Charles Ix Of France
| Charles IX | ||
| King of France | ||
 | ||
Charles IX of France, by Franois Clouet , oil on wood, Versailles , Muse national du chteau. | ||
| Reign | ||
| 5 December 1560 - 30 May 1574 &&&&&&&&&&& 04,924 13 years, 5 months and 25 days | ||
| Rite | 1561 in the Cathedral of Reims | |
|---|---|---|
| Dynasty | Valois Angouleme | |
| Full track | King of France ( 1560 - 1,574 ) Duke of Orleans ( one thousand five hundred fifty - 1,560 ) | |
| Predecessor | Francis II | |
| Successor | Henry III | |
| Heir | Henry III | |
| Other functions | ||
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| Biography | ||
| Birth name | Charles-Maximilien de France | |
| Birth | 27 June 1550 | |
Saint-Germain-en-Laye ,  Kingdom of France | ||
| Deaths | 30 May 1574 (23 years) | |
| Vincennes , Kingdom of France | ||
| Father | Henry II | |
| Mother | Catherine de Medici | |
| Spouse (s) | Elisabeth of Austria | |
| Descent | With Elizabeth of Austria Marie-Elisabeth de France With Marie Touchet Charles d'Angoulme | |
| Residence (s) | Chateau de Blois , of Fontainebleau , of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Madrid | |
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| Kings of France | ||
Charles IX of France, born 27 June 1550 at the royal castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and died on 30 May 1574 in Vincennes , was King of France from 1560 to 1574.
Born Charles-Maximilien de France, he was first appointed Duke of Angouleme and then after the death of his brother Louis of France, Duke of Orleans, 1550 to 1560. It is the fourth king of the family of Valois-Angoulme. It is the third son and fifth of ten children of Henry II ( one thousand five hundred and nineteen - 1 559 ) and Catherine de Medici ( 1519 - 1589 ).
Under his reign, the kingdom was torn by religious wars , despite all efforts by his mother Catherine de Medici to prevent them. It led to the massacre of St. Bartholomew.
Summary |
Reign
It is ten years old when he ascended the throne after the untimely death of his brother Francis II of France , the regency was entrusted to her mother Catherine de Medici who governs until the majority of the king. It appoints Antoine de Bourbon lieutenant general of the kingdom. 13 December 1560 to 31 January 1561 , the Estates General assembled at Orleans conduct the elections. Charles was succeeded his elder brother Francis II , who died after less than a year and a half in power. Charles IX was crowned King of France on 15 May 1561 in the Cathedral of Reims.
The religious troubles
Chancellor Michel de l'Hospital advised the regent to release prisoners from the conspiracy of Amboise. At the Colloquy of Poissy , held on 9 September 1561 , the Queen Mother hopes to find a way of understanding between the party represented by the Catholic Cardinal of Lorraine and the Protestant party represented by Theodore Beza , but no agreement has been accepted. The Protestants do not accept any reconciliation with the Catholics. On 16 November 1561 , the massacre of Cahors , which is nearly 30 dead Protestant, confirms that failure. On 1 January 1562 , the Edict of Saint-Germain-en-Laye allows Protestants to worship in the countryside and the urban suburbs.
However, after the massacre Wassy 1 March 1562 , the Protestants took up arms, headed by the Prince of Conde. After some success, they are beaten at Dreux by the Duke of Guise on 19 December 1562. While Louis de Conde was taken prisoner, the head of the Catholic army, Montmorency, was captured by the Protestants. On 4 February 1563 , Franois de Guise laid siege to Orleans , and died there on February 24 by three pistol shots in the back. On March 19 , with the Treaty of Amboise , a first fragile peace is established. August 19, 1563 , Charles IX was declared major but the queen mother continues to exercise power on his behalf.
Peace of Amboise
The Edict of Pacification of Amboise satisfies no one, and is struggling to be applied: it prohibits the Reformed worship in cities, while Protestants are the majority in many important places, and are masters of several provinces.
In March 1564 , began a grand tour of France organized by the Queen Mother, to show the king to his subjects and make his kingdom to the king. It also helps to pacify the kingdom. The route passes through the city's most troubled kingdom Sens , Troyes in Champagne.
