Cyrillic Alphabet

The Cyrillic ( Bulgarian and Macedonian : , in Russian : ; in Ukraine : ; in Belarus : ; in Ruthenian : ; in Serbian : ) is an alphabet bicameral thirty letters , created by the end of IX ^century in Bulgaria ^{Uses of the Cyrillic alphabet}

Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet

Countries where it is used primarily as writing Countries where it is used with another official script

The Cyrillic alphabet is used mainly to write several Slavic languages (more specifically, the languages of the Slav Orthodox , Slavic peoples Catholics have retained the use of the Latin alphabet ):

• Belarus ;
• Bulgarian ;
• Macedonian (see Macedonian alphabet );
• Ruthenian (extinct language);
• Russian (see Russian Alphabet );
• Serbian see Serbian Cyrillic (Serbs also use the Latin alphabet Serbian );
• Ukraine (see Ukrainian Alphabet );
• Old Church Slavonic , a language extinct.

It is also used to write many languages, non-Slavic and non-Indo-European spoken in the territory of Russia , as the Udmurt , the Khanty , the Nenets and the Ossetian and the Mongolian or even Dungan , a dialect of Mandarin. For these languages, it is often supplemented by diacritics or special characters, for writing down phonemes that do not exist in Russian. One can see on this section of the Cyrillic alphabet diacritics.

Until 1857 , a variety of Cyrillic alphabet was also used to transcribe the Romanian , his employment has continued occasionally until 1918 in Bessarabia. In addition, 1938 to 1989 (and until today in Transnistria ) powers Soviet and post-Soviet imposed for the Romanian spoken in the USSR (under the name " Moldovan "), the use of the alphabet Modern Russian Cyrillic (slightly adapted).

In this article, shall be treated as aspects of the Cyrillic alphabet used to write Russian. Indeed, in other languages using it, the letters may have a different value. For example, Bulgarian (known (r Goliam)) is pronounced like the a Romanian and is pronounced cht.

Origin

Bible presented to the church in Kumanovo (Macedonia)

The fact that Constantine Cyril , the Philosopher says, has created the alphabet and the first translations into Old Church Slavonic is undeniable. But one of the most interesting questions remained unanswered even unique now is the creation in a relatively short period of two Slavic alphabets, including Cyrillic and the Glagolitic alphabet. The opinions do not all agree to say which one was created by Constantine Cyril.

According to the most common hypothesis on the creation of two alphabets, Cyrillic would make his appearance, chronologically, after the Glagolitic. From the point of view sound and graphics, Cyrillic is based on the Greek uncial. This would be the Bulgarian Clement of Ohrid , a disciple of Constantine Cyril, who have created, giving it the name of his teacher, as a sign of respect. Most scientists attribute the Glagolitic alphabet Constantine Cyril. It corresponds to the phonetic composition of the former slave and has an original spelling, some researchers suggest that the pattern of letters follows the rules of the golden section (the reports of the small and large side in the set are identical). If between the Glagolitic alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet, there is some continuity, they do not include less significant differences. The Cyrillic alphabet quickly replaced the Glagolitic alphabet, first in Bulgaria East, and especially in the capital at the time, Preslav. At the School of Ohrid Glagolitic alphabet was more widespread, and used longer. There are several monasteries near the Adriatic Sea , Croatia, where the Glagolitic was used in cryptography until the nineteenth ^century.

The second hypothesis, Constantine Cyril is the author of two alphabets, which would mean he would have translated the main liturgical books twice. In 855 , he created the Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Greek script, adapting the Slavic language, then to translate the liturgical books for the needs of the region's Slavic Bregalnica River (Macedonia northwest). Later, in 862-863, he created the Glagolitic alphabet, copying the books already translated to give his mission to Great Moravia universal Christian expression. Nowadays the Cyrillic alphabet is used not only by Russians but also by the Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Belarusians as well as by many other non-Slavic former Soviet and by the Mongols about two hundred million people in all. The work of Cyril and Methodius was continued by their disciples Clement , Naoum , Angularii , Gorazd and Sava who, upon their arrival in Bulgaria, received the support of the Bulgarian king Boris ^I.. Each of the five students has its own religious festival, but again, July 27 is celebrated both Saints Cyril and Methodius and their five children together. Saints Cyril and Methodius were proclaimed co-sponsored by Europe in December 1980.

