Crusades
The crusades of the Middle Ages are pilgrimages armed preached by Pope.
The traditional view identifies the Crusades to the period 1095 - 1291 , the Council of Clermont to the capture of St. Jean d'Acre , and is limited to shipments that had the Holy Land and aim for the East theater. In the broad definition, all the wars against the infidels and heretics , sanctioned by the Pope attaches spiritual rewards and indulgences , the Crusades are. The Reconquista , Iberian Peninsula crusade, and in fact part. The dates are so much larger and lead to the Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) in the second half of the sixteenth century. This is the so-called traditional definition that used in this article.
The first Crusade began in 1095 , it is marked by a strong popular participation, that is to say consisting of thousands of pilgrims walking. It is also an occasion for the pope to reoccupy a portion of land lost during the Arab expansion of the ninth century, and make accessible to Jerusalem pilgrimage. It led to the founding of the Latin states (or FF) in the East. The defense of these states is responsible for the organization of the other seven major crusades; of 1095 to 1291 (the date of the loss of the last positions in the Latin East), many groups of soldiers and pilgrims have participated in the adventure of the Crusades.
From the Fourth Crusade , which resulted in the capture of Constantinople in 1204 , the idea of crusade is sometimes misguided, and expeditions are organized by the pope against his opponents Christians ( Albi , Hohenstaufen , Aragon , Hussites ...) or pagan ( Baltic ). If they allow the maintenance of the Latin states of the East, they no longer aim Jerusalem and an opportunity for the papacy to tax the clergy. In fact, only the Catholic Church and the Italian merchant cities have benefited from the crusades.
The term "crusade" is rare and does not appear until the middle of the thirteenth century medieval Latin in 1850 and only in the Arab world Origins of the crusade The main reason for the Crusades is the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre (the tomb of Christ) by Christians. Jerusalem remained the center for Christians from the spiritual world on earth. The pilgrim might be collected before the Calvary and the Holy Sepulchre. The " true cross "was venerated there . The conquest of Palestine by the Arabs (Jerusalem was taken in 638 ) barely touched the pilgrimages to holy places, the Fatimids but imposed a fee to pilgrims . To brave the dangers were even part of the spirituality of the pilgrimage. Among the faithful even spread the idea that the pilgrimage was washing away the sins. With the end of piracy in the second half of the tenth century, the flow of pilgrims grew. However, in 1009 , the caliph Fatimids of Cairo , al-Hakim , was to destroy the Holy Sepulchre . His successor permitted the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it, and pilgrimages were again allowed. As we approach the millennium of Christ's death (1033), the flow of pilgrims increased again. Many monasteries were built in the city. Richer pilgrims were sometimes robbed by Bedouins . Some bands of pilgrims formed a real army troops. In 1045, Father Richard took with him seven hundred companions who could not happen, however, that up to Cyprus. In 1064 , Siegfried, archbishop of Mainz, and led four other bishops with them seven thousand pilgrims, including the barons and knights, who had to fight a real battle to the Bedouins and Turkomans. Among these pilgrims was a former soldier who, after unpleasant marital adventures, became a monk, his name was Peter, and history has added his name to that of the Hermit. Indignant at the abuse he received in Palestine, and having visions, Peter thought to be responsible for the mission to rally Europe to rescue the Holy Land. He went to Rome to enlist the support of Pope Urban II, who authorized him to call Christians to deliver the Holy Places. Peter the Hermit then began to browse the Italy and France , urging the crowd with his pamphlets full of tears, cries, screams, curses for the infidels and promises of heaven for those who went to deliver the tomb of Jesus. His eloquence and vivid acting powerfully frenetic crowds on . Among the reasons given by the monk, the key was that the Turks forbade pilgrims Christians access to the holy city, and that massacres had taken place for pilgrims. The historian Jacques Heers mentions a pilgrimage to a troop important driving in 1064 by Siegfried, archbishop of Mainz , attacked and almost completely decimated by Ramal Bedouins 25 March 1065. However, Robert Mantran , another historian, says that pilgrimages, including six years between 1085 and 1092 , took place without the sources do not mention any particular difficulties. This persecution of pilgrims were more the work of troops that the maneuvers of looters systematically. In the fourth century, the Church expresses, through St. Augustine , a theory of just war. In the ninth century, the Popes tried to create the "militia of Christ" to protect Rome, threatened by the second wave of invasions . Pope John VIII even gave absolution to those who were willing to die in defense of Christians against the Saracens in Italy. From the late tenth century, the Church tried to Christianize the warlike habits of the knights by offering among others to fight the Saracens at the frontiers of Christendom, Spain. In 1063, in a letter to the Archbishop of Narbonne, the Pope wrote that it was not a sin to spill the blood of the infidels . This paper broke new ground by claiming that taking part in a war serves the Church was a charity as penance or pilgrimage . Although success was not at the rendezvous, the church had the habit of encouraging war against Muslims, and attract those fighting the Frankish knights. The border kingdoms became vassals of the Holy See, important asset in the struggle of the popes against the Holy Roman Empire . In addition, the Normans spread the idea that the Byzantines were loose, rich and cunning . For the French Northern Muslims were heretics, pagans and worship false gods . At the time of the First Crusade, the Byzantines called it the West with the terms of Franks or Celts. But Westerners were the most famous Norman. First employed as mercenaries for their courage and cohesion, popular Byzantine generals, they conducted their own policy early. In 1071, they realized the conquest of all southern Italy where they founded an independent kingdom. 