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Biblical

The Bible

The Bible is the French name given to the reunification of the sacred texts of Judaism (24 pounds) or Christianity (about forty pounds following the various guns) in a single book, although each of these religions , even in its current each within respective, has a different relationship to these basic texts.

The word "Bible" means the entire corpus of Jewish religious texts (Bible Hebrew) or Jewish Christians (Christian Bible). It means, under the guise of a book unique, a very diverse collection of writings (stories of origin, legal texts, historical narratives, Wisdom texts, prophetic, poetic , hagiographies, letters) whose writing spanned several centuries (VIIIe-IIes. BC. for the Hebrew Bible). The versions we know today as the Codex Sinaiticus in the New Testament , are significantly later than the period supposedly written. This leaves a vast field of exploration for scholars and historians in terms acute and poses the question of an appeal to the literal text.

The Hebrew Bible is called the Tanakh, an acronym based on the names of its three constituent parts, the Torah is the law, Neviim are the Prophets, Ketuvim are other writings. A specific article is to study the Tanakh . The Christian Bible also contains a New Testament which includes writings relating to the advent of Jesus Christ . The word "Testament" translated from Latin testamentum, is the Greek word meaning "convention" or "written provision" (where "Will") who became the biblical context "compact" or "covenant" .

Summary

/ / Introduction

Etymology

The word "bible" comes from ancient Greek (Biblia) is a neutral word in the plural meaning "books." As the papyrus Egyptian were particularly well prepared for the city's waterfront Byblos , the Greeks borrowed the term "biblios" to mean "book" and the word was well preserved until today .

This word came into French via the Latin biblia, in the same direction, namely: "Books (Saints) "or" Library (sacred). "

The Biblical canon

The corpus includes several biblical books of various origins, hence the etymology of the word Bible. The current list of these books, called canon (Greek word meaning rule ) varies only on a few pounds of late Judaism who are initially present in the Greek versions of the Old Testament (the Hebrew) as the Septuagint ( see the list of books of the Bible ). Their number varies from 22 to 73 pounds (the difference is also due to consolidations). For a list of selected books in Judaism , see Tanakh (Note that the names of the books is different, most of the time it takes the first word of the book).

The history of setting the gun is complex, especially as it relates to both religions, themselves different, and which are separated at that time. Thus, for example, the Talmud keeps track of discussions on whether to admit the gun the Jewish Song of Songs and the Book of Esther , which have been accepted, or the Wisdom of Ben Sira (Ecclesiasticus or Sirach) who did not. The canonical Hebrew version is called " Masoretic ", named after its last editors. The Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia is the main critical edition published for the first time in 1936. It is based on the Leningrad Codex (Manuscript of St. Petersburg), a manuscript of the tenth century which is said was developed by the family of prominent Masoretes Ben Asher.

Chapters and verses

Each biblical book is divided into chapters first, which are themselves divided into verses. These divisions did not exist in the original texts.

The King James Version (in English) has 1189 chapters and 31,171 verses. The Masoretes divided the Hebrew Scripture verses. In 1227 , Stephen Langton , a professor at the University of Paris, then Archbishop of Canterbury , divided the Bible into chapters ago, the size of the scroll commanded the division. In 1250 Cardinal Hugh of St. Cher picks up this division. The verses were created by Robert Estienne in 1539 in connection with the printing of the Bible Olivtan, 2nd edition. Was published in 1555 edition of the Vulgate Latin by Robert Estienne, was the first complete Bible with the current numbering of chapters and verses. This system allows us to match the versions Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and others (provided they have the same text).

In recent editions of the Bible, some verses of the division established by Robert Stephen disappeared (in fact their number is limited) or have been replaced by '-'. The oldest manuscripts do not contain these verses (this is also true for some words), they were excluded from texts recognized by scholars as reliable .

The Hebrew Bible is known another type of division, that of parashiot (singular: parsha ) (marked by a phenomenon in the text) representing the distribution of weekly readings of the Torah.

The Hebrew Bible and its derivatives

The Hebrew text

Main article: Tanakh.