The procession left France April 30, 1564 to go to Bar-le-Duc , where he stayed from the first to May 9 Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, and his wife Claude sister of the King of France, there are baptized their son Henry aged 6 months. Charles IX and Philip II King of Spain, both maternal uncles of the child, are the godfathers of the young prince. The King of Spain is represented by the Earl of Mansfield , Lord of Ligny and governor of Luxembourg. Catherine de Medici, though comforted to have met his son Charles, with his favorite daughter Claude misses his appointment with his eldest daughter the queen of Spain Elizabeth.
Then the royal procession travels to the county of Ligny en Barrois on the borders of Lorraine, then to Dijon on May 19, Macon strategic town on the Saone , and the valley of the Rhone : Roussillon , Valencia , Montelimar , Avignon in the Papal States.
It is in the Renaissance chateau de Roussillon (Isre), Charles IX signed the Edict of Roussillon , which establishes January 1 as the first day of the year in the kingdom of France .
In 1566, King finally stopped at Moulins , where several reforms were decided. On the proposal of the Chancellor Michel de L'Hospital , the Edict of Moulins succession rule and declared the inalienable royal domain.
Resumption of hostilities
In June 1566 at Pamiers , despite the royal peace, hostilities resumed and Protestants beset the Catholic churches. Catholic repression is fierce: 700 Calvinists were massacred in Foix.
In August 1567 , the Protestants are developing a plan to remove the king and his mother. The latter took refuge in Meaux on September 24.
On the 29th of prominent Catholics were murdered in Nmes , then across the Languedoc. Leading Protestant troops, the Prince of Cond and Gaspard II de Coligny arrive at the gates of Paris.
Protestants are defeated at St. Denis by the Constable de Montmorency 10 November 1567 , at Jarnac and Moncontour by the Duke of Anjou. Peace was finally signed between Conde and Catherine de Medici to Longjumeau 23 March 1568 , confirmed by the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1570.
Peace of Saint-Germain
Charles IX closer diplomatically to England and the Holy Roman Empire. Some would see is the king of France gird one day the imperial crown. Charles IX, married in 1570 Elisabeth of Austria ( 1554 - 1592 ), daughter of Maximilian II ( 1527 - 1576 ), Holy Roman Emperor and Maria of Spain ( 1528 - 1603 ), Infanta of Spain. In March 1571 , Queen and King made their entry into Paris. The greatest French artists have contributed to the development of the decor and the program of the procession. For the occasion, Ronsard wrote:
"Happy the age, happy day
Where ancient Germanic blood
Remel has with blood Trojan
For the benefit of a happy matrimony ... "
According to Pierre Gaxotte , a painting of an alien trampling of a meadow saffron and chamomile was trained at the Porte Saint-Denis, along with a saying: "In France, more invincible in adversity than in prosperity. "
The king in his private
From this union comes a young girl dead, Marie-Elisabeth de France ( 1572 - 1578 ). In addition, King has maintained a relationship with Marie Touchet ( 1549 - 1638 ), Lady of Belleville, which gave him a bastard, or Charles of Valois Charles of Angoulme ( in 1573 - 1.65 thousand ), titled Count of Auvergne ( 1589 - 1619 ) and Duke of Angoulme in 1619. While the king spends his time hunting, the queen mother continued the reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants. In fall 1571 , Coligny met the king for a few days.
This prince, who had received lessons from Jacques Amyot , was educated and grew the letters: it was lovely to and treated in the Royal Hunt, published for the first time in 1625 , reprinted by Henri Chevreul, 1858.
Guillaume-Gabriel Le Breton was represented before him in 1569 , his tragedy Adonis.
The Massacre of St. Bartholomew
The marriage of the king's sister, Marguerite , a young Protestant prince, the king of Navarre , later Henry IV , seems to be the guarantee of a lasting reconciliation, but 22 August 1572 , just days after the marriage takes place a attack against the leader of the Huguenots, Gaspard II de Coligny. Fearing an uprising, Charles IX decided on the advice of his mother Catherine de Medici and his counselors, the elimination of Protestant leaders, with the exception of a few including the royal princes Henry of Navarre (future Henry IV) and the Prince of Conde.