1081 to 1085, they conducted a series of attacks against Greece, under the leadership of Robert Guiscard. To cope with its many enemies including the Turks Seljuk , Byzantine emperor sought help of Western troops. The aim was that they began to serve the empire. This request for troops was interpreted by the pope as a cry for help against the invaders threatening . Six months after the Council of Piacenza, Urban II summoned a council at Clermont in 1095 involving mostly Frankish bishops. One of the canons of the Council promised a plenary indulgence, that is to say delivery of penance imposed for the forgiveness of sins and not the forgiveness of sins for those who will "deliver" Jerusalem. To close the council, in a famous public preaching November 27 1095 , Urban called to arms all Christendom. He mentioned the "evils of Eastern Christians." He called Western Christians to stop making war and unite to fight the "pagan" and deliver the brothers of the East. He hides nothing of the sufferings that await the pilgrims . In that appeal directly to the knights without going through the kings, the enthusiastic crowd responds: " Deus lo volt "(God willing) and decides to take up the cross, that is to say a vow to go to Jerusalem. The sign of this vow is a cross of cloth, a symbol of renunciation and of belonging to the new community of pilgrims armed with privileges. We call those who bear the signatory cruce. Success seems difficult to explain. It is possible to advance material explanations. The movement for peace and closer ties of vassalage limit the possibilities for adventure in the West. Starting in the crusade, the knight can reach its salvation without renouncing his life of war . Heavenly retribution does not prevent the hope of material rewards in the East. If the Crusades were possible because at the end of the eleventh century, the Middle East was divided. In the South, the Fatimids were ruling Egypt and controlled parts of Palestine. The rest of the Middle East was under the domination of the Seljuks, a nomadic Turkish people converted to Sunni Islam in the ninth century. In 1055, they took control of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad . After the victory of Mantzikert in 1071, the Turks reached the Bosphorus, but soon, the Seljuk Empire was divided into a series of principalities whose main rival was the sultanate of Rum. Syria was also divided into several independent states around Aleppo , in Syria , of Tripoli , of Apamea and Shaizar. Many popular preachers relay the call to crusade. The best known is Peter the Hermit. Many waiting for the Apocalypse leave no hope of returning before the official date set by the pope. Peter the Hermit began his preaching in the Berry and the Orleans , the Champagne , the Lorraine and the Rhine , bringing in its wake fifteen thousand pilgrims, supervised by nobles and knights which Gautier Sans-Avoir. Arrived in Cologne on 12 April 1096 , he continued to preach to the Germanic peoples, while Gautier Sans-Avoir led the pilgrims in the direction of Constantinople . Backing parts of Rhineland s'acharnent initially on the Jewish communities of the Rhine cities, trying to forcefully convert them. Refusal of baptism is for the people, regarded as an insult to God can bring his wrath on men . Present for centuries, Jews and foreigners suddenly become murderers of Christ should be punished before issuing the holy places . Perhaps twelve thousand Jews have died in 1096 . Some bishops protect the community from the city , . The Pope condemned the violence, often the work of the dregs of society. It does not appear that Peter the Hermit has called for persecuting the Jews, but the terror created by the pogroms committed in Germany enable it to obtain Jewish communities of the regions it passes through the supply and financing of the Crusaders. Four armed knights depart as scheduled. That of northern France and Lower-Lorraine, led by Godfrey of Bouillon follows the route of the Danube. The second army from the southern regions of France, led by the Count of Toulouse, Raymond de Saint Gilles, and the papal legate Adhemar of Monteil is through Lombardy , the Dalmatian and northern Greece. The third, in southern Italy, commissioned by the Norman Prince Bohemond won Durazzo by sea fourth, central France, whose leaders are Stephen of Blois and Robert of Normandy through Rome . During the summer, the crusading leaders take control of strongholds in the neighboring regions of Antioch. The army took the road to Jerusalem in January 1099 . The Syrian Christians show the safest route to Latin knights. They descended along the coast, taking several towns. They take Bethlehem on June 6 and besieged Jerusalem the next day. The Crusaders are short of water, wood, weapons and are not numerous enough to invest the city. An expedition to Samaria and the arrival of a Genoese fleet at Jaffa provide them with everything they lack. The city was taken July 15, 1099 after a two-day assault. Some crusaders massacred the Turkish garrison despite the intervention of the Count of Toulouse who interposes, the Muslim population of the city is spared as evidenced by correspondence from the emir of Nablus who collects the survivors . For their part, benefit from the Byzantines difficulties Seljuks to resume their part of Anatolia. A number of pilgrims after having performed their devotions took the road back. They issued Jerusalem, and thus fulfilled their vow. Other Crusaders got ready to stay in the East. Godfrey of Bouillon was elected by his people as a prince of Jerusalem. Godfrey played no role during the crusade but the barons preferred the conciliator unambitious to impetuous and uncompromising Raymond de Saint Gilles appointed by the Pope as commander of the crusade . He refused to be named king of the kingdom of Jerusalem. He said: "I would not wear a crown of gold where Christ wore a crown of thorns." He took the name of Advocate of the Holy Sepulcher, Sepulchre is Advocatus Sancti, reserving the right of eminent new state of the church. In September, he remained alone in his new possessions with only three hundred knights and two thousand pedestrians. French institutions were very isolated from each other and poorly connected to the sea . Jerusalem became the capital of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, which extended to the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez. Repopulated by Christians, it was the seat of the military orders of the Jerusalem Temple and the Hospital of St. John, and an active site of pilgrimage. Jerusalem became a Roman city. The Holy Sepulchre was rebuilt in 1149. A citadel was built, called the Tower of David . Latin and Eastern Christians lived together without too much difficulty. In the West, news of the capture of Jerusalem provoked the departure of new armies sometimes exceeding a thousand men. But lack of agreement, all these back Crusades failed in Anatolia against the Turks who had temporarily re-unity. The sea became the only means of communication with the West. Archbishop Daimbert of Pisa , who arrived in Jaffa with a hundred and twenty ships, had himself appointed Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, and leader of the principality of Antioch and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, was awarded one quarter of Jerusalem and all of Jaffa. Godfrey, meanwhile promised the Venetians who came to Haifa, a third of all the cities that they would help to conquer . Quotas, Norwegian, also arrived by boat also helped the Crusaders to the Holy Land set to occupy the cities of the coast . A few months later, after the death of Godfrey, his brother