The Hebrew Bible is written in Hebrew (as the name suggests) with a few passages in Aramaic. A good knowledge of Hebrew grammar is required to read the original text submitted by Masoretes. Jewish tradition divides the Bible into three parts, summarized by the term Tanakh, the Hebrew initials of their titles, the Torah , the Neviim the Ketuvim :

  • the Act, whose name Hebrew is the Torah , consisting of the five books attributed to Moses , and whose narrative covers the period from the Creation to the death of Moses , who led the people of Israel out of Egypt to the gates of the Promised Land , passing by Mount Sinai where he received the commandments of God;
  • Prophets, Hebrew Neviim , who narrate the installation of Israel into Canaan until the Babylonian Exile , and recount the preaching of the prophets sent by God to speak on his behalf;
  • and Other Writings , Hebrew Ketuvim , which open by the Psalms and the writings of Wisdom , and complement the historiography with the return from exile.

Jews traditionally believe that the Torah was dictated by God and written by Moses himself. Work structure is attributed to Ezra and the Great Assembly. In Roman times, the Prophets are not received by the totality of Judaism , and the list of Other Writings was still open. Even before the Greek translation existed in Aramaic, the official language of the Persian Empire in the west of the Euphrates, translation with commentary, called " Targum , "which show a public reading of the biblical books.

The origins of the Tanakh are not consensus tradition attributes its current composition of the Fathers Yabne probably early second century AD. The Bible according to Judaism. It is this text which will be retained in 1530 as the Old Testament by Protestants , who edits yet in the order books of the Greek Bible.

The Greek version of the Septuagint

Main article: Septuagint.

According to a legend recorded by the Letter of Aristeas (Christian Sources No. 91, Paris, Le Cerf, 1962) and amplified since the translation into Greek of the Torah , called the Septuagint , or Alexandrian, is the work of seventy-two learned Jews , six from each tribe, who, at the request of the Greek authorities of Egypt (and isolated for seventy-two days, according to some versions), resulted in a common text.

This is, presumably, a midrash , based on Chapter 24 of Exodus , Moses sees up to Sinai to receive the Law, together with Aaron, his two son and "seventy Veterans of Israel. " The translation is for Greek-speaking Jews. The Greek version was to be received as being as valuable as the original word (despite some criticism). The Bible is then stored in the library of Alexandria with the "Laws": it is not then the religion, but the customary code of the Jewish people. Still, as the name of Septuagint remained for the translation of the fourth or third century BC. AD and the entire Greek Bible by extrapolation. Other books have been translated or written directly in Greek over the following centuries.

This corpus, widespread in the Jewish diaspora hellenophone the first century will be adopted unchanged by the first Christians , and is the Old Testament.

During initiation of rabbinic Judaism to distinguish themselves early Christianity, the Greek text is abandoned in the Jewish world for the benefit of the Hebrew text , for reasons both religious and linguistic . After the version most common in the Hellenistic Jewish world, the Septuagint is the Old Testament by Christians. Therefore, Judaism rejects increasingly from the late first century AD. . c . In the Christian world, however, the Septuagint is still the benchmark and has several translations into Latin. She will be replaced by the Vulgate belatedly, in the eighth century .

In its Latin translation, the Vulgate , Jerome chose the Hebrew version where available, and is attached to the books which it does not exist. But the churches Catholic and Orthodox keep the order books of the Septuagint, namely:

  • the Pentateuch (= the five books of the Act, the five "cases")
  • the historical books (the first grouping of some prophets and other writings,
  • books of poetry and wisdom,
  • the writings of the prophets.

Samaritan Bible

Main article: Samaritan Bible.

The Samaritans ( autoethnonyme : Shamerim, which means or , in Hebrew modern Shomronim - , that is to Samaria, or "Israelite-Samaritans ) are a few people defining themselves as descendants of ancient Israelites, and living in Israel and West Bank. Sometimes called religion Samaritanism.

The Samaritans are both one of the smallest populations in the world, they are 712 in 2007 , and one of the oldest feature a written history, since their existence is attested in the first millennium BC. AD in Samaria. They dominated this region until the sixth century , in the north of modern Israel.

Their religion is based on a particular version of the Pentateuch , the Samaritan Bible. Unlike Judaism , they refuse the centrality of religious Jerusalem. Although they appeared before the development of rabbinic Judaism , and that difference is not the cause of their divergence, they do not have rabbis and do not accept the Talmud of Orthodox Judaism. The Samaritans also refuse the books of the Hebrew Bible after the Pentateuch ( books of the prophets and books hagiographers ).

