pei. The Nasher Sculpture Center was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano (2003).

Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center, designed by IM Pei, Dallas

The skyscrapers highest are:

• Bank of America Plaza (281 m)
• Renaissance Tower (270 m)
• Chase Center (240 m)
• JPMorgan Chase Tower (225 m)
• Fountain Square (219 m)

Sports

Inside of Texas Stadium during a game of football.

Dallas is home to the Dallas Desperados ( Arena Football League ), Dallas Mavericks ( National Basketball Association ), and Dallas Stars ( NHL ). Each of these three teams play at American Airlines Center. A team of Major League Soccer , FC Dallas , formerly Dallas Burn, used to play in the Cotton Bowl but moved to the Pizza Hut Park in Frisco since opening the stadium in 2005. However, the game college football Cotton Bowl is still played at the stadium. The Dallas Sidekicks , a former team of the Major Indoor Soccer League , playing in Reunion Arena. The Texas Tornado , three-time champions of the North American Hockey League , play in the Deja Blue Arena in Frisco.

In the suburbs, Irving , lies the home of the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League while that Arlington is the home of the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball. Since 2009, the Dallas Cowboys are also located in the Arlington Cowboys Stadium.

Other teams in the Dallas area include the Dallas Harlequins of the Rugby Super League and the Frisco RoughRiders of Minor League Baseball.

Births

• Aaron Spelling ( April 22 1923 )
• Linda Darnell ( October 16 1923 )
• Larry Hagman ( 21 September 1931 )
• Sharon Tate ( January 24 1943 )
• Stevie Ray Vaughan ( October 3 1954 )
• Dimebag Darrell ( 20 August 1966 )
• Michael Johnson ( 13 September 1967 )
• Jamie Foxx ( 13 December 1967 )
• Owen Wilson ( 18 November 1968 )
• Lance Armstrong ( 18 September 1971 )
• Jensen Ackles ( ¹ March 1978 )
• Norah Jones ( 30 March 1979 )
• Jessica Simpson ( 10 July 1980 )
• Mark Salling ( 17 August 1982 )
• Ashlee Simpson ( 3 October 1984 )
• Demi Lovato ( 20 August 1992 )
• Nick Jonas ( 16 September 1992 )
• Noah Ringer ( 18 November 1996 )

Deaths

• John F. Kennedy (November 22, 1963)
• Greer Garson ( one thousand nine hundred and three - one thousand nine hundred and ninety-six ), actress

Transport

Road Map of Dallas

Airport

The city of Dallas has two commercial airports is the airport of Dallas-Fort Worth and Dallas Love Field. International Airport Dallas-Forth Worth is located between Dallas and Fort Worth. Dallas has another airport located in Addison (Addison Airport). United States, in terms of size, DFW is the second largest airport in terms of traffic, so is the fourth. In 2005 , DFW had a traffic 59,176,265 passengers. It is also the main platform of correspondence of the air carrier American Airlines , which has its headquarters in the agglomeration, Fort Worth.

Bus and tram

The transport is managed by the DART, Dallas Area Rapid Transit. To date, Dallas has two tram lines and a bus network is very important. Two additional tram lines are being developed to achieve a network of 93 miles (150 km).

Roads

The town is crossed by several major highways: the highways Interstate 20 , 30 , 35E and 45. Several major roads also surround the city and its urban area.

International Relations

Twinnings

• Brno ( Czech Republic )
• Dijon ( France )
• Monterrey ( Mexico )
• Riga ( Latvia )
• Kirkuk ( Iraq )
• Calcutta ( India )
• Saratov ( Russia )
• Taipei ( Taiwan )

Dallas also has very close links with the city of Sendai ( Japan ).

Incidents

• Dallas has the largest number of shopping malls and restaurants per person compared to other U.S. cities.
• The downtown Dallas has some interesting districts, such as Deep Ellum , West End Historic District , Arts District , Farmer's Market , Dallas Convention Center , Reunion Arena and finally American Airlines Center where play games basketball and hockey.
• Apart from some external connectors, the television series Dallas was filmed in southern California.
• In Dallas, museums, cultural centers, theaters and other cultural and artistic activities relate some 500 million dollars annually.
• Dallas is the largest town on the "Tornado Alley". Scientists predict that the city could be hit by a powerful tornado in the near future.

References