Baudouin, a href = "Liste_des_comtes_d% 27% C3% 89desse" title = "List of Counts of Edessa"> Count of Edessa, was crowned King of Jerusalem Latin Patriarch of the city. He extended the kingdom of Jerusalem by the conquests of Arsouf , of Caesarea , in Beirut and Sidon. For his part, Raymond of Toulouse conquered with the help of Genoa the County of Tripoli . From 1128 , Islam said the initiative around the rulers of Mosul , the atabeg Zengi. Pope Callistus II thought of organizing a new crusade to rescue the Latins of the East but his appeal remained unanswered. However, throughout the twelfth century, pilgrims, individually or in groups, performing pilgrimage to Jerusalem and help the Franks . Zengi managed to regain Edessa. The initiative of the crusade back to King Louis VII. He wanted to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to atone for his mistakes : a crime whose memories tormented him: the burning of a church where a number of people had sought refuge. He obtained the Pope's promulgation of a new bull of crusade, so far without effect. Preaching back to Bernard of Clairvaux in Vezelay 31 March 1146 and then to Spire. In Germany, the popular preaching of a former Cistercian monk causes a new outbreak of violence against Jews that Bernard of Clairvaux manages to stop . Germanic and Frankish armies together over 200 000 puzzles, including a good share of popular elements particularly unruly and prone to violence, mainly in the army of Conrad III , Holy Roman Emperor. Much is made of soldiers but civilians: poor people, who crossed to be forgiven their sins and for their salvation in the eternal life. It is therefore hardly surprising that the Roman Emperor had little control over such an army. Conrad III from Regensburg in May 1147 following the bank of Danube in the direction of Edessa. Franks, headed by Louis VII, leaving Paris a month later, in June 1147, by the same way that Germanic troops. The indiscipline in the army Germanic causes of incidents in the Balkans. In Constantinople, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos wishes to regain its suzerainty over Antioch and asked him two sovereigns to pay homage. Conrad III and Louis VII refused. They thus lose the support and assistance of the Byzantines who refuse to supply them, which has the effect of complicating cross Asia Minor. The Emperor of Constantinople, anxious to see large numbers crossed the gates of his city, the press cross the Bosporus to reach Asia. While the Byzantine armies are employed to monitor the Crusaders, Roger II of Sicily takes the opportunity to seize Corfu , of Cephalonia and plunder Corinth and Thebes. This is Admiral George of Antioch, emir of emirs, that is to say, Prime Minister of Roger II, who, although Syrian Orthodox command of the Sicilian fleet operating the devastation on the shores Byzantine . The Second Crusade therefore promotes Norman ambitions in the Byzantine Empire. Manuel I Komnenos resigns himself to sign a treaty with the Sultan of Rum . Relations between the Franks and Germanic fester, who decide to walk separately. Conrad's army was defeated at Dorylaeum. Conrad is reconciled with Manuel, who offered him the Byzantine vessels that take them to Acre. Louis VII and his army following the coastline, but harassed in the Meander valley, he abandoned the non-combatants in Adalia. The latter, deprived of military protection were massacred by the Turks. At this time of shipment, the three-quarters of the parties in Europe have disappeared. Louis VII aboard with his knights to Antioch. Raymond of Poitiers , prince of Antioch, offered him an expedition against Aleppo, which threatens his possessions. But he ridicules Louis VII by having an affair with his niece Eleanor of Aquitaine , wife of King . Louis VII anxious to make his pilgrimage, unwilling to listen to his rival and ignoring the military realities of the Latin states of the East, refused. He joins Conrad in Jerusalem. Completed their pilgrimage, some left in Europe, the two sovereigns are being lured by the barons of Jerusalem in an expedition against, not Edessa as expected, but Damascus. The Crusaders give up the seat after four days (24-28 July 1148 ). The Second Crusade ends without any results. The prestige of Louis VII is seriously affected. The failure of this second crusade is assigned by popular opinion to the excesses of sins of the Crusaders. The failure of the Second Crusade was even accused Bernard of Clairvaux as he preached a crusade of penance without regard for the organization . The atabegs Mosul have returned to honor the theme of jihad and extend their control of Syria. Nur-al-Din, the son of Zengi, ensures the ultimate control of Edessa . The heads of the Latin states are forced to ally with the Byzantine Empire. The Fatimid viziers continue to be using either the Syrians and Franks . Finally Saladin , managed to become the last Fatimid vizier, and the death of the latter became lieutenant atabeg for Egypt and restored Sunni (1169), thereby realizing the union of Syria and Egypt. Saladin attacked the Frankish positions . It seeks to isolate the Latins. He concludes that for alliances with the Seljuks in 1179, with the Byzantine Empire and Cyprus in 1180. Indeed, the Byzantine Empire in Europe is threatened by the Hungarians, Serbs and the Normans of Sicily and has more capacity to support its former allies. A truce with the Romans, however, concluded in 1180. It was renewed in 1185. Saladin took the opportunity to gain control of Aleppo and Mosul. At the same time, serious internal divisions undermine the kingdom of Jerusalem. King Baldwin IV is very ill - he is a leper -. The ruling class is torn over his estate. The Kingdom of Jerusalem, threatened, can not count on any outside help. On the death of Baldwin Sibylla , sister of the late king, and her husband Guy de Lusignan are crowned. Raymond III, count of Tripoli, disappointed to be dismissed, seeks the help of Saladin. He refuses at first because it has renewed the truce with the kingdom. But Renaud de Chatillon , a lord brigand looted a caravan traveling Arabic in Damascus in 1187 and refuses, despite the order of the new king, to make the booty. Saladin declares holy war . During the Battle of Hattin , the Frankish knights are almost all caught and are issued only in exchange for ransom or to their castles . Renaud de Chatillon, two hundred Templars or Hospitallers were killed and almost all the knights are captured. Sergeants or pedestrians are killed or sold as slaves. Saladin takes one after the other strongholds of the Interior. It authorizes the start against ransom of some of the fighters and residents to Tyre to ship to Europe, the rest of the population is engaged in slavery. In Jerusalem, Balian of Ibelin Saladin obtained an honorable capitulation to the redemption of a third of the October 2, 1187 (approximately 10,000 people come to deportation and slavery ). The triumphal proclamations sent across the Muslim world spend the glory of the winner . Institutions are then reduced to Tyre and Beaufort for the kingdom of Jerusalem and