Clergymen living mainly in the Adriatic region north continued to use Glagolitic writing until the end of the ^seventeenth century , after which it was retained only in the liturgy and the final document in Glagolitic date from the late ^nineteenth century.

The Cyrillic alphabet is more or less directly, several of its innovative features compared to the Greek model, even some of his letters, the Glagolitic.

In religion orthodox , the May 24 , the day of the Slavic alphabet and of the Holy Brothers Cyril and Methodius , is a festival that has few analogues: day of writing, education and culture. Is a celebration of spiritual awakening, the desire for development through science and culture. The letters created by Cyril and Methodius, their translations of liturgical books in Old Slavonic , defending the right of every people to glorify God in his own language, have a historical significance for all Slavic peoples. Their work is humanitarian and democratic, common to all Slavs and serving the great idea of human equality of all in the spiritual realm.

Letters

Original Alphabet

This table shows:

• Any variants of a letter in parentheses are used in cases where the computer does not allow an accurate rendering.
• The numerical values of the Cyrillic letters are different from their counterparts Glagolitic.
• Pronunciation is given by the International Phonetic Alphabet; values in parentheses are the ratings used by Slavonic.
• The name is said in Latin transliteration, and brackets in Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic.

Letter	Writing	Value Digital	Pronunciation	Name	Notes
,		1	/ A /	az ()	The shape of the letter later evolved into that of a Latin
,			/ B /	Buky (, )	Its layout is a deformation of the letter.
,		2	/ V /	Vede (, )	This letter is from the Greek
,		3	/ G /	glagoli ()	This letter comes from Greek uppercase
,		4	/ D /	dobro ()	This letter comes from Greek capital.
, ( , )		5	/ /	is (, )	This letter can be pronounced wet.
,			/ /	ivte ()
, , ,		6	/ Dz /	zelo (, )	Variant of the next.
, , ,		7	/ Z /	zemli ()
,		8	/ I /	ize ()	also named "i-eight days" This letter comes from Greek.
, , ,		10	/ I /	i or Izei ()	named "i-ten."
,		20	/ K /	kako (, )
,		30	/ S /	Ludie (, )	This letter comes from Greek.
,		40	/ M /	myslite (, )
,		50	/ N /	Na '(, )	Originally the bar was tilted to the right.
,		70	/ O /	on ()	The course of this letter can approach a diamond.
,		80	/ P /	pokoi (, )	This letter is from the Greek.
,		100	/ R /	r'ci (, )	This letter comes from Greek.
,		200	/ S /	slovo ()	comes from the lunar sigma ( ).
,		300	/ T /	tverdo (, )
, , ,		(400)	/ U /	uk ()	This letter is from the digraph o + u
,		500	/ F /	frt (, )	This letter comes from Greek this sound is almost absent from the Slavic languages.
,		600	/ X /	Her ()	This letter is from the Greek
,		800	/ O /	o ()	This letter was later named "Omega" (). There ligation , ot
,		900	/ /	it (, )	This letter comes from Hebrew final.
,		90	/ /	CRV (, )	This letter comes from Hebrew.
,			/ /	a ()	This letter comes from Hebrew.
,			/ t /	STA ()	Originally, the lower bar in the center. Variable pronunciation in Church Slavonic.
,			/ U /	Er (, )	jer or yer ; current hard sign very rare in Russia, running in Bulgarian, disappeared the other Cyrillic alphabets.
,			/ /	Ery (, )	Cyrillic ligature and of ; transcription usual: y.
,			/ I /	Er '(, )	Current soft sign marking the palatalization.
,			/ /, / ie /	At '(or )	jat 'or yat'. This letter is missing from all contemporary Cyrillic. She was removed from Russian in 1917, and Bulgarian in 1945.
,			/ Ju /	()	This letter is from the old ligation (IOU).
, (, ia)			/ Ja /	has yodis ( )	In Church Slavonic, the letter was confused with the letter , absent from the Cyrillic.
,			/ J /	e yodis ( )	after a vowel or , ,
, , ,		(900)	/ /	small juice ( )
,			/ /	big juice ( )
,			/ J /
,			/ Jo /	big juice yodis ( )
,		60	/ Ks /	ksi ( )
,		700	/ Ps /	psi ( )	This letter comes from Greek.
,		9	/ F /	fita ( )	This letter was used for translation from Greek. This letter comes from Greek.
,		400		ijitsa (izica) ( )	This letter was removed from Russian in 1917. This letter comes from the Greek.