They do not consider themselves Jews , but as descendants of ancient Israelites of the ancient kingdom of Samaria. In contrast, orthodox Jews view them as descendants of foreign populations (settlers Assyrians of antiquity) have adopted a version of the illegitimate Jewish religion.

Their Pentateuch is essentially identical to that of the Jews, but written in Samaritan Hebrew with the Samaritan alphabet , a variant of the ancient Hebrew alphabet Paleo- abandoned by the Jews.

Beyond language, there are differences between the two versions of the Pentateuch. The most important concern the situation of Mount Gerizim as the main shrine instead of Jerusalem. The ten commandments of the Torah Samaritan Tenth Commandment integrate well in respect of Mount Gerizim as a center of worship . Both versions of the Ten Commandments exist in the Tanakh Jewish (one of Exodus and that of Deuteronomy ) were also standardized . To keep the number of commandments (ten), 1 Command Jewish ("I am the LORD (YHWH) your God who brought you out of Egypt, the house of bondage") is considered a simple presentation, the first commandment is therefore Samaritan Jewish Second Commandment: "Thou shalt have no other gods before Me." For the Samaritans, "the Jewish sages have made the presentation a commandment to keep the number thereof to ten (the number of commandments mentioned in the Exodus , 34.28), after they have corrected their version in removing the tenth "on Mount Gerizim.

Beyond these fundamental differences, there are quite a few differences on details of wording between the Torah and the Samaritan Torah Jew. Exception of differences on Mount Gerizim, these differences make the Samaritan Pentateuch closer to the version known as the Seventies that the Masoretic text.

Speculations on textual differences

It was noted that the Septuagint was often closer to the Samaritan version of the Masoretic text present Jewish, at least for those parts not related to Jerusalem. Similarly, the texts of the Jewish Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran and written between the third century BC. BC and first century differ sometimes (in the texts in Hebrew ) of the Masoretic text, or reverses (in some texts in Greek) text of the Septuagint. More interestingly, some translations of the Greek Septuagint correspond closely to the Hebrew texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls . These similarities between Jewish texts and the Samaritan Pentateuch version can be interpreted in four ways:

  • Samaritan religious influence on the Jewish translators of the Septuagint and the Qumran writings (perhaps through the Septuagint). This hypothesis is difficult, Jews and Samaritans of the time with very bad relationships. Moreover, in the area considered by the Samaritans as the most important, namely the rejection of the centrality of Jerusalem , no influence is perceptible in the Septuagint or the Dead Sea Scrolls.
  • Influence of the Septuagint on the Samaritan text. Poor relations between Jews and Samaritans, however, complicate this assumption. Furthermore, the Torah is written in Samaritan Hebrew Samaritan , which would have required a back-translation (from Hebrew to Greek and Greek to the Hebrew Samaritan ).
  • The existence of several former slightly different versions of the biblical scrolls, referring to "schools" differ, the Masoretic text under one of them, while the texts of Qumran , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Bible, their similarities , would come from another. In fact, the texts of the Dead Sea show a strong hostility to Judaism "official" time, and may have some special traditions of mainstream Judaism.
  • Finally, it is often regarded as the Masoretic text of the Tanakh has been finally determined until about the tenth century. From this perspective (opposed by orthodox Jews , for whom the text was never changed), it is plausible that the similarities between the Samaritan text and the text of the Septuagint (so the text Catholic) are related to the similarity between Hebrew versions used at the beginning of the Christian era by the Samaritans and Jews, the current Masoretic version would be somewhat distant in the future. In this latter case, which is unproven, the current text Samaritan would be more faithful versions of the Pentateuch as they existed among Jews and Samaritans two thousand years ago, at least for the most superficial differences. Most important, those on the Square Mount Gerizim or Jerusalem , return to the foundations of the differences between Jews and Samaritans, which is older. The Samaritan Torah at the time of the Septuagint integrating some.

In any event, if the differences on the role of Mount Gerizim and Jerusalem are easily explained, as they are foundational to the very existence of Jews and Samaritans, differences or similarities between the Samaritan Bible and Jewish versions known ( Septuagint , Masoretic Text and Dead Sea Scrolls ) have more obscure origins.

The monks of each group are convinced that the other community which has amended the text dictated by God.

The books Deuterocanonical (Apocryphal to Protestants)

Main article: Deuterocanonical Books.