Tripoli, Krak des Chevaliers , Antioch and Margat north . When news of the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin succeeds in the West, Pope Gregory VIII calls for launching a new crusade and peace. Richard of Poitou , the future Richard the Lion-Heart took the cross first, soon followed by Henry II of England , Philip Augustus. At the same time, the fleet's naval William II of Sicily sailed to the forefront of Tripoli , Antioch and Tyre and provides refueling last strongholds of arms and men . The same month, the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa leaves Regensburg with the largest army ever assembled cross at least 20 000 knights. It follows the overland route. The hostility between the Byzantines and Crusaders Germanic Barbarossa is very important and threatening to march on Constantinople. Under pressure from the emperor Isaac Angelus sign of peace and is committed to cross the strait to the Germanic army. While crossing the Anatolia ends, Barbarossa drowns the 10 June 1190 accident in the river Saleph (currently Gksu , blue water in Asia Minor) and a large part of his troops returned to Europe. Some hundreds of Germanic knights only manage to Acre. In the Holy Land, King of Jerusalem Guy de Lusignan had begun to besiege Acre with a small force in August 1188 . The two sovereigns arrived in Acre with the largest army ever assembled Frankish. Saladin's troops take their turn in a half-seat harmful to her communications and its supplies. But Saladin failed to break the siege of Acre and the French regained the city to Muslims July 12, 1192 after two years of siege. The failure of Muslims is partly due to their mode of fighting, unsuited to that of the Frankish army, but mostly fatigue Muslim troops. Allies and vassals were obliged to bring troops, but the campaign was too long and not even the prospect of booty compensator . After the capture of Acre, Philip Augustus returned to France . Richard the Lion Heart, left alone, fighting Muslims Arsouf. Arrived at Jaffa in September, he spent the year in southern Palestine, during which he had rebuilt Ascalon to fortify the southern borders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It forces the admiration of the enemy by his prowess. Twice (in December 1191 and June 1192), he manages a few miles from Jerusalem, but can take back the city. Indeed, it can not penetrate too far in inland lest his communications cut. It also assists in resolving problems of dynastic kingdom of Jerusalem. Guy de Lusignan , whose wife had died, retain the royal title that should go to his death at Isabella, the heiress to the throne, and her husband Conrad Monferrato. After signing a treaty by which Saladin waives eliminate Frankish settlements in Syria, he returned to England in October 1192 and was captured by Leopold V of Babenberg , Duke of Austria and imprisoned for a year and a half. The third crusade prevented the fall of the Frankish Syria and the establishment of a second kingdom of Jerusalem in Kingdom of Acre fact, reduced to a coastal strip where the Italian merchant communities play a significant role . English and French rulers now turn away from the crusade. For knights, it becomes a kind of rite of passage and an institution. In 1194, the Trinitarian order was founded by Jean de Matha for the redemption of captives prisoners of the Muslims. It was later confirmed by Pope Innocent III in the bubble dispositionis divine operation. The Emperor Henry VI , son of Frederick Barbarossa wants to resume the crusade to their account in order to impose its sovereignty to the Byzantine emperor and the newly established kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia. His troops captured Sidon and Beirut in 1197 and re-establish territorial continuity between Acre and Tripoli, but his army disperses immediately after his death on 28 September 1197. The years between 1187 and 1204 marked a watershed in the history of the Latin East: The Fourth Crusade was called by Pope Innocent III in 1202. From the beginning of his pontificate, he wants to launch a new crusade to the holy places of inspiration purely papal. He forged the idea of "political crusades" to be taken over by his successors. He lifts the first taxes to finance the Crusades and expresses the first law to "the exposure of prey", ie the right for the pope to allow Catholics to seize the lands of those that does not repress heresy . The crusade was preached in France by the legate Peter of Capua and the pastor of Neuilly-sur Marne, Fulk of Neuilly , with great success with the nobility of Champagne . It is led by the Marquis Boniface of Montferrat. But the Fourth Crusade does not turn under the pope. The Crusaders deal with Venice. They rent a fleet for 85 000 marks silver 4500 knights to carry, 9,000 horsemen and 20,000 infantry. The Crusaders, who can not pay for their trips to the Venetian owners, are diverted by them at Zara on the Dalmatian coast they take to Venice. The pope excommunicated the crusaders and Venice but rises quickly excommunication for the Crusaders. Philip of Swabia, brother of Alexis Angelo, son of the deposed Byzantine emperor Isaac II, promises aid of the Byzantine Empire to the Crusades when Isaac was restored to his throne. Innocent III hopes to take advantage of divisions Byzantine to restore the unity of the Church . It does not preclude a new diversion of the crusade to Constantinople at the instigation of the Venetians, under the pretext of restoring Isaac II 's rights or the taking of the city by the Crusaders and Venetians April 13, 1204 . Enrico Dandolo fact designate Baldwin of Flanders as emperor of the East. Innocent III accepted the fait accompli is good with promises of church union and support for the Latin states of the East. But, aware of the excesses of the Crusaders, he talks about the first diversion of the crusade and accused the Venetians. The concept of deviation is contemporary with the Fourth Crusade . If Innocent III is at the origin of perversion of the idea of the Crusades, the overwhelming responsibility of Venice in the fall of Constantinople. The Republic uses the best circumstances to serve its interests. Since 1082, she got in the Byzantine trade privileges immense almost constantly renewed. But she feels threatened by the commercial competition of Genoa and Pisa, who obtained similar benefits, by piracy as the Byzantine Empire and does not repress the hostility of increasing the Greeks. In 1172 and 1182, anti-Latino riots led to the massacre and deportation of Italian merchants. Attacked from all sides in the Empire is disintegrating. The conquest of Constantinople to the Venetians would circulate around the Black Sea that is currently closed to foreigners. The economic interests of Venice, Constantinople grows to dominate . The Doge Enrico Dandolo has considerable leverage: the debt of the crusaders, the "right" of Alexis IV and the immense wealth in the old capital. The Fifth Crusade was preceded by the children's crusade launched simultaneously in the Paris region in the Rhineland and northern Italy, shortly