Bird Vocalization
Like most vertebrates , the birds make sounds vocalized.
Man distinguishes many of these songs or sound and gave them a special name, eg cooing, chirping, quack. Sometimes the common name of a bird vocalizations evokes as for its cuckoo clocks. The term Rooster in French comes from the song that transcribe in French speakers "Cocorico" Definition Generally the bird chattering, singing, twittering, crop, chirping, chirp, chirping. The chirping is a brief call, the chicks chirp demand of beaked. The chirp is a little song. The chirping is a series of short little cries, no sound. The chatter is a repetitive song that resembles a human story. The distinction between singing and screaming is somewhat arbitrary. However it is considered as the songs longer and more complex. The most complex vocalizations are still in foreplay. Other sounds are used to express a threat, fear or report its authority over a territory. The cry of a bird sometimes expresses a call, threat, fear, a warning or a request. Some bird species are capable of imitating other birds. The starlings imitating know snatches of songs including those of the oriole, which may confuse some observers . The Marsh Warbler in his repertoire includes songs of dozens of birds including some species it encounters in Africa during its winter. The most notable of these species are the blackbirds and some Psittacidae can even imitate the man. Most species sing, species that never sing, like storks, are rather exceptions. The nightingales and Passeri are known for their singing. These are usually males who sing to attract females or to mark their territory. So they sing most often in spring in the boreal regions, but species that raise two broods per season, such as wrens sing from the clutches . They have a repertoire of songs, with a specific song for certain situations. Some species may sing in duet. The songs may change depending on the season of love. Sometimes couples to sing a duet, while very impressive performance. In some species the song is innate, while for others the song is learned to listen to the birds of the same species but may also include vocalizations of other species. It follows that each population has its own songs and that each individual has his own distinctive voice. If young birds can sing, they do not have the dexterity of their elders mostly male, the ability to sing is refined with age. If this learning period, in some species like the zebra finch , is disrupted, the ability to sing is deteriorating. In this case it takes 20 days to bore the imprint of the chick vocalizations of adults and 35 days to develop his own. At 90 days, an adult, his voice no longer varies. The song plays an important social role, because we know without a single bird or sing louder than female couple. This feature is used to discuss the Psittacidae and grackles. The song is also used for males to attract females and to claim territory. It follows that males deprived of this ability, preserve their territory more difficult . Many birds emit alarm calls, possibly performed by other species, like the cry of the jay that appears to alert other species that arise from intruders in their territory. The registration of alarm calls was used to deter certain groups of birds of airfield runways or airports. The parrots and mynah birds are known for their ability to memorize and repeat a variety of sounds, including human speech, but some birds are able to mimic other species or even different sounds. The Orioles can imitate the example cat's meow. The avian vocal organ called the syrinx. It is a structure of cartilage at the bottom of the trachea , which has two chambers or houses. This structure, combined in some species, an air pocket forming a sounding board, vibrates produces sounds by changing the volumes of the membranes of cavities. Birds can control the vibration of each cavity independently allowing certain species to produce two notes simultaneously. Of the 23 orders of birds, only three levels include birds with the ability to learn their vocalizations, the Trochiliformes , the Passeriformes , and Psittaciformes. They learn in a manner quite similar to how children learn to talk. They must memorize the sounds and reproduce them in a proper context. It was shown by the cons Galliformes not reproduce the sounds of an innate way. These three orders of birds are not very close yet adaptations are similar. It has been shown that these birds use the same seven areas of their brain to vocalize and that these areas are not present for species in other orders. This raises a question about bird evolution. Either they all inherit from a common ancestor with these powers, lost for the other levels, or there is an evolutionary convergence "normal" related to the structure of the brains of birds. The latter is, according to some authors, an example of convergent evolution , this phenomenon is identical to the similarities observed in cetaceans and Homo sapiens. This similarity is studied to understand how some mammals have evolved the ability to vocalize to express themselves. The finches are widely used to study the capabilities of interpretation of sounds by the brain in birds, with their ability to recognize and respond to songs of conspecifics. Their songs are innate. Birds have a hearing less sophisticated than that of mammals and, with exceptions, no outside body, but have yet to some very fine hearing. Some species are able to recognize the voice signature of other individuals, even after several months, as couples of penguins are able to recognize among the hundreds of individuals . Some species emit sounds of non-voice communication such as the rustling of wings, or through pockets of skin such as grouse. Some species are also able to use of echolocation as Salanganes or Guacharo caves. In the ancient times and in several European legends , is ready for the birds to speak. They then become messengers, spies. In Africa , songs and cries are interpreted and translated by some people who derive a particular meaning, whether negative or positive. Birds producing these cries are deemed good or evil . Some bird species are also caged since antiquity for the sole purpose of entertainment with their songs. For best song, the bird is isolated so that the stress drives him to sing louder and longer. One example of the means used to talk Psittacidae and grackles that mimic human fear of loneliness. Because of this ability assessed, poachers catch many wild specimens for sale. Despite the measures of protection , some species are threatened. The man knows how to recognize certain vocalizations and play them for thousands of years. This capability enables it to identify the bird and even mislead - she was also useful for hunting. The decoys are lures that mimic the vocalizations to attract birds for hunting. Man has also sought to replicate these vocalizations with some machines in the seventeenth century. Yet it is only recently that man has sought to better understand the significance of these vocalizations. The first recording of songs was made by Ludwig Koch in Germany in 1889. The next by the American biologist Sylvester Judd in 1898. The recording environment poses many technical problems with sound insulation. The first recording of good quality natural environment has been realized in 1932 when a team of Cornell University led by Arthur Allen has developed instruments and techniques. After isolating the songs, this team has been listening to other birds and observed the reactions of these. Today, we look directly sonograms. It has been discovered that within metapopulations might exist a kind of "regional dialects" translated by variations in singing. Moreover, the complexity of the song of a group within an avian species would be a good indicator of the overall health of the population of this species . For example, the male populations of Dupont's Lark including more individuals (supposedly less prone to extinction) emit more complex songs than others, perhaps because of less competition at the coupling and context "culture" poorer. This suggests that the study of singing bird population could provide information on their degree of threat of extinction. 
Alarms
The ability to learn and / or imitate sounds
Organs
The sound-producing member
Brain
Related Skills
Features
The man and bird vocalization
The study of vocalizations
Culture
See also
Related articles
Bibliography
Sources
Notes
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