These are books added over time in official canon of the Septuagint , that Catholics and Orthodox consider part of the Bible, but have not been accepted into the canon by Luther , since he himself is based on Hebrew Bible. Luther nevertheless considered them as useful. Protestants call them Apocrypha (Greek , hidden), the Catholics called the Deuterocanonical, that is to say secondary entrance into the canon (Greek , second), which was finally confirmed at the Council of Trent in 1546.

Some of the books of the Septuagint, were not received even as Deuterocanonical. They are not recognized by any church and are called apocryphal or Pseudepigrapha (= written under a false signature). They form with others in the same time what we now call the writings intertestamental.

The New Testament

The New Testament or New Covenant is all twenty-seven books canonical for Christianity , which reflect the person of Jesus of Nazareth that Christians claim to be the Christ , the Messiah , his preaching, his resurrection, and its announcement by the Apostles of the Church primitive. It is written, as the Septuagint, in Greek common (Koine), the first century with many syntactic forms "layers" of forming a Hebrew Judeo-Greek.

As for the Old Testament , the canonicity of several books of the New Testament has long been debated. This is the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of Jacques, the Second Epistle of Peter, Second and Third of John, one of Jude and the Apocalypse (the latter was the subject of discussion until the fifth century ). Several other books, writings of the Apostolic Fathers and Apocryphal the New Testament , most of the second century , were not included in the biblical canon.

Biblical exegesis

The Book of Isaiah in the English Bible
Main article: Biblical exegesis.

Hebrew Bible and Old Testament

Biblical exegesis was a major activity of both the rabbinic literature that the Christian churches. However, a field of biblical studies based not on religious affiliation but on textual criticism was born from the sixteenth century, and is currently the most widespread. Having been widespread during the twentieth century , the documentary hypothesis , part of the idea that the different names given to God reflect different sources, is now largely abandoned. The current research examines today for a dating rather "low" the finalization of the different corpus. Organized two consensus: One from an essay covering the seventh century or sixth century in the Persian period, the other (school in Gttingen) postponing the final draft to the Hellenistic period.

Reading the Bible

The readings of the Bible can be different between Judaism and Christianity and between different branches of Christianity. That's why, in addition to biblical exegesis, the Bible studies include a branch of hermeneutics , which focuses on the interpretation of Scripture.

Judaism

For Judaism, the question of the composition of the Tanakh does not arise. Maimonides , yet suspicious of rationality, laying an article of faith that the Torah was given to Moses, as described in Exodus. And as the literal reading is only the first level of understanding of the text, everyone is free to imagine, under the leadership of the Wise, how things are "really" past. Reading the Torah is central to the synagogue worship: at the morning service on Mondays and Thursdays, the day of Shabbat , at the beginning of the month ( Rosh Hodesh ) and holidays ( Yom Tov ), we read a section of one of five books of Moses , called Torah portion or relating to the topic of the day, the same in all the synagogues of the world, the fundamental manifestation of Jewish unity. The person called the blessing recited before and after the reading. The bar mitzvah is the assumption of the age of accountability and a full member of the community of the boy, at age 13 (actually 13 years and one day). It is an occasion for celebration. The comments of the Bible are central to the literature Talmudic.

Christianity

The three Christian denominations (Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism) refer to a single source: the Bible, composed of the Old Testament (Tanakh) and New Testament.

Scripture comes to Catholics by two canals that run with the testimony apostolic: the Scriptures and traditions unwritten transmitted and stored in the continuity of life of the Church. The role of the magisterium is to preserve this tradition. The Council of Trent emphasizes the unique source of faith. Protestants stick to the sola scriptura , scripture alone.

Roman Catholicism

The Bible has been read and studied by clerics and intellectuals worldwide Catholic , but, until Vatican II , the great mass of the faithful knew her mostly through the lectionary Sunday. In the Catholic Church, the importance has often been given to the Eucharist beyond the various biblical readings.

Knowledge of the Bible has increased among the faithful by the diffusion of the translation, conducted by the French Biblical and Archaeological School of Jerusalem , called the Jerusalem Bible (first edition in one volume in 1956 ). In addition some dioceses offer training to language of the Bible (Greek Koine , Biblical Hebrew, Aramaic occasionally). The readings are usually in the vernacular ( French in France , etc..).

When Vatican II , the conciliar constitution Dei Verbum ( 1964 ) reaffirmed the importance of reading the Word of God.