after the emotion at Pentecost 1212, by processions ordered to help the victory over Saracens of Spain. Following a vision, the young shepherd Estienne Cloyes-sur-le-Loir gathers pilgrims and leading to Saint-Denis to meet King Philippe Auguste. At the same time, other groups go to Germany and go to the ports of Genoa and Marseilles. Chroniclers report that some managed to pick up and they are sold as slaves or die of starvation during the trip. Some manage to win Rome. The Emperor Frederick II hanged some of the traffickers Marseille compromise in the matter. Despite a name that is uncertain and translations of documents later, this movement affects very few real children, and participants are mostly poor people willing to teach a lesson to Christians more privileged, for whom the idea of crusade blunted . At the same time, Innocent III tried to convince the Sultan of Egypt to restore Jerusalem to the Christians, so that peace moves between Muslims and Christians. The construction of a Moorish fortress on Mount Tabor, blocking Acre, decides to preach the crusade the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. The armies of Hungary , of Austria , and Bavaria first attack on the fortress of Mount Tabor. Then May 31, 1218, the Crusaders fleet anchored before Damietta , a port on the main branch of the Eastern Nile and keeping the road to Cairo. While the city is under siege, St. Francis of Assisi and his followers come to the Muslim army. They are arrested as spies. They have saved that life through the Sultan of Egypt . After a long siege, the crusaders captured Damietta November 5, 1219. After the devastation of the city, the papal legate Pelagius Galvani persuades them to attack Cairo. Constantly harassed by the troops of the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Kamel , the Crusaders must surrender unconditionally. At his coronation at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1220, Frederick II promised the pope to go on a crusade. But in the Empire, he is facing resistance from Lombard communes in 1225-1226 and is slow to fulfill his wishes. Meanwhile, the Crusaders had already arrived in the East, having restored a few strongholds, are beginning to leave for the West. However, the papacy sought to loosen the grip that puts the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire with its Papal States by removing the ambitious ruler . Frederick is excommunicated by Gregory IX in 1227 for failing to honor its promise to launch the Sixth Crusade. He embarks Brindisi for Syria the following year while his excommunication is lifted. His brief crusade ends in negotiations and a mock battle with Sultan Malik al-Kamil "The Perfect" with whom friendships were forged, and by agreement, the Treaty of Jaffa. He recovered without fighting the cities of Jerusalem (where the Muslims remained in the Temple), Bethlehem and Nazareth. He was then crowned King of Jerusalem on 18 March 1229. While Frederick II went to the East to keep its promise to meet, the Pope launched against him an army financed by a tax on the incomes of the clergy and the balance of the monies for the Albigensian Crusade . The Latin East is back in the saddle for ten years. In 1237 , a new crusade was launched by Pope Gregory IX. This " crusade barons "is directed by the Count of Champagne , the Duke of Burgundy and Richard of Cornwall. It continues the tradition of negotiations with the Moslem princes, exploiting rivalries. Count Richard obtained the restitution of a large part of the kingdom of Jerusalem (1239-1241), complementing the work of Frederick II . The situation remains confused in the East. Allied with the Franks against the Syrians, Egypt. The Templars attacked Egypt in 1243 , were defeated, and in 1244 the Korasmiens (bands Turkmen service of the Egyptians) resumed Jerusalem. Pope Innocent IV launches a new call for the crusade. The King of France, Louis IX , and that Norway decided to take the cross but only accompanied by Louis IX of English barons and the Prince of Morea. It starts from Aigues-Mortes in France and arrived in Cyprus in 1248. The Crusader army seized Damietta in 1249 and began the conquest of Egypt. This campaign is a serious failure in which Louis IX was captured with his men in 1250 . The success of the Egyptian army, mainly composed of Mamluks has resulted in the arrival in power of those who massacred the last Ayyubid. The captivity of Louis IX leads the crusade to shepherd the initiative of a Job, or Jacob or Jacques, Hungarian monk of the Cistercian order who claims to have received the Virgin Mary a letter stating that the powerful, rich and the proud can never regain Jerusalem , but only to reach the poor, humble shepherds, which must be the guide. Thousands of herdsmen and farmers take the cross and march to Paris , armed with axes, knives and sticks. On the road, abbots and prelates shepherd accused of greed and pride, and even attack the knight , accused of despising the poor and benefit from the crusade. Jews are beaten. Cities were pillaged. It follows a fierce repression and few survivors able to Marseilles and sailed to Acre , where they join the Crusaders. To be freed, the prisoners of the Sultan of Egypt should pay a heavy ransom and surrender Damietta. Louis IX then spent several years in the Holy Land to put on the defensive territories held by the Franks. At the same time, he established diplomatic relations with the successor of Genghis Khan , Qubilai , believing in the value of an alliance that could take Islam back to . He negotiated a truce with the Muslim rulers before returning to France in 1254. This reconciliation is short lived. Crusader States were again threatened by the Egyptians. Urban IV calls for an eighth crusade. The Crusaders go from 1265 to 1272. They devote their efforts to help the Franks of Acre to defend their past positions. For Louis IX, the eighth crusade is a pilgrimage of expiation. He goes to Tunis because it hopes to convert to Christianity Hafsid Amir al-Mustansir and, perhaps, make Tunisia a base to attack the Mamluk Egypt which then controls the Holy Land. It rapidly became clear that the Emir has no intention to convert. Dysentery (or typhus) wreaked havoc among the troops. Louis IX, touched in turn, dies August 25, 1270 at Carthage . In the East, Edward of England manages to bring the Sultan to grant a new truce to the Latins. The Second Council of Lyons , chaired by Gregory X in 1274 decision of a new crusade. But the reluctance of princes and the slowness of the preparation are that it never occurred. After the fall of Tripoli in 1289, Nicolas IV proclaims a crusade. But it fails to save Acre in 1291 The structures of the crusade The initiative of the crusade comes most often to the pope, more rarely a monarch. Thus in 1267, Louis IX crosses himself after having informed the Pope . Pope preaches the Crusade itself or entrust the preaching of clergy allowed. In the twelfth century, it is often slow down the ardor of the popular preachers behind many excesses. From the Second to the Fourth Crusade, the preaching of the crusade