Capital And Capital

Some authors make a distinction between capital and capital ^{Difference between capital and capitalization}

The phrase "MARCEL HAS LONG bed early" is written in capital letters, but only the first and tenth letters are capitals. It will be better reflected if we write this sentence with capitals and small capitals: "Marcel has been a long time to bed early."

Capitals and lower case are distinguished by their function:

• The use of a letter is dictated by the rules of spelling : in French, we will use for example the initial letter of a sentence or a proper name.
• The capitals are they, a choice of composition letterpress. Their job is less of a standard that a particular decision. A newspaper or a website may, for example, in its graphic , decide to call the capitals in headlines and sub-titles in small caps.

The rules for capitalization vary from one language to another.

Each language using a bicameral writing has its own rules regarding the use of capitals: in French , for example, we do not write the names of languages with a capital letter and yet it is the case in English. In German , all nouns, common or unique, are capitalized. Some digraphs , when they should be capitalized capital, are significant: in French, the ligation Oedipus is incorrect, the capital digraph written as : Oedipus. In Dutch , the digraph associated written in uppercase capital: sselmeer not IJsselmeer.

"Write in capital letters" in this context, no sense of typography. But it is a common phrase, as "capitalized" inherently redundant phrase. The confusion between these two terms is in fact very common and the distinction between the two words belong mainly to the jargon of typography.

In the titles

The rule for writing original articles of the securities is applicable to other nouns: in fact, they are mutable after a preposition ("to" "at", "to" "the", "to "" on ") or replaceable by a possessive or a demonstrative (or a numeral!). So are they not included in the alphabetical primary (see the dictionaries of proper names or titles of works. Clause is often postponed to the end, in parentheses or after a punctuation like a comma separator. The article there is taken into account as secondary key). The article did not capitalize, but only a tiny written in capitals at the beginning of a sentence.

To grasp the nuance, one must understand the difference between:

• capitalized, and unchanging intrinsic property of the initial of a word or initials or acronym (this word can not be either contracted or transferred, etc.. which makes the word a proper word, and that no can not write with a "down-to-break" or a "small capital"), a property that opposes the lowercase letter used in all other cases of medial or final letters as well as all the common words which all Letters are always a lowercase letter (even initial placed at the beginning of a sentence!), and
• a capital (also called "high-case") which means only a typographic case for writing in French concept related to the spelling rule that prohibits writing "down-to-break" or "small capital" but requires the writing of a broken "capital" or break "big capital" in all words in the beginning of a sentence, that they are proper or common, and therefore regardless of whether these words start with an uppercase or lowercase).

Historically, some tiny French also had more than three breaks still used today ("down-to-break" commonly but incorrectly called "tiny" in the middle and end of sentence, the case of "capital" which is a different concept the "shift" too often misused, and case "small capital") with additional breaks depending on the position in the word or phrase (as in s or z that distinguished also breaks "medial" and " Final "among" low-to-break ", and i or u before they are dissociated orthographically new letters j and v).

Uppercase by generally cons exist in only one case today (the "capital"), but the "big capital" (often called "drop cap" when it is decorative and spans several lines) are still sometimes in beginning of a paragraph (but only today so fancy), whereas before the distinction was worth punctuation to whether the sentence continues the preceding paragraph or begins a new paragraph. The different cases are not an intrinsic property of the word, unlike the strict distinction in French between uppercase and lowercase.

The confusion between uppercase / lowercase (invariant and intrinsic property of word) and haut-de-casse/bas-de-casse (property mutable characters written within the ortho-grammatical rules) is common as a keyboard usual (as well as the character encoding of a text, even with Unicode), it captures only the distinction between two possible breaks (the other being obtained by breakage of formatting functions, word processing and uncoded in the text itself), but never the distinction (however basic semantics) between uppercase and lowercase letters that make up words (and improperly called key or while these are exactly the and

But dictionaries and encyclopedias, themselves, make this distinction (especially because it identifies the correct use of spelling different cases permitted and prohibited).

