Christian Socialism
Socialism refers to a set of doctrines based on economic collective ownership , , , as opposed to capitalism.
If socialism refers to the origin to the collectivization of the means of production, various socialist doctrines have emerged and developed since the nineteenth century such as Marxism , the anarchist socialist, social democratic. Each uses the term socialism despite differences in methods and objectives differ. These doctrines themselves can refer to different contents depending on the time. So today, when the term socialism is used in politics in France, he is closer to the concepts of social democracy in a modern sense that some forms of socialism in the nineteenth or imagined in the USSR , defends the social progress , and promotes the emergence of a egalitarian society without social classes .
For their part, academics Georges Bourgin and Pierre Rimbert define socialism as "a form of company whose fundamentals are:
- Social ownership of means of production;
- Democratic management of these instruments;
- Adjust production to meet the individual and collective needs of men. "
Summary
|
Etymology
Word of the Latin socius, common name meaning companion, friend, partner, ally, confederate and adjective meaning joint, united, partner, ally, pooled and shared. . The word derives from the verb sequi socius 'follow'.
Its first use dates back to the Abbe Sieyes who in the 1780s suggests a "treaty of socialism" to speak "the goal that seeks man in society and how it ad'y achieve." In this ephemeral use, then the word means "science of society" .
In its modern sense, the word socialism goes back to Pierre Leroux , who reportedly used in 1831 by Branca-Rosoff and Guilhaumou and according to Pierre Leroux himself , or in 1832 in his book Speech to Policies the current situation of the Human Spirit by his son . In March 1834, Pierre Leroux employs the neologism in a text entitled De individualism and Socialism, published in the Journal encyclopedic. Pierre Leroux claims his "invention", he also defines as "the doctrine that will sacrifice any of the terms of the formula Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. "
According to some, it would be Saint-Simon who had first used the word "socialism" in 1827 . Others trace the origin of the word socialism to English (1822) or Italian socialismo (1803) .
Some different meanings
According to the geographical points of view
The word socialism has taken different meanings in different countries. This is a semantic shift: it is less the definition of the word "socialism" that differs between countries (it remains a system opposed to capitalism, based on the abolition of private ownership of means of production) that the use of the adjective "socialist." Thus, at present,
- In Europe and southern Mediterranean, the term "socialism" means that correspond to the countries of German culture or the Scandinavian social democracy. Socialist parties French , Italian , Spanish , etc.. and defend a line mostly social democrat.
- In Scandinavia and Anglo-Saxon, the word "socialism" means more revolutionary currents and sharper break with the capitalist economy. Thus, in English, the term socialist has kept a very radical direction. It is used by the far left and virtually the meaning of "communist" without referring to the history of Stalin's USSR. Thus, for example, in Scotland, the party Solidarity (Scotland's Socialist Movement) , Solidarity (Scotland's Socialist Movement), is there a party of the extreme left, which is also the case of the Socialist Party of Great Britain (SPGB).
As political views
The word socialism has taken different definitions depending on the political perspective of his employer, giving rise to several debates are really about its definition.
Within the socialist movement, a more or less wide may be given to the word socialism:
- A definition revolutionary or reformist , socialism can not be the complete abolition of capitalism and its replacement by a socialist society, the fact that this is a revolution or a series of reforms.
- A definition social-democrat, socialism can be achieved through reforms while remaining within the framework of capitalism, and compromise (interim or permanent) with the economy "liberal." The vision of socialism, described social democrat in the current political language, or "moderate" is not recognized as truly "socialist" by other tenants of socialism.
- For Karl Marx - and later Rosa Luxemburg - socialism is the abolition of wage labor and the democratic socialization of the means of production. From this point of view, we must not confuse the Marxist socialization of the means of production and the nationalization Leninist thereof. According to Maximilien Rubel , Marx's socialism involves the questioning of Capital and State-Leninism as the police - because it maintains the wage system and the dictatorship of companies - leading to a capitalism state that oppresses the proletariat de facto (to understand, read his analysis of Soviet capitalism) .