is entrusted to the Cistercian order. Funding also varies with time. During the First Crusade, the Crusaders must fund their own trip. Gagent much land from the monastic orders whose land holdings increase. Again, it is a sprained right because in theory the feudal fief can come back at lord. During the twelfth century the lord comes to require the help of his vassals. The kings of France to lift contributions in 1166, 1183 and 1185, one or two pence per pound of goods for the defense of Frankish lands in the East. The Saladin tithe of 1188 is the first real tax imposed on property and income in France and England. During the first two Crusades, the Crusaders travel the land route and through the Byzantine Empire. The emperor is committed to developing markets supplied along the route . Earthen Byzantine, the crusaders have problems of exchange, Byzantine changers offering unfavorable rates. At the crossing of Anatolia, there must be twenty days' provisions. But the Turkish attacks and lack of water causes considerable losses among beasts and men. Thus when the Third Crusade, two of the three sovereigns choose Seaway. The Crusades allow the development of the business of the Italian cities. In exchange for help in Genoa, the French barons attributed to the Genoese a share of booty, neighborhood or fondouk, the exemption of taxes in the conquered cities. In addition to transport and resupply of the Latin states, counters are used to support imports of Western luxury goods like spices East, East to exports of woolen cloth, guns, wood and iron. The Orient becomes the field of rivalry between Genoa and Venice. After the Fourth Crusade and the capture of Constantinople by the crusaders, Genoa is excluded from the Byzantine lands. The city therefore offers its support to Michael VIII Palaeologus , who recovered his Constantinople, gives his allies a monopoly of trade in the Black Sea . To avoid having to change their currency at a disadvantageous rate, the Crusaders used a discount. The Templars pay in Syria Louis VII the money needed and are reimbursed in Paris. The Crusades thus allow development of banking . From the beginning of the crusade, shipping is a company dedicated to the feudal chivalry. The fulfillment of the vow of the cross becomes an essential step in the formation of the perfect knight. In the imaginary chivalry, Christ became the perfect gentleman to whom we can sacrifice. The crusader is a miles Christi, "knight of Christ." Columnists compare the Crusaders to the chosen people who wrote a new history Holy . The preachers have no problem talking about the riches that await the Crusaders in the Holy Land. They speak of a rich and fertile soil that will meet their expectations . The fact that thousands of men and women are moved and have agreed to brave the danger and suffering for the love of God is proof that the human masses of the late eleventh century were very receptive to The promise of indulgence plenary but mostly hope that recovery of the Holy Sepulchre would be the beginning of a new era . But above all, peasants, women, children, clerics who have forsaken all to follow the popular preachers hope that the issue of Jerusalem will inaugurate a new era in the history of the Church and the world. The wait eschatological and millenarian is very strong in the people. Prevent the coming of the Antichrist , to hasten the Second Coming are among its concerns. Those who responded to the call for a crusade, are also convinced that God has assigned a task: to free the holy places and purify the world from evil in order to prepare his return . Weapons of victory are for the masses, penance symbolized by the cross sewn on the garment, fasts, prayers, processions, where the many mortifications inflicted pilgrims. The Crusades reveal for the first time in the West there is a spirituality popular action-oriented, means to earn salvation . The Crusades contributed to distance Christians from Muslims, but especially the Catholics of Orthodox . After the Crusades, Catholics can not, for five centuries, make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Primarily, the Crusades were the subject of a transfer of knowledge from East to West . A number of modifications designed to limit the heating in the sun: several authors reported many deaths due to sunstroke. The helmet is often replaced by the gossan along hauberk by a coat of mail shorter, the Vest , or the gambeson (padded garment worn under the coat of mail, to absorb the impact). Similarly, the cover covers the armor and horses, to limit the heating in the sun. Turkoman horses are purchased (or stolen) in large numbers to replace the horses killed in combat or dead. Arming local, high quality (the dealer had excellent reputations to Damascus), is also used to replace weapons that European fighters have lost or broken. More broadly, the use of Turkish mass, which helps break down the armor pieces, became widespread in Europe after the Crusades. It causes the abandonment of the helmet with flat top, replaced by the curved helmets, deflecting the blows. The main adjustments are located but in military tactics. The deadly effectiveness of mounted archers, who often are the horses of the Franks, grows to a questioning of the battle based on research of the shock front. The greater use of infantry, protecting the horses behind long shields, and bowmen and especially archers , more powerful and accurate than the archers can compete with the riders Muslims. Units mounted archers are also created, as well as units of light cavalry indigenous, turcopoles very useful also for intelligence. But the favorite tactic, creating the massive load of breaking the enemy's army, is not abandoned, and heavy weapons either. On the one hand, and spending habits in this heavy armament made it difficult to abandon them. On the other hand, the heavy armament ensures superior to some of the fighters Christians most often outnumbered. Finally, choosing the moment of combat for the armed fighters are not waiting in the sun, and that the fight is short, Europeans have sometimes excellent results . To support the cause of defending the Holy Land, the first orders of monks, soldiers are founded, mingling with the warrior instinct the monastic ideal. The first orders, French and Spanish, are formed in communities, asceticism and prayer for cleansing the sword to defend the pilgrims and to vanquish the "pagan", identifying the sword of the archangel Michael piercing the dragon. In the fourteenth century, when there is more crusades in the Holy Land many new orders appear, always have a place of sacrifice and purity, still devoted to prayer and mortification. But the mortification is dedicated to a woman more often than God, festivals and competitions take precedence over prayer. The twilight of the medieval orders of chivalry transforms into aristocratic circles in which elaborated the art of living, an allegorical language, literary and graphic imagery with the illusion that implements the chivalrous gesture . Although directed against Muslims, the Crusades were against the