Crucifixion
The Crucifixion (from classical Latin refers to the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth , considered by Christians and Muslims as the Christ. According to the text New Testament , Jesus Christ was condemned to death by the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate , at the instigation of the Jewish authorities, and executed by crucifixion. The cross of Jesus was likely a crux immissa Story in the Gospel According to the Gospels , Jesus was forced, like other condemned to crucifixion (later to this particular case the Crucifixion), to carry his own cross to Mount Calvary (the place of the skull), place of execution. According to the synoptic gospels , on the road to Golgotha , the soldiers forced a passerby, Simon of Cyrene , to carry the cross of Jesus. The reason is not given in the Gospels , but the Gospel of Mark is appropriate to include children of Simon Alexander and Rufus, as if they were characters known to future readers of Mark (Brown et al. 628). Paul also cites a "Rufus" in his Epistle to the Romans (Rm 16. 13) . Luke adds that women disciples followed Jesus, and wept over his fate, but he answered them with quotes (Hos 10. 8) . Jesus was delivered to the "sixth hour" of the "night" (midnight) to be crucified (John 19:14-16). We must take care not to confuse this "sixth hour" with that mentioned in Matthew 27:45, since it is the "day" in the latter passage. When they arrive at Golgotha , the synoptic Gospels state that Jesus was offered wine mixed with myrrh to relieve pain, but he refuses. Jesus is then crucified, according to the Synoptic Gospels , the "third hour" day (9 h). The Synoptic Gospels add that contained the cross, above Jesus' head, registration Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." The Gospel of John says that Pilate wrote this inscription on a titulus (sign) , in Hebrew , in Latin and Greek. The canonical Gospels say when Jesus' clothes were taken away by soldiers, to be divided between them in several batches. The Gospel of John says that this fulfills a prophecy of Psalm 22. 18 . According to the Gospel of Luke , the two thieves crucified alongside Jesus , speak to him. Luke states that one mocked Jesus, and the other respect, and that Jesus said the thief respectful, Dismas ( the Good Thief ), quickly gain entry to paradise , traditionally another Gesmas or gestures ( the bad thief ), is regarded as doomed to hell. Dismas is considered the first saint of the Church , canonized by Christ himself: "Today thou shalt be with me in paradise" Luke 23-43 . without any intermediate step, or works, or baptism, through faith alone. Christ on the cross is often shown wearing the prizonium. A number of theories attempting to explain the circumstances of the death of Jesus on the cross through medical knowledge have been proposed during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by a variety of people, including doctors , the historians and even mystical. Most of the theories proposed by qualified physicians (with specialties ranging from forensics to the ophthalmology ) concluded that Jesus endured tremendous amounts of pain and suffering on the cross before his death. In 2006, John GP Scotson reviewed over 40 publications on the cause of the death of Jesus and theories ranged from cardiac rupture in the pulmonary embolism . By 1847, based on John 19:34, the physician William Stroud proposed the theory of heart failure as the cause of the death of Christ and influenced by this theory after a number of other experts , . The theory of asphyxia was the subject of several experiments that simulate the crucifixion in healthy volunteers and many doctors agree that the crucifixion causes a profound disturbance of the ability of the victim to breathe. One of the symptoms of asphyxiation exhaustive crucified is that the victim is gradually becoming more difficult to get enough breath to speak. This may provide an explanation for the brevity of the last words of Christ . The theory of cardiovascular cadence is a popular modern explanation that suggests that Jesus died of profound shock. According to this theory, flogging, beating, and the setting of Jesus on the cross would have left him dehydrated, weak and gravely ill. Christ also was exposed to a complex interplay of physiological insults simultaneously: dehydration, massive trauma and tearing of soft tissues (especially after flogging), insufficient respiration, and physical exertion, would have caused him in a cadence cardiovascular , . Pierre Barbet , a pharmacist and writer of science fiction, makes a detailed set of theories about the death of Jesus. He speculated that Jesus would have had to relax his muscles to get enough air to deliver his last words, while asphyxiation exhaustion. Barbet hypothesizes that a crucified person would have to use her feet to lift her body pierced in order to get enough breath to speak . The representation of the Crucifixion was long delayed, mainly due to the humiliating ordeal of the cross. The first pictures, in fact, date from the fifth century, and have a Christ on the cross still alive, eyes open and wearing the subligacalum (en), held the gladiators. It is only the Romanesque period , either from the eleventh century, the representation of Christ will gradually reflect the theological reality of Christ dying on the cross. This representation follows a relatively strict gun: horizontal arms, head moderately leaning, long hair falling over her shoulders. The legs are separated and perizonium , often with a belt axial and lateral node, down to the knees. The cross roads , however, because they are not in stone and wood, are not fully correspond to this model: the hair is often suppressed in particular. Crosses Gothic appear in the thirteenth century and flourish until the fifteenth century. Their characteristics are changing slowly and the novel model, in fact, still governs the thirteenth century, but already the feet cross. Subsequently, this crossing of the feet will be systematic. The cross often adopts the form of a lozenge or rectangular panel. In the fourteenth century, these panels are carved with a quatrefoil in the fifteenth century and appear jagged flaming. The Gothic era is characterized by the shape of the support arms not untied. The XV and XVI period is the richest art crucifer. The cross-panel gives way to the cross arms untied. The secondary characters appear while a basic pattern tends to prevail: on one side face of Christ, flanked on his right by the Virgin on his left by John. The exceptions to this pattern are rare. On the other side we see the Virgin, first in Majesty (XV century), that is to say, seated, holding the Child on her left knee. Later, the Virgin and Child standing door. Sometimes angels or other characters, like the Saintes Maries complete the picture. The seventeenth century was the century of the Baroque. The previous model remains valid, but sometimes fades considerably. The best works (with a barrel chest, winged heads of angels) are not uncommon and illustrate the reaction of the Catholic Council of Trent. Art cruciferous dark with the eighteenth century. Are now very rare works of genuine artists, while the peasant type dominates. Simplified forms, absence of side characters. The Virgin, however, continues to occupy the rear, but most often it is only in the position of praying. The Revolution is a dark period, various decrees ordering the destruction of mere cross paths, together with vicinal towers and chapels. These requirements are fairly followed. From 1801 it is repaired, and monuments. The nineteenth century is rich in quantity, less quality. The peasant style still reigns supreme, despite the intrusion of a few workshops. The twentieth century witnessed two major waves of erections: in 1918 , to celebrate the end of the conflict, and the jubilee year 2000. Nevertheless, the monuments are of lesser aesthetic value . Crucifixion by Theophanes the Cretan Note the different postures of Christ on the Cross: and representation of the Cross with Christ alone crucifix. Medical aspects of the crucifixion
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