The question of the Soviet regime. The term socialism has been used by leaders of the states of the Soviet bloc to nominate their own plan (see the name of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ). "Socialism" was defined by theorists as Leninists preliminary and necessary step toward communism, the ideal society classless and stateless. The scheme was originally also called the dictatorship of the proletariat , a term abandoned around 1936 for the "triumphant socialism" and then, around 1970, the "developed socialism." In political terms, the use of the word "socialist" by these schemes is denounced by the socialists and the non-Leninist Leninist not Stalinists. Historically, during the Cold War , there has been a fairly general use of the term "socialist camp" (behind the USSR and the Warsaw Pact ) as opposed to "capitalist camp" or "Western" (behind the U.S. and NATO ).
The relationship of socialism with democracy :
- For the Socialists, the two concepts are inseparable, socialism is seen as a natural extension in the economic order of what democracy in the political order. According to the definition of Bertrand Russell , "The essence of socialism is by definition the claim of common ownership of land and capital. Common ownership may mean ownership by a democratic state, but does not include ownership by any State which is not democratic. " .
- For others, the notion of "democracy" does not appear in the definition they give of socialism, regarded primarily as an economic system marked by the abolition of capitalism.
History of socialism synthetic
The origins of socialism are the subject of debate related to how to broach the subject. Although it is not possible to date the origin of the concept of socialism with ancient philosophers like Plato generally accepted that caste and slavery , its approach to the concept of justice sought to show that it was for the benefit of the lowest, thus approaching of utopias Social, religious movements and secular pre-1789. Others will date the onset of physical manifestations of a movement identified as socialist.
From an ideological perspective, the materialist analysis is socialism in historical perspective of will on the suppression of the report "dominated / exploiter, and in the tradition of most struggles for emancipation from Antiquity: Inheritance including claimed by Spartacists of Rosa Luxemburg. The rationalists of the French intellectuals between the wars as Paul Valery is more cons rfrrent by Rene Descartes , as "chief conspirator", that is to say, in the words of D'Alembert and vision Enlightenment, as the first thinker secular.
From the historical point of view, a general consensus of historians are two phases in the genesis of modern socialism. The first phase is that of thinkers of the first half of the nineteenth century , with men like Saint-Simon , Pierre Leroux , Robert Owen and Charles Fourier and Proudhon. The second phase reflects the birth of the term "socialism" and the emergence in the mid- nineteenth century a movement, certainly divided, but shares of major points of analysis. This new movement has emerged in the era of industrial revolutions of the nineteenth century and found a battleground intimately linked to modern society of classes (as opposed to the society of orders), including the working class. The main thinker of this second phase is Karl Marx. The constitution of powerful nation-states from the late eighteenth century were also an element of analysis and reflection.
The question of the state and the collapse of the socialist movement
The socialist movement was divided from its appearance, particularly on how to get to the socialization of the means of production. Some believe that the state is an enemy by its very nature, of which nothing good can come out, others consider it a dangerous tool, but useful, provided that we can take control with this still differences on the method. Generally, there are three schools of thought:
- Supporters of a disappearance of the long-term government, but supporters to use during a transition phase. To organize this disappearance, those that have been designated in the early twentieth century by communist Marxists advocate and grabbing the levers of state power by the proletariat organized, violent manner if necessary, to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. The representatives of this current have long been affiliated with the Communist parties the Third International. The application claimed socialism in the Soviet bloc countries after the Second World War was severely criticized by other groups, communists, Trotskyites type or belonging to the Communist left. Currently, proponents of this ideology are more prevalent in left-wing movements in the former Stalinist parties, often associated with power "bourgeois."