interests of the Byzantine Empire . troops passing through the Byzantine Empire commit inevitable excesses of their size . It thus came the Normans benefit of the crusades to attack the Empire. The measures taken by the emperors to protect the Empire Crusader (Latin surveillance troops, an alliance with the Turks ...) cause great distrust vis--vis Byzantium and a sense of betrayal. Alexius Comnenus was treated and perfidious traitor. Norman propaganda amplifies the theme of Greek treachery becomes a commonplace and an explanation of chess puzzles . It legitimizes the taking of Constantinople in 1204. For the Byzantines, this event is definitely an act of piracy crusades whose religious purpose is a facade. At the end of the eleventh century, the jihad has lost its appeal among Muslims. The Latin West has entered a phase of reconquest at the expense of Islam. Just as Muslims recognize the Jewish and Christian communities, the Christian states of the East and the Muslim Sicily grant institutions own and some freedom of worship. The excesses of the first Crusaders - a trait typical of any assault whatever the attackers - has succeeded cohabitation acceptable and quite similar to the Muslim practice . The Crusades were not conducive to mutual understanding of two civilizations. Most rewarding contacts have been formed in Spain , in Sicily and Constantinople after 1204. Like all propaganda, that of the Crusades is rather negative. Muslims are accused on this occasion of idolatry, immorality and even to praise and justify violence, while Christians themselves were advocating war to gather and recruit knights under the banner of Christ. The Crusades were an opportunity for Western Christians to face a mass of non-Christians . The disputations religious are rare. While some Muslims have become Christians, the passages of Christianity to Islam were more numerous. Religious conversions to Christianity are often made under duress . The missionary Ricoldo praises the hospitality of Muslims . Primary Sources. 
The remote causes
The pilgrimage to Jerusalem
The war against the infidel
The proximate causes
The Byzantine Empire, led to the crusade?
At the Council of Piacenza in June 1095 , the ambassadors of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus to Westerners demanded military assistance to fight against the Turks. Byzantium did not call for a crusade. Fight against the Arabs and Turks was a matter of defending the Empire.
The penetration of the Seljuks in Asia Minor was accompanied by several Byzantine looting and abuses against the local population. In Syria, already under Muslim rule, the arrival of the Turks provoked less brutality . The Christians of Syria have apparently not he ask for help. 
The call of Pope Urban II preaching the First Crusade
Urban II then attempts to temper the enthusiasm that his reckless appeal has raised. Clerics can not leave without the consent of their superior, or that young husbands without their wives and lay it without a cleric. However, it is impossible to renounce the vow to go on pain of excommunication. Urban II have ten more months in Western Francia to preach the crusade. His call is addressed primarily to his background, the Frankish nobility South of the Loire. But in the summer of 1096, the combined quotas far exceed this framework . Godefroid de Bouillon , Duke of Lower Lorraine and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne joined the expedition, and the king's brother, Hugh of Vermandois Robert of Normandy and Stephen of Blois. Bohemond , eldest son of Robert Guiscard, he too decided to pass. The departure was set for August 15, 1096. A divided Islam
Middle East divisions were religious and ethnic. The Turks were Sunni minority. The Arab population was Shiite, Ismaili or Christian . Christians themselves were different trends: Orthodox, Melkite and Monophysite. There were Armenians in northern Syria. For these Muslims or Christians, the Crusades were military expeditions relief after the Muslim invasion, expeditions which they took part in bringing the Crusaders in Antioch, or during the crossing from Lebanon before the siege of Jerusalem . The weakening of Islam has permitted the growth of trade through Italian cities in the Mediterranean. Venice , Bari and Amalfi have established links with the East, and Pisa and Genoa drove the Saracens from the Tyrrhenian Sea . The creation and defense of the Crusader States (First - Third Crusade)
The First Crusade (1095 - 1099)
The People's Crusade
Having persuaded a number of Germanic to leave, he left Cologne at the head of about twelve thousand crusaders April 19, 1096 and through the Holy Roman Empire and Hungary along the Danube. On the way, troops led by Peter the Hermit indulge in clashes in Belgrade and local in the suburb of Constantinople, unable to buy their own food. Groups of Northern and Western Francia Rhine in April 1096, arrive without too much difficulty in Constantinople some months later. But most of the Germanic group never arrived in Constantinople, destroyed or dispersed by the Hungarian troops . The Knights travel to Jerusalem
The first troops of knights arrive at Constantinople when the Crusaders went popular in Asia Minor began slaughtering Christian villages. If the first arrivals go smoothly, gradually and as the troops crossed arrive, incidents are increasing. The Emperor Alexius I Comnenus seeking an oath of allegiance on the part of leaders of the Crusade, and go to the empire all the land it owned before the Turkish invasion. Most accept . The Crusaders besieged Nicaea which is made in June 1097 to the Byzantines. They beat several Turkish emirs walking across the Anatolia , pass through the Tauri, succeed in Cilicia and lay siege to Antioch October 20, 1097 . The Crusaders exhibit territorial ambitions on their own account. Baldwin of Boulogne with the Armenian Thoros shaking guardianship Turkish Edessa and became his heir. The siege of Antioch is long and difficult. The Crusaders developed a strong resentment against the Byzantines, whom they accuse of double game with the Turks. Bohemond managed to make that promise the fighters would take possession of the city, he entered it first and if the Byzantine emperor did not come himself to take possession of the city. Through an internal complicity, he managed to enter the city. Soon find themselves the besiegers besieged by the Turks and undergo a very tough seat. The relief army led by Bohemond managed to overcome the Turks without the help of the emperor. The crossing has been released from their oath of loyalty to the city and keep them . Create the Crusader States
The Second Crusade (1147 - 1149)
The failure of the Second Crusade
Saladin and the fall of the first kingdom of Jerusalem
The Third Crusade (1189 - 1192)
A Franco-English conflict delays the start of the kings of both kingdoms until 1190. Embedding in Genoa and Marseilles , the troops crossed winter in Sicily where they fight on many political issues and personal . The capture of Cyprus by the King of England provides a basis to cross near the scene of conflict . 