That decision triggered the massacre of St. Bartholomew ( 24 August 1572 ), which claimed thousands of lives in Paris and other major cities in France. Determined to maintain order, the king ordered the cessation of massacres in the morning of 24 August, but his repeated appeals for calm were too often violated .
The massacre marked a turning point in the reign of Charles IX. The abandonment of the Edict of St. Germain and the atrocities committed by his royal entourage are definitely losing the trust of Protestants. After the events, the monarchy means to overcome Protestantism. The war continues and leads to the siege of La Rochelle.
Because of its unexpected and confusing, the massacre of St. Bartholomew has always been the subject of debate . It was for historians to determine the responsibility of the king. It has long been believed that the massacre was prepared and led by the monarchy. From the seventeenth century, Charles IX is seen as an encouraging fanatical king himself murderers, pamphleteers and novelists pushing exaggeration to say that he pulled himself over the Protestants of the windows of the Louvre.
End of Life
Physical health of the king has always been poor. After these dramatic events, it declines gradually. A conspiracy is being orchestrated against him and his mother to raise her brother Franois, Duke of Alenon on the throne. Thwarted by Catherine de Medici , the turmoil eventually weaken the king who took refuge in the castle of Vincennes , where he took to his bed. The fever never left him, his breathing is difficult, and he died on 30 May 1574 , a month before his twenty-fourth birthday. The very next day, Ambroise Pare conducted an autopsy and confirmed that the king died of pleurisy following tuberculous pneumonia.
Widow at twenty, the young queen, refusing any remarriage, returned to Austria from 1576 and withdrew to a convent of Poor Clares, she had founded. Their daughter survived a short time to his parents.
See also
People of the reign of Charles IX (1560 - 1574)
Family:
Advisers and servants of the state: | The princes of blood:
Great: | The men of arts and letters:
Warlords: |
Bibliography
- Lucien Romier, Catholics and Huguenots in the court of Charles IX. The Estates General of Orleans, the conference of Poissy, the "Concordat" with the Protestants, the massacre of Vassy (1560-1562), Paris, Librairie academic Perrin et Cie, 1924. 356 p.
- Pierre Champion, Charles IX of France and the Spanish control. Volume I: Before the St. Bartholomew, Paris, Editions Bernard Grasset, 1939. 428 p.
- Pierre Champion, Charles IX of France and the Spanish control. Volume II: After St. Bartholomew, Paris, Editions Bernard Grasset, 1939. 432 p.
- Michel Simonin, Charles IX, Paris, Fayard, 1995. 524 p.
- Denis Crouzet, "King Charles IX or bleeding in spite of himself? "In Bulletin - Society for the History of French Protestantism, 1995, vol. 141, pp. 323-339.
Tour de France from 1564-1566:
- Victor E. Graham and W. McAllister Johnson, The Royal Tour of France by Charles IX and Catherine de Medici: Festivals and Entries, 1564-6, Toronto, 1979. References
- "We will and ordain that all acts, records, instruments, contracts, ordinances, enacted as letters patent that, Scripture, and any private commance doresnavant year and is counted from the first day of this month of January.
Given at Roussillon, the day neufiesme aoust, the year of our Lord one thousand five hundred sixty four. And the fourth of our reign.
And signed by the King in his Council. "- Charles IX of France, Article 39 of the Edict of Roussillon
. - Pierre Miquel , The Wars of Religion, Club France Loisirs, 1980 ( ISBN 978-2-7242-0785-9 ), p 251-259.
- Arlette Jouanna, St. Bartholomew's, the mysteries of a state crime, Gallimard, 2007, p. 193.
- John Delumeau, Thierry Wanegffelen, Birth and affirmation of the Reformation, Paris, PUF, 1998.
Source partial
Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang (ed.), "Charles IX of France" in Universal Dictionary of History and Geography, 1878 External Links
on - Iconography of Charles IX
- Hector de la Ferriere, "The latest conspiracies from the reign of Charles IX" , in Revue des questions historiques, July 1890.
Preceded by Charles IX of France Followed by Louis de France 
Duke of Orleans 1.55 thousand - in 1560 ( prerogative ) Henri de France Francis II 
King of France 1560 - 1574 Henry III -
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