- Proponents of a social transformation based on the rule of principle by nonviolent means (elections, the Socialist parliamentary group). Violence is rejected as unnecessary, as the progressive implementation of socialism produces only good effects that contribute to the movement. This current time Socialist Reform (where the word "reform" is to oppose "revolution", but in an analysis Marxist ) gave birth to the socialist parties of government, skilled in different countries and traditions of "socialist" parties, "Labor" or "social democrats". They are heirs of the Second International, after the renewed war in International Socialist Workers and refounded in Socialist International. Parties claiming to represent this current in Europe today one of the two main political forces, and direct several countries. They are the major political force left to Parliament.
- Supporters of the immediate abolition of the State (in the form of workers' autonomy, for example), libertarians and minority Marxist , refusing the use of an apparatus of oppression (the state). The libertarians defend federalism within the working class. The trade union or communalism was a practical means to union workers, before it became publicly funded "bourgeois" during the twentieth century. The councilism meanwhile is another mode of action towards this autonomy. This third way was never able to actually influence the national political life, with few exceptions, very transient, always in specific contexts.
In addition, activists have tried concrete experiences of utopian socialism , particularly in the context of colonization. The practical results of these experiments were hardly convincing, but helped to stimulate reflection.
The initial cleavages of socialist thought evolved to literally burst its multitude of ideologies and views of society often quite distinct and that now cover both the extreme left that the left government.
The socialism today
The current policy is today claiming socialism is: Socialism Marxism , the social democracy (the word "socialism" as used commonly in France), and self-managed socialist or libertarian ( libertarian socialism ). The utopian socialism in its approach to society and to the economy has not experienced political affiliation homogeneous, although it has been claimed by some common hippies and has influenced some systems of thought non-Marxist left and break with social democracy ( solidarity economy , alternative , self , communitarianism places of life ). Thought ecologist in particular, in one aspect may be in this relationship.
The various socialist theories
The utopian socialism
Origins and Affiliations
Socialism was also born in the years 1,820 - one thousand eight hundred and thirty with thinkers - the precursor - like Saint-Simon (do not confuse it with the Duc de Saint-Simon , memoirist), who enrolled in the tradition of the school ideologists. Other thinkers like Charles Fourier , Proudhon and Louis Blanc in France or Robert Owen in the United Kingdom , considered the first to put his ideas into practice with the creation of a working community.
These early socialists, and Saint-Simon , were not identified themselves as utopian. This term was applied to them later by Friedrich Engels , who accused them of neglecting too much the social reality, the existence of the proletariat and the importance of class struggle. The dominance of Marxist tendencies in socialist thought was thereafter as this qualification controversy has prevailed, although no objective criterion not allow today to demonstrate that the socialist vision of the first was more utopian than the Marxist (this last by itself refers to the idea of human progress toward a harmonious world without social conflict that has yet existed anywhere).
The legacy of Saint-Simon will be multiple. His writings have been taken after his death in 1825 by Barthlemy Prosper Childish (Ecole Polytechnique), to generate the current of Saint-Simon. This trend has been fairly quickly "schism" between the supporters of Childish rather liberal ( Barthlemy Prosper Childish , and Michael Knight ), and supporters of Armand Bazard (Ecole Polytechnique as well), which initiated a scientific socialism. Bazard Armand can be considered a precursor of Marxism Analysis and Philosophy Utopian socialism promotes social transformation and building an ideal society based on the abundance and equality. Utopian socialism does not establish any distinction between different social classes and it is for everyone, whether rich or poor, exploiters and exploited and do not plan to rely on a human group, rather than on another in its strategy of transforming society. Philanthropists, the utopian socialists turn all their criticism of capitalism around its adverse consequences on human development. The man is primarily the product of his family and social conditions, but also to its environment: the company makes the man. Despite the building of theoretical ideal societies based on economic and social systems successful (the phalanx Fourier communism colonial Robert Owen ), they consider pragmatically prioritize the fight against the harshest consequences of the capitalist economy. They advocated inter alia the reduction of working time. In general, improvement of living conditions of workers is the