In some special ceremonies, such as the liturgy of the Tridentine Mass , the reading of the gospel may be Latin , and in this liturgy, is also read a last gospel-end office that is in the prologue of the Gospel of John.

Pope Pius XII said that exegesis can often exceed the interpretations of the Fathers of the Church and allowed a better reading of the Bible Orthodoxy and Eastern Orthodoxy

This section is blank, incomplete or not detailed enough. Your help is welcome!

Protestantism Lutheran-Reformed

Reading and commentary on the Bible, which are the heart of worship protesting , are also part of the family and personal piety in Protestant history. The biblical text itself (Old and New Testaments), insofar as it is preached / updated carries the Word of God sent by the Holy Spirit to each listener / reader. It is caused by the meeting the Bible that creates and maintains the church as the authentic personal. The Bible is also the final authority for faith and for life, provided that no individual has the magisterium to impose an interpretation rather than another. Some people will literally texts while others have a more symbolic or spiritual , some will consider each extract as bearing any biblical truth when others will read each passage for himself, etc..

Report as direct and fundamental to the biblical text implies and leads Bible studies for future outbreaks pastors , and Bible study in parishes, a catechesis of children is also centered on the Bible, the use of languages of origin, use a multiplicity of translations, lists of daily readings with commentary, etc..

Evangelical Protestantism

The evangelical Protestants differ in that it attached great importance to the new birth. Protestantism was born from the revelation that salvation is by faith and not by works. Evangelicals advocate, according to the words of the New Testament, personal conversion that is by faith and repentance in Jesus Christ. Original sin is to pay death. When a man believes in Christ and repents of his sin with which he was born, he obtains salvation. As the Bible says, the real conversion is followed by producing visible (1 John 2:6).

The Bible is the Word of God. The followers of these churches evangelical read it in principle as often as possible "to listen to what God wants to tell." An excerpt from a Bible study describes the tendency toward normative reading of the Bible: "Beyond the creation that reflects an extraordinary way of his power and wisdom, the Bible is the revelation of God to man. It is a "letter" of the Creator to man, a letter in which all fundamental questions about origin, destiny and the meaning of life are answered .. "

Other religious movements

The Jehovah's Witnesses are in harmony with the historic Protestant churches on the shape and size of the biblical canon, their translation is somewhat different however. Like them, they rejected the Deuterocanonical writings found in the Bibles Catholic , they consider apocryphal . The religious movement publishes its own version of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in which they have transcribed the Tetragrammaton divine name as it in Latin alphabet , Jehovah , which was used since the Middle Ages by Christians. They say it is not possible to understand the Bible individually and that it takes to get the help of the Holy Spirit of God granted to them as well as the "faithful and discreet slave" mentioned in Matthew 24:45-47 , that is to say all Christians Jehovah's Witnesses anointed with the Holy Spirit represented by Central College , intended to provide a refined education in his time. The latter uses the Watchtower Society to edit publications that the faithful should use, they are considered important for understanding the Bible. Each indicator is encouraged to take time to read the Bible daily.

Ecumenism

On the occasion of interfaith reconciliation, we have seen the creation of ecumenical groups for Bible study gathering of Christians Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox and pre-Chalcedonian.

Archaeological and Historical

Writings

According to recent theories, both linguistic and archaeological, the overall structure of the texts of the Hebrew Bible was compiled at the time of King Josiah ( seventh century BC. ), although the raw material is Following earlier writings. The finalization stretching from the first century BCE to the fourth century .

Places

Regarding the Exodus , the sojourn in the desert for forty years and the conquest of Canaan, searches of places that are mentioned in the Bible does not support biblical descriptions and lead to fundamentally question the timing down is proposed .

However, after separation of the Kingdom of Israel into two in the second half of the ninth century , descriptions of both sides can better overlap with the results of biblical archeology with the chronology Biblical ,

The facts of geology, prehistoric and protohistoric

Jacques Debelmas found in the Bible mention of phenomena, geological, prehistoric or protohistoric . It groups them into two major topics that have affected people's minds, then reported to the present day orally and then by writing the Bible. They are:

  • The subjects 'anecdotal'

These are local events or anecdotal evidence (1 to several days).

The construction of the Ark and the Tower of Babel, or the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, which reveal the oil resources of the Lower Mesopotamia and the Dead Sea.