The Crusades of the thirteenth century, deviation and impotence
The Fourth Crusade (1202 - 1204)
The capture of Constantinople by the crusaders
Responsibilities
In fact, the Venetian empire will establish the most durable of those from the Fourth Crusade . In Venice, choie an entire neighborhood of Constantinople, the ports of Koroni and Methoni in southern Peloponnese and Crete which supplies from the fourteenth century, wood, wheat and agricultural commodities. Greek islands which are installed Venetian families remain more or less in the wake of the Serene . The deviation of the idea of Crusade and the sacking of Christian Constantinople in transforming the military orders and financial powers, hence, political . The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)
The Sixth Crusade (1228 - 1229)
The Crusades of Louis IX
Organization and ideology of the crusade
The pilgrim receives spiritual privileges and material constituting the status of the Crusader. During the First Crusade, Urban II promised to those who died en route or in combat the remission of sins, those who perform the vow of crusade plenary indulgence . From Innocent III, the canonists develop a coherent doctrine of the crusade. They therefore justify a holy war, yet contrary to the Gospel message, arguing that the infidels have occupied the Terre devoted by the death of Christ and mistreating Christians. The war of conquest and forced conversions are justified by the impossibility What Christian missionaries to spread the word of God in Muslim lands. Therefore we must conquer in order to proclaim the Gospel. The canonists also establish a hierarchy of indulgences after time spent in the Holy Land two years for a plenary indulgence . With the Fourth Lateran Council, the plenary indulgence is extended to those who contribute to the construction of ships for the crusade as far benefited only fighters. It is a direct appeal to the owners of Italian cities
The bubble praedecessores quantum states that the cross, his family and his property under the protection of the Church. It is during his trip exempt from taxes, assistance, tolls. Payment of its debts is suspended until his return . The civil power protest against this encroachment of the Church which deprives him of soldiers and revenue. Besides the first crusade, Pope Urban II said that the vassal must obtain the approval of his Lord to reduce conflicts. After the failure of the Second Crusade, the Crusader's status is most often attributed to men under arms. In the thirteenth century, the cross is given to women, children, old men who must then redeem their vow . Financing the Crusades
For its part the Church moves from collecting donations to taxation. Innocent III, which is imposed for the first time the clergy. In 1199, he decided to take a fortieth of the total income of the clergy and a tenth for the cardinals, hence the name of tenths . The Fourth Lateran Council , which he chairs, also decided to hit the ecclesiastical revenues of a tax of one twentieth and property of the pope and cardinals to a tax of one tenth . Decimating the current becomes the thirteenth century. It involves the creation of specialized financial administration. These are the legacies that control the lifting and other resources: bequests, purchase greeting cards, charitable gift of an indulgence proportional . While overall, the money spent in the crusade, however sometimes there are diversions. The remainder of the decimated paid by the French clergy to the Albigensian Crusade is even used to fight the war against Frederick II. This "diversion" weakens the cause of the crusade. The movement of troops and supplies
The sea route is ancient. From the late eleventh century, pilgrims Scandinavian and English earned the Holy Land, bypassing the Iberian Peninsula. In fact the only success of the Second Crusade was the capture of Lisbon by English and Flemish crusaders. In the twelfth century,Genoa , Pisa and Venice began to supply the Latin states and this by the end of the First Crusade. The Italian maritime cities to help decision-ports . They regularly transport pilgrims. During the Third Crusade, Genoa is committed to ensuring the passage of six hundred and fifty knights, one thousand three hundred horsemen, all horses and supplies on behalf of Philip Augustus. In the thirteenth century, the agreements between Italian ports and the Crusaders are more about boat rentals . The spirit of the crusade
In popular circles, the crusade called the marvelous. Crowds see signs and wonders manifesting the divine at the time of preaching, which leads them to leave. Rumors circulating on the cross marked in the flesh of the Crusaders alive or dead. These "miracles" are accompanied by prophecies and maintain the idea that the end of the world. The expectation of the parousia is colored by political legends. The king of days take her crown on Golgotha and will be a Frank . Similarly, the submission of the "King of the Greeks" is in all traditions, the prelude to the return of a golden age. The crowd also seeks to impose the ideal of poverty and penance to large especially during the First Crusade . Millenarian expectations have corollary bigotry and violence against Jews and Muslims. The millenarian "tend to obliterate the other group" . The Crusades thus meet the expectations of the faithful longing for a salvation that seems difficult to achieve in everyday life . Results
Adaptations military
Confrontation of East and West
The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades
The concept of crusade or holy war is incomprehensible to a Byzantine. Wars are for them only political acts. The Orthodox Church is hostile to the use of weapons by the laity and even more for clerics. The Byzantines are outraged, sometimes, Latin priests participate personally in the fighting . Despite these differences in the twelfth century, most of the Crusaders, the Byzantine Christians are brothers. Consciousness of schism hardly exceeded ecclesiastical circles. These are really the events of 1204 and really digging the final separation between Roman Catholics and Orthodox. Hatred of Latin is stronger than that of the Turk . Islam and the Crusades
Muslims of the time did not perceive the reason of religious crusade and it takes up little space in the works of Arab chroniclers except those from neighboring countries such as the Franks Ibn al-Athir . Only public opinion in countries threatened or injured, first northern Syria, is actually hostile to the Crusaders . In fact, the Crusades did not cause "cons-crusades" and the renewed interest in the holy war, jihad, only serves to gather the most Jazeera, Syria, Egypt, the Arabs and Kurds and Shiites to eliminate . Cons by the establishment of a military state in Egypt in the second half of the thirteenth century can be considered a direct consequence of the Crusades. This state is very intolerant of dhimmis (Jews and Christians) because it fears an alliance between them and reverse the growing power Mongol . References
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