Therefore when composing text, it takes even more extra attention (including in any book character in a dictionary or encyclopedia) on the proper use of high-to-case (capital letters, capitals, initials) one hand, and down-to-case or small caps on the other hand, especially because it can determine (at least partially) the intrinsic nature of words composed of uppercase and lowercase invariable, and identify spelling changes, grammatical and morphological and phonetic authorized by the language.

The article remains necessary as part of the title, but its place or form (contracted or not) is not taxed because it is not serving on the first level alone being retained his semantic distinction between determinations defined / undefined (and not always ). Examples:

• "By calling his Turkish March, Mozart (...)"
• "I loved the interpretation of the Turkish March. "
• "This is a Turkish march of the most successful I have heard from this concert. "
• "This second Turkish March is the one I prefer. "(Note the capital on the first word meaning is essential to avoid confusion with another similar title, while the italics are not compulsory spelling).

• In dictionaries you will find titles of works written under the "Turkish March (la). , "Or wrote" Turkish March. "But the work will always be classified with the letter M, not the letter L ...
• In a telephone directory or a French dictionary, looking at the names (of people, cities and geographical locations, etc..) Beginning with "the", "the", "the", "the", "aux": we see that if there is no hyphen, the item is tiny, detachable, and is not taken into account in sorting at the first level, otherwise it is considered as an invariable element. For example, "Bouches-du-Rhone," "Le Mans" (no hyphen because it is a necessary item, but mutable or movable).

Titles of works follow the same logic as French, because as such they are proper names, even if they are composed of words and common equity (Aside from the original article not significant, while the rest of the title is invariable ).

• The English language has also the distinction between meaningful words and nonsense "in the titles of works, the only difference being that the French do not demand a high-case (capital) required as the first word for the title, than English on demand all the meaningful words. The two languages do not require a top-break for the first word of the title if it is common meaning, or clean, or is in the lead sentence.
• The French requires writing down-to-case (capital or small) for all other occurrences of lowercase (and forbids them the top-case (capitals or major cities), unlike the English, if it helps but does not include trunk-break on the first word of a title common when non-significant, requires senior-to-case (capital letters) on the initial terms of all the signifiers of title.
• In both languages, writing all caps is really not recommended except for proper nouns (intrinsic but their accents should always be kept to preserve the distinctions of homographs possible spellings).

The rules are well established in reference books including dictionaries and encyclopedias (although it also takes less care of typography). should use the typographic encyclopedias since these conventions are established and even standardized: there are many legal texts and recognized by international standards (including ISO standards applied in France by AFNOR, in Canada by CSA, etc..) regarding such references, place names, personal names and transcripts for reference purposes.

And confusion is far from over, given the inventiveness of typographers who are also able to create and use the case "big tiny" as transcribed for additional breaks compound words with capital letters ... or even uses the little snack capital (that transcribe normally lowercase letters) instead of scrapping capital, to transcribe in character compound words with capital letters. (See example below titles of certain books binders).

In French, the emphasis has full value Spelling " . The French Academy recommends the use of accent or umlaut on a capital letter, like the use of the cedilla. Thus the quality publications write capital letters (like the capitals) with accents and other diacritics , just as tiny. Indeed, diacritics have an important role in languages that use them.

However, in much of the Francophone world ( western Switzerland in particular , but not in Quebec ), only tiny and words in all capitals are accented in standard texts . Diacritical marks are systematically reproduced in publications treated: dictionaries , encyclopedias , Collection of the Pleiades ... It is therefore written state ( ) in the current literature and state publications in neat.

Simply reading the titles of books in a library or school books, shows that the enhancement of current and former Caps. The practice tends not to show the accents on the capitals and the capitals stems from the use of lead characters in fixed-size printing. The height of a capital heightened being higher, the solution was then either burn special characters for accented capital by reducing the height of the letter is to focus after the letter, or simply not to the focus . This last option has often been used for centuries and is still sometimes, though with the advent of the computer , these difficulties have now faded.

