Bishop
The word bishop is the transcript of the French word Latin itself adapted from the Greek E / which means "supervisor" is to say, moderator, tutor, head of an organization. It is a clergyman who heads a diocese.
Summary |
Before Christianity , the term was used to describe all kinds of directors (the word is the best translation) in the civil, financial, military, judiciary. In the Lutheran Church , we keep the memory of this etymology in appointing bishops' ecclesiastical inspectors. The first episkopoi were elected by the members of the E / Ekklesia, the congregation, the way an association elects its leaders today. On Sunday, which followed, the new bishop was consecrated as bishop by all bishops of the province, through the imposition of hands, within, of course, the Eucharistic Synaxis.
At first, a bishop was the administrator of a parish, rather than a 'diocese'. The New Testament was not yet completed, they were heirs to an oral tradition: the authority of a bishop does not flow from the Bible, but its connection as tenuous as it is the apostles. The bishops of the cities rested as more important than those of smaller cities, claiming also more direct links with the apostles.
The so-called apostolic succession is in the consecration of a new bishop by one or more bishops themselves validly consecrated. The Council of Nicea said he had the presence of at least three bishops. But if necessary, the presence of just one. This rule is applied by the Catholics , the Orthodox and in general, by the Anglican Church, although the previous two to deny the validity of the latter said estate, as the Nestorians.
The Roman Catholic Church
In the Catholic Church, bishops are appointed by the pope, from the lists sent to Rome by the papal nuncio , the bishops established by a province or even ecclesiastical region. Each bishop has the right to make proposals.
Consecration is a sacrament ( ordination Episcopal) conferred by at least three bishops, is even higher degree of the sacrament of orders (known as "fullness of priesthood"). It must be conferred in communion with the Bishop of Rome (the pope), that is to say the least approval. If it was not the case, as the consecrated consecrating incur the excommunication.
The bishop is regarded by the Catholic Church as the successor of the apostles, and as such, he is a Doctor of faith entrusted to teach and transmit with fidelity.
The Catholic Church recognizes the Minister of the bishop God , Vicar of Jesus Christ. He exercises his spiritual functions within a district known as the diocese , in the Eastern Church we speak of Eparchy. It normally resides in the city where his cathedral , this city and his home are called Episcopal diocese.
The bishop is above all one who presides over the congregation and more specifically the Eucharist (though he may delegate a priest to that effect). In his local church (or patriarchal, or even universal) it is the principle of the visible unity of the faithful. He is responsible for ensuring its church local, to ensure the liturgy, the teaching of the Catholic faith and service to the poor. He may convene a diocesan synod to help discern the pastoral guidelines for his diocese. He is assisted in his task by deacons and priests , even lay people, being duly authorized. His closest associates were once archdeacons ; they are now called episcopal vicars and vicars-general. The bishop is also assisted by presbyteries among which is the chapter cathedral.
The sacraments that only bishops can manage are:
- confirmation (delegated to diocesan priests, but the anointing is made with the Chrism oil blessed by the bishop)
- the sacrament of Holy Orders: diaconate and priestly ordination, episcopal
In the theology of the episcopate there are three components, by divine right, of the episcopal office, and all three also apostolic origin:
- titulary assigned by the election or appointment canon law that invests at headquarters;
- the power to order conferred by the laying on of hands, or episcopal ordination, which allocates the sacramental powers;
- jurisdiction, assumed at the time of taking possession of the seat, or investiture, which gives the immediate administrative and spiritual authority over a given portion of God's people, the local Church: Diocese, or diocese, or patriarchy, or even throughout the universal Church (in the case of the Roman Pontiff).
These three elements, normally united and coordinated to each other, can be accidentally disconnected. The titular and jurisdiction may vary, resignation, or transfer seat, for example. The order was given power to forever: sacerdos in aeternum.
The titular and jurisdiction are distinct for each bishop, it is they who are the ecclesiastical hierarchy. The power of orders, meanwhile, is unique and identical for all bishops. He founded what is called the episcopal collegiality. All three, titular, power of order and jurisdiction, are a participation in the priesthood of Christ, the only true priest and pastor.
Some bishops are created cardinals of the holy Roman Church, and then become electors of the Pope in the case of a conclave (if under 80 years). The bishops have the title of archbishop when they are at the head of an archdiocese , then they display the pallium. They are called archbishops metropolitan if the seat is the capital of an ecclesiastical province. Other bishops are patriarchs : the pope , the bishop of Rome , is patriarch of the West (March 2006, Pope Benedict XVI has decided not to use that title, but still holds). Some Catholic bishops had before the nineteenth century of large temporal powers, such as the Prince-Bishops in the Germanic countries, or the Pope in the Papal States. The only two places where such a fact is still the City State of the Vatican , which the pope is sovereign, and the Principality of Andorra , which has two co-princes, one of which is a Spanish bishop, the bishop of Urgel (the other being the President of the French Republic).
In the past, the appointment of bishops has often led to fights between political authorities and the Roman Church, for example the famous Investiture Controversy in the eleventh century between the Popes and Holy Roman Emperor.
Today, bishops are appointed by the Holy See, knowing this rule exceptions, as in France for the archbishop of Strasbourg, and the bishop of Metz, who are formally appointed by the President of the French Republic (see. Concordat in Alsace-Moselle for details) and some dioceses of Switzerland.
Attributes Bishop
The bishop in the Catholic Church recognizes at different attributes:
- He wears a pectoral cross and a " pastoral ring ( episcopal ring );
- His ecclesiastical costume (or delivered) is purple;
- He wears a miter liturgical ceremonies;
- It has a stock symbol of his office of pastor;
- He chooses a motto Episcopal ;
- He has arms composed of a shield for each bishop surrounded by exterior ornamentation common to all bishops hat Vert (green) with a draw string to six puffs of the same. The shield is placed on a processional cross with a crossbeam.