best way to fight against social ills such as drunkenness or the need for private charity. In an ideal society, police, prison, lawsuits, public assistance and have more reason to be. This elevation of the proletariat at the level of human dignity goes especially for the smaller by the existence of nursery and an effective education system. Utopian socialism is based on a very optimistic view of man: man is good by nature, which means that we can trust in his reason to change society and lead a civilization of reason and good be. The construction paper of ideal societies has led to intellectual constructs complex and complete. Experiences of "primitive communism", that is to say, combining a social community and the harmonious sharing of wealth and means of production have been implemented and tested in a few colonies of North America. This type of social organization has not experienced real sequence, except perhaps in a somewhat different form through the kibbutz Jews in the Middle East. This vision of small communities, condominiums and co also recalls another reaction to industrialization: a return to earth and a desire for harmony with nature. Utopian socialism differs from other socialist in its approach. It does not generally advocate of revolution, and does not trust the state action. Beyond the many theories he advocates an immediate practical implementation of small-scale socialist societies (communities) from initiatives "private" or "citizens". The sustainability of communities, their ability to survive in a capitalist to endure despite the personal evolution of the founders was the main challenge. The ideal of social change on a large scale diffusion federation of communities and they global then stayed at a mere dream. Utopian socialists: Marxist socialism is a political theory based on the materialist conception of history , characterized by the objective of sharing the means of production and trade as well as division of property equally to all. This trend was mainly influenced by the thought of Karl Marx , hence the term " Marxism ". He fights for a world without social classes , and oppression. See also articles: Thought of Karl Marx , Value Theory (Marxism) , Gain (Marxism) and Category: Marxism Marxists defend the building of an egalitarian society where men live without the presence of an exploitative economic system, or the States. Marxists are largely based on the humanities , including the history to base their theories. They think in the history , economic structures, political and social ideas determine more than the reverse. For Karl Marx , the work allows man to transform deep nature. Work is thus a source of progress , but is, in the form of slavery , of serfdom and wage labor , a major source of injustice. The work is so tedious and mindless. This " alienation "in the Marxist sense, means that the proletariat produces economic wealth but do not have, and they would turn against him in the form of contempt and the violence of capitalist (or owned). For Marxism , the main source of alienation in modern times lies in capitalism , characterized by private ownership of means of production (machinery, businesses, factories and capital), the wage system , the domination of one social class over others. The means and the proletarian worker is obliged to pay salaries to live. The Marxist theory of value derived from that of classical liberalism: the value of a property is defined as the amount of work that incorporates (theory Ricardian value). Indeed, in order to compare the values of goods, it is necessary to refer to a common unit and stable second gold property in the goods, their usefulness, have no common value, and therefore can not be compared. So the work, the expenditure of human energy, which is their common denominator and to estimate their relative value. The work force is itself a commodity, that the proletarian must sell to the capitalist order to create, using material resources possessed by the capitalist (the principal) value. Labor power is sold for its exchange value, but that is the capitalist earns its use value (the work itself) as the two different values, it makes a surplus, which Marx called surplus value. The difference between the two values is that the value of the labor force is defined by a basket of goods that allows its recovery: the nineteenth century , it is actually the cost of survival (food mainly). This is the value that the worker receives in lieu of wages (W). Now it is possible that in a day, the worker provides a work whose value (N) is greater than that required for its own maintenance: this is more work than he extorts the capitalist form of surplus value ( PI = NW). The rate of surplus value is then defined by PI / W. To increase the capitalist can: Finally, for Marx, the capitalist system hopelessly clogged and generates more and more goods he can not sell. The solutions of the bourgeoisie is advertising (which cost is borne by buyers), the creation of false needs, inflation or war. Also, altering the long-term capitalism (including the falling rate of profit) and the exploitation of man by man led Marxists to imagine a society with a collective ownership of means of production. According to Marxist analysis, the dominant class organizes society protecting the best