Contemporary Alphabets

Contemporary Russian Cyrillic Alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet used for Russian has thirty-three letters since 1917. Before that date, the alphabet called "pre-revolutionary" included in four more. These are identified in the table by a colored background.

This writing is bicameral , there are two alternatives for each letter, capital and lowercase. The following table details the current script, it reads as follows:

• Capitals and lower case;
• name of the letter as pronounced as it spells out, was adopted by a transcript and not a transliteration in order to make explicit the name in question;
• transliteration : the first sign noted following the standard ISO 9 of 1995 , the following uses if diverge from other systems commonly used;
• pronunciation phonetics according to the API ;
• imaged pronunciation, spelled according to French customs.

Capital	Tiny	Name	Transliteration	Pronunciation (API)	Pronunciation (French)
		has	has		ied
		jo	io		io
		e	j		j
		ze	z		c.
		sca	chtch		chtch
		tvjordyj znak	,	-	i taut
		miagki znak	''	+	ie
		oborotnoje
		ju	you		iou
		ja	ia		ia
		fita	F		F
		iica	y	Contemporary Bulgarian Cyrillic Alphabet The official Bulgarian system of transliteration was designed in 1995 for the Bulgarian Commission for Antarctic names . Other languages For a description of current alphabets based on Cyrillic, see position of letters in the Cyrillic alphabets (Russian). Spelling and cursive handwriting The spelling of handwritten cursive Cyrillic letters as different from the written copy as do our Latin letters. Moreover, in some editions the emphasis printed tiny follows the route of cursive letters (which, typographically , shows the difference between oblique and italic). Some cursive however, are not identical as they are handwritten or printed (these letters are marked by blue color): Legend Row 1: print in Roman Row 2: print italic; Row 3: cursive handwriting. Finally, in Serbian and Macedonian , italics and lowercase cursive have another look , sometimes even closer to the written manuscript: Note: in these languages, the letter lowercase Roman is traced. Miscellaneous Code ISO 15924 : Cyrl extension Firefox to write in Cyrillic on a European keyboard: here Related articles Russian alphabet Ukrainian alphabet Diacritics Cyrillic Apophonie Russian accentual Transcript of Russian French Palotchka Bulgarian Russian Serbian , Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Ukrainian Alphabet Writing Cyrillization Chinese languages Official Bulgarian system of transliteration of Cyrillic Cyrillic count (in) References The authorship of the alphabet is assigned to Macedonia or Bulgaria, according to the points of view. This question is imbued with nationalism. , (= ) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , m, , , , (= ) , , (= St) (= I, A), ( = x) z Denis Deletant, Slavonic letters in Moldova, Transylvania from Wallachia & The Tenth To The Seventeenth Centuries, Ed Enciclopedic, Bucharest 1991. If the Greek was pronounced probably originally [b], he took the pronunciation [v] from the Byzantine era. (en) Toponymic Guidelines for Antarctica , Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 1995. (bg) Official Gazette, No. 19, March 13, 2009. Cyrillic alphabet Letters Non-Slavic letters Archaic letters Variants Russian alphabet Serbian Alphabet Macedonian Alphabet Ukrainian Alphabet History Glagolitic alphabet Cyril and Methodius Specificities Diacritics Cyrillic Transliteration and transcription Official Bulgarian system of transliteration of Cyrillic ISO 9 Cyrillization Faux Cyrillic Braille Cyrillic Transcript from French into Russian Portal of writing

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