It is also the case of a Sinai volcanic very different story today. Then, crossing the "Red Sea" by the Hebrews fleeing Egypt, faced with shifting sands of curious onlookers as well as weather.

  • Important Topics:

These events spread over a thousand years and beyond the scope of the Near and Middle East.

This is the "Neolithic Revolution" (episodes of Cain and Abel), a leading climate change linked to global post-glacial and affects huge areas in the Mediterranean basin and parts of Europe. It shows the transition from prehistory , a period of hot and humid that left a pleasant memory, not to say "paradise" on Protohistory where living conditions have become more severe.

The other case is that of the Deluge in which to intervene much a tidal wave related to a general rise in sea level.

Theory nomadism

Recent archaeological discoveries tend to prove that the ancestors of the Hebrews and Jews are either settled nomads, or people of the plains Canaanite , withdrawn in the highlands to escape the control of cities. These positions are defended among others by archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman in The Bible Unearthed , the American archaeologist William G. Dever in the origins of Israel, and Jean-Marie Husser professor at the University of Strasbourg.

Distribution

The most widely distributed book in the world

The first book that came out of the presses of Gutenberg was the Bible in the Latin version of St. Jerome , the Vulgate. The bible Dietenberger was the first German-language Catholic Bible translated and printed by John Dietenberger in Jordan printing in Mainz.

At 31 December 2007 , the Bible, in whole or in part, had been translated into 2,454 languages . 95% of people now have access to the Bible in a language they understand. To date, an estimated 40 million Bibles distributed each year, including 280,000 in France. Much of this diffusion is due to free distribution by churches or Bible societies. Numbers which must be added the impressive number of copies of the New Testament released (probably five times more than the bibles full). No work around the world has never been a draw as important and constant over the centuries.

According to a 2008 study , 75% of Americans, 38% of Poles and 21% of French people said they read at least one passage from the Bible during the past year . More than half the French do not have a Bible at home, against 15% of Poles and 7% of Americans .

Editions in French

If there were seven French translations in the sixteenth century , there was only one in the seventeenth century , under the direction of Lemaitre de Sacy , Jansenist, between 1657 and 1696 , according to the principles of logic from Port Royal (see logic of Port Royal and History of French ) but it does not seem to have been translated into English between 1611 and 1800 ). There were two in the eighteenth century , the nineteen nineteenth century , and twenty-two to the twentieth century. The latest French translation which is not a revision, which includes the entire Bible is The New Translation of the Bible, published in 2001 by ditions Bayard and Mdiaspaul.

References

  1. The Hebrew text based version Masoretic is in the book The Bible, full translation Hebrew-French, bilingual text, translated from the original text by members of the French Rabbinate under the leadership of Chief Rabbi Zadok Kahn, the new edition with revised translation dated 1994, the Sinai Publishing, Tel Aviv, Israel.
  2. This is books Judith , Tobit , Maccabees , Sirach , Baruch , part of Daniel , and the Wisdom of Solomon. These writings deuterocanonical are not recognized by Protestant churches.
  3. This is the four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles of Paul, Jacques, Peter, John and Jude, and Apocalypse.
  4. Christians say that the coming of Jesus Christ has opened a new covenant between God and men.
  5. Civilizations mysterious Ivar Lissner, Editions Robert Lafont SA 1964.
  6. At the literal translation from the Greek "books," Christianity is often added the adjective "holy". Thus "the Holy Bible translated into French under the direction of the Biblical School of Jerusalem, was published in Paris in 1956 by Editions du Cerf.
  7. See, eg. Novum Testamentum Graeca Nestle-Aland
  8. "Most of the texts of the Old Testament quoted in the New Testament version are in Greek , which sometimes differ significantly from the original Hebrew. "(Pierre Gibert, How the Bible was written, Bayard-Centurion, 1995, p. 18). Bibliography

    Related articles

    The Christian Bible

    The Jewish Bible

    Research and Tools

    Construction and history

    External Links

    Jewish Publishing

    • Sefarim.fr The Hebrew Bible in Hebrew, translated into French verse by verse (Rabbinate), English (King James), with search engine in Hebrew or Latin characters
    • Chouraqui the Bible 's original Hebrew translation by Andr Chouraqui (also contains the New Testament , translated from Greek).

    Catholic Publishing

    Publishing and Protestant ecumenical

    Translations into several languages


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