Clment Vii (Antipape)
| Clement VII Antipope | |
|---|---|
| |
| |
| Birth name | Robert of Geneva |
| Birth | 1342 in Annecy |
| Election to the papacy | 1378 |
| End of the pontificate | 1394 |
| Instead of pontificate | Avignon |
| Successor | Antipope Benedict XIII |
| Pope (s) / antipope (s) | Urban VI Boniface IX |
| Lists of Popes chronology Alphabetical | |
change  | |
Robert of Geneva (1342 to the castle of Annecy -1394 in Avignon ) is a prelate Savoy and antipope. It was the first of the Avignon popes of the Great Schism of the West under the name of Clement VII, including his successor elected the antipope Benedict XIII , who made her use his legal expertise.
He is the son of Amadeus III , Count of Geneva , and Mahaut d'Auvergne.
Summary |
Born in Annecy, Robert was successively Bishop of Throuanne in Artois, in 1361 (he was then 19 years) in 1368, then bishop of Cambrai from 1368 to 1371, when he was elevated to cardinal.
The popes serve in Avignon. Five successive popes, cardinals and 80% are French . Despite the protests of Charles V King of France and the majority of the cardinals, he left Avignon on 13 September 1376 and embarked at Marseilles on October 2 for Italy. He manages to Corneto via Genoa , December 6. He remained there until arrangements have been made in Rome about his government and its future installation. On 13 January 1377 , he left Corneto landed at Ostia the next day and went up the Tiber to the monastery of San Paolo, where he made his solemn entry into Rome on 17 January 1377.
But his return to Rome does not end the hostilities. Robert of Geneva became a cardinal is a man of action and is responsible for putting down the rebellion: the terrible massacre of Cesena more Italians revolt against the papacy. The riots led Roman quasi-continuous Gregory to retire to Anagui towards the end of May 1377.
The accession to the title of Pope of Urban VI ( in 1378 - 1 389 ), successor to Rome of Gregory XI (who had resided for a time at the Palais des Papes in Avignon ) triggers the Great Western Schism. Urban VI is a pope very authoritarian. The College of Cardinals, led by a French majority, then accuses him of having been elected to Rome under the pressure of population in revolt. Supported by the Kingdom of Naples they elected Clement VII ( one thousand three hundred and seventy-eight - 1,394 ) when they held a conclave at Fondi in the Rome area. He moved to Avignon. The Sacred College denounces the previous election of Urban VI, the Church has now two popes, it is the beginning of the Great Schism. The Christian West is then split into two along the cleavage of the Hundred Years War : While England and the Holy Roman Empire maintained their loyalty to Rome, France, Scotland and the Spanish state support Clement VII.
Backed by France, Clement settled in Avignon, where he began to struggle against Urban VI. The latter gradually loses its allies, becoming paranoid tyrant. He tortured and disappeared his own cardinals who were considering replacing .
But Clement VII wiper failure in the kingdom of Naples, where Queen Jeanne was murdered by Charles of Durazzo , a supporter of Urban VI. The lack of initiative and opportunism of its allies do not allow him to overthrow Urban VI. At his death the 15 October 1389 , the cardinals elect his successor, Boniface IX , thus perpetuating the schism.
The confusion of time benefits to Raymond, Viscount de Turenne, Lord of Baux de Provence, which uses foam strips and road region .
The Shroud of Lirey
During autumn 1390 , Clement had to deal with a shroud that is pretending to be Christ's. A case that was being triggered a scandal in Champagne. Pope's brother, Amon, Count of Geneva, had recently wed with Vergy Jeanne, widow of Geoffrey de Charny . The first exposition of the Shroud had begun in 1357 , and was immediately struck with severe admonition of Henry of Poitiers, bishop of Troyes , who had forbidden .
This sister had requested and obtained in 1389 , the authorization of the pope from Avignon to exhibit again in the little wooden church in Lirey this shroud. She did make the exposition held at the six fairs of Champagne .
This agreement had provoked strong papal admonitions from Pierre d'Arcis, the new bishop of Troyes , who wrote to the pope to wear, respectfully but firmly, to his knowledge that everyone in the diocese knew that this shroud was false . He even specified that his predecessor Henri de Poitiers, had known the person who had made this false relic . Somewhat annoyed at being thus left notching, Clement VII then sent to the canons of a bubble Lirey requiring them to explain to the pilgrims' every time they show the shroud to the crowd, they take care to say in a loud voice that is not the true shroud of Our Lord, but a painting that depicts Christ. " But at the same time he ordered the bishop of Troyes to keep an "eternal silence" on this matter under pain of excommunication . The bishop did not yield. He did know the facts king Charles VI. This seemed satisfied, because immediately it Evoia a bailiff to seize the relic on behalf of the crown . The canons of Lirey and their parishioners opposed by force. The Bishop of Troyes, to enforce his authority and that the king sent this time to complete a memorandum of Avignon Pope asking him to prohibit the exposure of the forgery. He explained:
"The Lord Henry of Poitiers, of pious memory, then bishop of Troyes, knowing that and pressed by many religious people to take action ... after reasonable inquiry and after examination, detect fraud and as such had been cleverly painted linen, namely that it was a work of human art and not miraculously made and designed . "
The pope intervened with its parent to calm the tension. There remained, however Lirey until 1418. The shroud came by inheritance to Geoffrey II de Charny, who had him transferred to Saint-Hippolyte from 1418 to 1452. Then he bequeathed to his daughter Margaret. It was donated in 1453 to Louis of Savoy. Stored at Chambery , he burned the 4 December 1532. In 1578 , the Savoy was the place to Turin where he became known as the Shroud.
When Clement VII died on 16 September 1394 , he has been unable to reconcile the divided church, or take a decisive advantage over its competitor Urban VI and Boniface IX.
Titles
- In 1378 - 1394 , Pope of Avignon.
- 1392 - 1394 , Count of Geneva, succeeding his brother Peter died without issue.
| Preceded by | Clement VII (antipope) | Followed by |
| Pierre | Count of Geneva .svg) | Humbert VII Thoire |
References
- The Middle Ages in the West, Michel Balard, Jean-Philippe Genet and Michel Rouche, Hachette, 2003, page 285
- Flachaire Vincent, Gregoire XI - Pope in Avignon from 1370 to 1378
- a and b Flachaire Vincent, Clement VII - antipope of Avignon from 1370 to 1378
- a , b , c , d and e KE Stevenson and GR Habermas, op. cit., p. 133
- KE Stevenson and GR Habermas, op. cit., p. 132
- a , b and c KE Stevenson and GR Habermas, op. cit., p. 134
Bibliography
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- P. Pansier, Avignon The chronicle of William Garey, tienne de Govern Novarina and Bartholomew (1392 - 1519), Annals of Avignon and the Comtat Vaucluse, 1913.
- KE Stevenson and GR Haberman, The Truth about the Shroud of Turin, Ed. Arthme Fayard, Paris, 1981.
- N. Valois, The role of Charles V at the beginning of the Great Schism (1378), Paris, 1887.
- N. Valois, Raymond de Turenne and the popes of Avignon (1386 - 1408), Annals of the Bulletin of the Historical Society of France, 1889.
- N. Valois, France and the Great Western Schism, Paris, from 1896 to 1901.
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