Auxiliary Bishop
An auxiliary bishop is responsible for assisting the titular bishop of a diocese important. He has no direct jurisdiction over the diocese while having the episcopal character. He received a title in partibus.
Its functions overlap with those of a vicar general.
Bishop Coadjutor
A coadjutor bishop is the successor to a bishop known to be retiring soon. It has a power almost equivalent. The appointment of a coadjutor allows a seamless transition between two Bishops.
Bishop in partibus
It is a titular bishop of a former palace, now gone, which is now in partibus infidelium ("in the lands of the infidels" as a former bishop of North Africa as Hippo or the Crusader States as Edessa , Tripoli , Amorium , Ilium , etc.), that is to say once Christian. The bishop did not actually diocese own to govern, but the title is given to justify his elevation to the rank of bishop. Thus, although not faithful, it can be ordered. This is true of bishops called to administrative functions within the Roman Curia or Vatican diplomacy or auxiliary bishops.
A special case is that of Bishop Jacques Gaillot , who, following his refusal to resign as bishop of Evreux , was appointed bishop of Partenia in Algeria , each bishop to hold a seat. Being a bishop (theoretical) of a piece of desert is considered by some as a punishment, especially since he has not even allowed to reside there. Jacques Gaillot was transferred to a fictional place, but not filed, let alone excommunicated. It's a penalty, but softened.
Bishop Emeritus
The bishops and archbishops Catholic reaching the age limit of 75 years imposed by the Canon Law (Can. 401) to govern their dioceses , and those whose health problems prevent the exercise of their office to resign Pope. Once it is accepted, which may take time, they become emeritus bishop or archbishop emeritus of the Diocese of last year.
For example, there may be mentioned Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger became archbishop emeritus at age 78 of Paris from the appointment of Andre Vingt-Trois of Paris as the new archbishop Apostolic Administrator An apostolic administrator is a bishop in charge of directing a diocese temporarily vacant pending the appointment of an incumbent. This is sometimes the bishop emeritus providing this role, or the bishop of a neighboring diocese. A diocese without a bishop holder may also be administered provisionally by a priest, speaking in this case diocesan administrator. In the Middle Ages , some members of the nobility can acquire the title of bishop to be ordained or consecrated without. They have thus profits while remaining episcopal laymen . The bishop holds the highest degree of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. It is the successor of the apostles who presided over the Eucharist. He is the icon of Christ and pastor of a church in which he wears the name in his title. He is the supervisor and the head of doctrine and teaching of his flock. It ensures the communion within his diocese and communion of his church with the other Orthodox churches. Only hieromonks (monks priests) access to the episcopate. It follows that the orthodox bishops are bound to celibacy, contrary to Orthodox priests who are married (but only before their ordination to the diaconate). The clothes of the bishop celebrant at the altar: The formal dress of the Presiding Bishop to the choir: The clothes of the bishop attire: The Anglican churches (some are called "Episcopalian") retained the episcopate, which is part of their inheritance before the decision of Henry VIII. The sacramental ordination for life by three bishops, preservation of apostolic succession (often called "historical") and the duties and responsibilities of the bishop following the outline of the Catholic and Orthodox bishops. The bishops are either appointed or elected, as the habits and customs of each of the thirty-eight "regions" (national churches) of the Anglican Communion. Women are considered suitable for the episcopate in three provinces ( New Zealand , Canada , United States ), but only 11 of some 850 Anglican bishops worldwide are women. In Protestantism (in the strict sense, Irvingites excepted), only some Lutheran churches , Methodist and a few Reformed churches ) have an episcopal staff, which is a function of the church and not a sacramental order. These churches are experiencing a female bishop, as they know the women's ministries. These functions are elective, that is to say democratic , the suffrage of the faithful is exercised either directly to the first degree or second degree. In most Protestant denominations accept the episcopal ministry, the apostolic continuity is generally understood to mean faithfulness to the apostolic teaching - a spiritual succession thus, not historic. In other Protestant churches, at the local church, the episcopal ministry is one of the pastors (traditionally elected), and collectively the former. The consistory, or parish council is elected by the general assembly also elects in presbytro-synodal system , a number of delegates to the synod. At a national union, the ministry of unity is provided by the synods and councils elected by them, sometimes with a strong focus on the person of their president. Otherwise, it is the collegiality of the pastors. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the Bishop is a man to hold the Melchizedek priesthood and been ordained and set apart as High Priest. He is chosen from among the members of the parish (local authority). He is called to that office by the Presidency of pile. (Regional authority). The duration of this call is about 5 years, until relieved by the stake presidency. A bishop 'Latter-day Saint is married and the husband of one wife (1 Timothy 3:1-7 Bible ). It administers a voluntary basis, in parallel with his professional and family activities, the temporal and spiritual affairs of the parish. It bears no specific holding in her care. Bishop secular
The Orthodox Church
A bishop may carry different titles
The clothing of the Orthodox Bishop
In the Anglican Churches
Apart from this recent development, regarded as a stumbling block, the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Consultation concluded that the theology and practice of the Episcopate of the two churches are identical.
Clothing at the altar are similar to those of Catholic Bishops. The chorus, however, the Anglican bishops are dressed very specific: In the Protestant churches
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons)
References
Notes
Bibliography
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The traditional degrees of the sacrament of orders in the Catholic Church Minor orders Porter Player Exorcist Acolyte Major orders Subdeacon Deacon Priest Bishop
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