possible privileges. For this, it establishes the State , the political instrument of domination: a police and military forces responsible for maintaining security and public order, order "bourgeois." Marx also speaks of "the dominant ideology." In every society there are certain ideas, certain beliefs and values that dominate the social and cultural life. These dominant ideas are produced mainly by the ruling class. Consequently, these ideas expressed predominantly domination of this class is to say, justify and seek to perpetuate it. These dominant ideas permeate the minds, and so often exploited a worldview going against their real interests. In ancient times, the majority was convinced of the natural inequality of men, hence the maintenance of slavery. In the Middle Ages, the majority thought that the aristocratic order was intended by God and unsurpassable. Extrapolating to modern times, most believe that inequality and private ownership of means of production are "natural." Since the state is a repressive machine that goes against freedom, it must delete the rule, a prerequisite for the emergence of an egalitarian and just. The decline of the state to go through several stages: Marxist or Socialist Marxian : Anarchism has long been an integral part of the international socialist movement, including the world premiere , which he embodied the libertarian tendency. The main thinkers of this trend will be Pierre Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin , other thinkers of this trend will follow thereafter. At the genesis of political anarchism, one finds the pioneering work of William Godwin : in 1793 he published Survey of political justice and its influence on morals and happiness, work largely inspired by the French Revolution. He proposes a radical critique of society and all forms of government that prevent the development of individuals, and that lead to their corruption. The work of Bakunin is today an important reference of libertarian socialism. Libertarian socialism or anarchism member, is the critique of socialism authoritarian and hierarchical , as is the critique of statism. The diversity of approaches seems not to be anarchists summarized in a single view. Libertarian socialist: The social democracy has historically outcome of Marxism , even if the philosophical and ideological affiliations with this current have been broken. The Social Democracy is recognizable in the parliamentary system and proposes candidates for election. Social democracy was initially at the time of the First World War, abandoned the revolutionary socialism to convert the " reformist socialism. " She then gradually, from 1950 to 1980, resigned to what socialism said Reform, which guarded the goal of exceeding the capitalism , the advent of a socialist society and the collective ownership of means of production. This reformist socialism was to oppose the revolutionaries, supporters of a seizure of power by the proletariat organized. Reformers advocated support of the parliamentary groups organized and on representative democracy ( Jean Jaurs ). The existence of progressive liberal and democratic institutions required by the forces of the center-left (Democrat, Liberal and Radical Socialists) has greatly influenced its direction. The advent of social democracy as an ideology has been really identified with the First World War and the split with the opponents of the war, now referred to as " communists "who came together for the majority in the Third International of Lenin from 1919. Social Democracy claims to the principles of " democratic socialism "as set by the International Socialist restored in 1951 Congress Frankfurt. The different modes of party organization and political traditions of each country or geographic area makes these parties are called to work in areas dominated by Anglo-Saxon, where workers are the groups that founded the party that represent in Parliament, Social Democrats in the countries of Scandinavian or Germanic tradition, where the party was erected in the center of gravity of a real company-cons and socialists working in areas of Latin culture or rural areas where majority the role of municipal socialism is important. It is very important to note that the semantic changes that are used more and more the term "social democracy" to style socialism majority. This change of name arose in the era of European integration and a desire for European socialist parties to forge a common identity, a process heavily influenced by German and Swedish models. The term social democracy is often accompanied by a certain connotation "modernist" who seeks to permanently sever all ties with Marxism and to a policy called realist or accompaniment, marked by a culture of government for France where term social democratic left still commonly referred to non-Marxist and some countries of Central Europe where the word "socialist" tends to remind the former republics called communists. The use of the term "social democrat" should however be handled with care, especially as he always refers to Portugal of the political forces of the center-right. In Belgium , trade unionist Andr Renard gave his name to a unique and radical practice of socialism and trade union action related to regionalism Walloon but it makes combat union, called foxes. Social