Other problems remain: under Windows , on French keyboards QWERTY , where the accent and the accent is consistently associated with lower case letters (, "", "to", "U") The installation of these accents on capital letters requires convoluted manipulation. It is particularly difficult to produce accented capitals on a laptop equipped with a non- keypad . The operation is easier when the accents are independent of the letters, such as the circumflex, umlaut, grave accent (in AltGr +7) or tilde (with AltGr +2) on the French keyboard, or with a keyboard used with GNU / Linux , or with a keyboard Macintosh. There are no dead key for acute accent, because only the "e" is employed. Just then, in addition to the "", a combination for the "E" on the Macintosh and GNU / Linux, type "e" while Shift Lock is active gives "U.S.." Of course, the use of a keyboard layout other than the QWERTY and ergonomic as the Dvorak layout , or the provision Bepo , solves the problem as accented letters are not treated differently from other letters of the alphabet.

To overcome the shortcomings of the French Azerty Keyboard Microsoft offers software called MSKLC (Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator) to create their own keyboard drivers . Moreover, the only keyboard that comes with Windows that lets you write directly in French (including bindings), without using external programs that modify the registry, and may be subject to administrative rights, is the keyboard Canadian multilingual standard QWERTY-type . However, there is now a software Portable Keyboard Layout (PKL), based on several AutoHotKey scripts for changing keyboard layout without having to install Windows drivers , and therefore without administrator rights.

The omission of accents or cedilla on sentences entirely in capitals because of ambiguities:

• The panic-stricken child her father fell and the famous JAURES MURDERED.
• THE LEGITIMATE SON OF LOUIS XIV. Here, the ambiguity is serious, since the meaning of the phrase may find it radically changed: the legitimate son are just the complete opposite of the son legitimized.
• LAWYERS WILL BE CONSIDERED.
• THE PALACE OF CONGRESS.
• RETIREMENT TO 42 YEARS.
• HALL OF INTERNAL (in an insane asylum?)
• AN INTERNAL TEU (four possibilities)
• MY COMPANY MASONRY (no comments)

The linguist Nina Catach said about it : "Today I ask: do we need two accents, the acute and serious? Our print media, always on the forefront, has solved the problem (another problem secular) unaccented capitals, and unsightly accents askew across the tracks, through a procedure without burrs: one focus, horizontal, commonly called the flat accent Examples

Capital letters in capitals and lowercase

The confusion between the terms of capital and capital is facilitated by the fact that the capitals are written mostly in capitals. We can realize the difference between the two by taking an example, some publishers have titles and names of authors of their works in lowercase on the cover. This is the case Editions de Minuit for a book such as the Vocabulary of Indo-European institutions of mile Benveniste. Coverage is typeset as follows:

mile Benveniste

vocabulary

institutions

Indo-European

Minuit

THE CHIMERIC despise us

Arguably the first and last name of the author are written in lower case first letter, however, is well capitalized, only, it is not capital. On the other hand, although the name of the publisher is in capital letters, we know that the U.S. edition and of the M MIDNIGHT are also capitalized.

The case of Greek

In ancient Greek , as written now, the capitals and capitals in capitals are not identical: a text written in full in capitals is not normally Diacritics , while a tiny text with capital letters capitals receives diacritics. In fact, a word like / anthropos, "human being", is written with a capital capital, but in capitals. The capital of the first letter of the word is an alpha naked Diacritics a capitalized on the smooth breathing and acute accent.

Same system in modern Greek as regards the accent (which is the only remaining diacritic since the removal of spirits): The word "human being" is spelled with a capital capital, but in capitals.

Email

In the email , WRITING IN CAPITALS to indicate that one raises his voice. More generally, it helps to highlight some text when you can not technically use bold, italics, or other visual enhancements.

The systematic use of capitals is aggressive and contrary to netiquette.

Conclusion

In summary, a capital is an eye (shape of a letter) different from that of a tiny, simple format. A letter is an initial location determined by the rules of orthotypographie , which occurs mostly as a capital. The confusion is even easier than the two terms seem particularly ill-chosen: a capital city should, if we are to believe the etymology be located "in mind (word)" while still etymologically, the capital would a letter from a larger format, directly opposed to the tiny, yet the reverse is true: capital and lowercase opposed by the size and format, uppercase no antonym. It appears that both terms have been reversed.

See also

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