democracy declares to set a target forming a society based on democratic ideals and equality of all citizens. Each individual must be free to flourish in its choice in its decisions as it must only be able to influence at all levels of society in which he lives. The release combines two aspects: to be free from oppression and external constraints such as hunger, ignorance and fear of the future and that can engage and participate in decisions that involve the community. Freedom of citizens requires equality. The equality implies that each person can just get involved in the choices of society and decide their own lives despite the social and family conditions which it is derived. Equality includes the right to make choices and follow different paths, without those differences do not lead to a subordination in everyday life and society. Freedom and equality are both related to individual rights and collective solutions to achieve objectives consistent with the general interest. Man is a social being that grows and flourishes in contact with others, and large parts of what determines individual well-being can be created through joint action. Assuming this common interest of solidarity, sense of community arising from the awareness of our interdependence. The company that designed the Social Democrats is a society based on common action, in respect and concern for others. Every citizen should have equal rights and equal opportunity to contribute to solutions, every citizen has the same duty to take responsibility. Solidarity does not preclude individual development but is deeply incompatible with selfishness which exploits others in the name of a personal interest. The goal of a classless society is seen as distant (or utopian), the Social Democracy accommodates, for the time, facilities that could have been sentenced by the socialism of earlier times. Thus, equal rights is no longer a priority: some special status (eg public) are not only tolerated but also supported. This attitude is justified by the idea that these inequalities are better than one office by leveling down, and that, failing to protect all workers against the excesses of capitalism, it is desirable to protect at least some categories. The "decline" of the state is not wanted, rather, its capacity (especially in economic matters) is regarded as a safeguard against abuse of market economy and a factor of social cohesion through its redistributive role. The exaltation of work and the worker (the core values of socialism and utopian Marxism) is relativized by the Social Democrats, one of whose priorities is to reduce the influence of work on people's lives (actions reduction of hourly loads of work, paid leave, pension rights). These developments are based on the idea that the capitalist system is permanently installed and must therefore develop it rather than trying to build an alternative vision of society. For them, power must be based on the community of persons who constitute society, economic interests did not set limits to democracy: democracy is always entitled to draw the economic framework and set boundaries market. The Social Democrats have set up a social organization where citizens and individuals must be able to influence collective decisions. Each citizen, as an employee or consumer should have the right to influence the arrangement and distribution of production, organization and working conditions. These democratic values and must govern all levels of society so that it is organized without domination or submission, no differences in classes , without prejudice or discrimination Some theorists Ideas of Christian socialism Christian socialism is expressed mainly through two streams: The movements of Christian socialism In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century , two major events will lead to the formation of Christian social currents. The French Revolution will align the position of the Catholic Church on a line against conservative-revolutionary (except for exceptions such as that of the "red priest" Jacques Roux ). However, the emergence of the capitalist economy leads the Catholic Church to challenge the capitalist on a theological basis (the rejection of materialism ) and practice (the denunciation of the consequences of capitalism on the working class). Then arises in the years 1820-1830, the current Social Christian ( Catholic social doctrine and social Protestantism ), which often is well opposed to political liberalism than liberalism. In France, the most forward position of the Catholic social movement is represented by the Socialist romantic Flicit Lamennais (which accepts the legacy of 1789 and will be elected in 1848) and the journal L'Avenir (founded in 1830 with Henri Lacordaire and the Count de Montalembert ) condemned by the Pope in 1832. Then by the journal The New Era , the Abbe Maret , Frederic Ozanam (founder of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul in 1833) and Lacordaire (and logs), which requires a consideration of poverty social. Not forgetting the famous social survey of Alban de Villeneuve-Bargemont. They establish a Catholic social doctrine to which the charity will not solve the social problem only, the solution also requires fundamental reforms that integrating Christian humanism at the heart of the world of work ( right of association , right to strike , minimum wage , etc.).. Develops as a true Christian socialist movement (which accepts full democracy) is also growing ( Buchez Philippe , founder in 1840 of The Atelier (1840-1850) , first newspaper worker, Pierre Leroux , the Fourier Catholic Louis Rousseau ), conventionally classified within the utopian socialism , and who will speak during the Revolution of 1848 , a brief period of reconciliation of the Catholic Church and the proletariat. This current influence of writers such as George Sand or Dostoyevsky. Politically wedged between the condemnation of new political theories by the Pope (the syllabus in 1864) and European socialist movement increasingly structured by revolutionary Marxism (after 1870), the new generation of social Christians represented by Armand de Melun , Leon Harmel or Albert de Mun and Catholic circles workers, advocates a less socialistic social reforms (a position similar to that of the current social democracy). The Social Christians will however stay long suspected in the eyes of socialist revolutionaries even if only because of the origin often royalist Legitimist of this current nostalgia for pre-capitalist time and some accents paternalistic: the French action , which was a member Ren de La Tour du Pin , the author of Toward a Christian social order, take a turn with the influence of monarchist Charles Maurras in 1900. But there were links between the monarchists and some socialist revolutionaries, including La Guerre Sociale , the journal of Gustave Herve Socialism of the chair Socialism of the chair (kathedersozialismus in German) is a current of socialism appeared in Germany in the second half of the nineteenth century. He demanded social reforms promoted by the state and a limited state intervention in the economy. This movement was born in the academic world (hence its name) in the German historical school . It was formalized in 1872 with the formation of the Union social policy. The economist Leon Walras explained that he stands in an intermediate position between socialism that is too involved state and manchesterianisme who does not intervene enough. . His motives included the dual critique of individualism and the desire to put the interest of the national community over those of the individual. Revolutionary socialists believe he had above all to save the regime capitalist preventing a true socialist revolution. In fact, socialism of the chair will influence the social reforms of the German chancellor Bismarck. Its main representative is Gustav Schmoller (1838-1917), Adolf Wagner (1835-1917), Lujo Brentano (1844-1931, which focuses more on the role of unions), Werner Sombart (1863-1941). In many developing countries, the socialist movement, appearing before the Industrial Manufacture phase, found common ground with elements of traditional cultures. In Melanesia. Walter Lini , a pastor Anglican ni-Vanuatu , was the main thinker of Melanesian socialism , an approach that tried to combine socialism, Christianity , traditional Melanesian countries and the solidarity of the Third World (especially Melanesia). Melanesian socialism and must also be understood as a form of Christian socialism (see above). In Africa, many thinkers - such as Julius Nyerere in Tanzania - elaborated and put into practice the socialist theories that were based on traditions of African peoples. In Russia in the late nineteenth century , socialism and Populists ( Narodniki ), based on small autonomous business units consisting of common traditional Russian villages, the In the Arab world, has developed the Arab socialism , especially in the form of Baathism. These points are detailed in the section Reviews of socialism. Some theorists
Socialism Marxist
Origins and Affiliations
Analysis and Philosophy
Some theorists
The libertarian socialism ( anarchism )
Origins and Affiliations
Analysis and Philosophy
Some theorists
The reformist socialism and social democracy
Origins and Affiliations
Analysis and Philosophy
Other socialism
Christian Socialism
Christian Socialism derives its source of the message of Jesus Christ in the Gospels , especially the Sermon on the Mount. It is based on the idea of gender equality (equality of souls), the brotherhood of men (all brothers because "son of God") and human dignity (the men are made "in the image of God"). He advocates a particularly personal detachment of wealth and material pleasures (the man accused of diverting Welfare) and assistance to the poor and persecuted.
Attempts "socialist" (the word socialist is difficult to define before the formation of a capitalist economy) can be found in Christian movements dissidents opposed by the Church in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, but also in some mendicant integrated in the Catholic Church , especially the Franciscans. The colonization of Latin America by Catholic Spain for the College of Jesuits to try a socialist experiment often seen as a precursor of utopian socialism: the Jesuit mission in Paraguay in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Social developing countries
Reviews
See also
Bibliography
Structures of precursors of socialism
Structures of theorists or socialist leaders
Related articles
Generic
Specific
References
Loading ...