Benot Xii
| Benedict XII Pope of the Catholic Church | |
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| Birth name | Jacques Fournier |
| Birth | 1285 |
| Election to the papacy | 20 December 1334 |
| Enthronement | 8 January 1335 |
| End of the pontificate | 25 April 1342 |
| Predecessor | John XXII |
| Successor | Clement VI |
| Lists of Popes chronology Alphabetical | |
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Jacques Fournier (circa 1285 - 25 April 1342 ), from a modest family of County of Foix , became pope under the name of Benedict XII.
Jacques Fournier born Saverdun ( Ariege ) is of humble origin, son of a baker or more probably a miller. His maternal uncle, Arnaud Novel, is responsible for educating the young Jacques. This uncle, a monk Cistercian , Abbot of Fontfroide ( Aude ), the future cardinal , draws in this monastery , and then sends it to the College of Saint Bernard in Paris. Jacques Fournier attended universities and become a doctor of theology.
He was appointed abbot of Fontfroide succeeding his uncle promoted to cardinal by Pope Clement V and legate in England. Already known for his erudition and rigor, he was appointed 19 March 1317 Bishop of Pamiers and Mar. 3, 1326 Bishop of Mirepoix.
The Inquisitor
The episcopate of Jacques Fournier Pamiers is characterized by extreme zeal with which he pursues the Albigensian heretics , refugees in these remote places of the high country Arige. The bishops did appamens hitherto little concerned about the orthodoxy of the thoughts of their flock. It builds on a decision of the Council of Vienne (1312) that allows the bishop to join the court of inquisition , however the sole responsibility of Dominicans. It therefore directs the court of inquisition in collaboration with Gaillard and Jean de Beaune Pomis, both Dominicans to Carcassonne.
From 15 July 1318 to 9 October 1325 that court seat 370 days, giving rise to 578 questions concerning 98 cases and the translation of certain texts .
Using the extraordinary document what records of the Inquisition, which provides a wealth of information on the daily lives of humble villagers, Emmanuel Leroy Ladurie , Professor at College de France and member of the Institute, published a historical work " Montaillou , village occitan from 1294 to 1324. "This book, published in 1975, had a huge worldwide success and was reprinted more than two million copies.
Cardinal White
Reward for his zeal, John XXII appointed on 18 December 1327 Cardinal St. Prisque. It keeps the white habit of the Cistercian order to which he belongs, hence the name of a cardinal white. He acquired full confidence on the part of the pope who gave him sensitive cases: it is a judge in the trials against the inquisitor of Carcassonne, Jean Galand and clergyman Breton Yves Krinou.
Pope
This was the 4 December 1334 that goes John XXII. The Sacred College enter into conclave at the December 13. The Cardinal de Talleyrand had his candidate, Jean-Raymond de Comminges he defended brilliantly. But the choice of the papal residence between Avignon and Rome is during a violent altercation between two princes of the Church, Cardinal de Comminges refusing to pledge not to return the papacy to Rome.
So Napoleon Orsini made his move on Dec. 20. It was Jacques Fournier, Cardinal White . False modest, the new pontiff, said: "You have just elected a donkey" .
Only designated by the College of Cardinals, the 23 December 1334 , condemning the spiritual and Fraticelli. After choosing the name Benedict XVI in honor of the patron of the Order of Cistercians of which he was born, the new pope is crowned in the Dominican church of Avignon, 8 January 1335 , by Cardinal Napoleon Orsini, who has already topped two previous popes .
This man, the heavy body and sick, will prove to be an austere and wise priest, a slave to its principles of household money but ecclesiastical. During his pontificate, it applies to the reform of religious orders, is attentive to the allocation of profits church, refuses any nepotism adopted by his predecessors, and is a builder.
The Reform of the Curia and religious orders
On January 13 , he began to tackle the reform of the papal administration and appointed John Cojardan, its treasurer, to reform the Curia. Then he began the monastic Orders, discipline and zeal in the various religious orders had released. On 12 July 1335 , the pontiff date of Pont-de-Sorgue his bubble "fulgens sicut stella" which requires monks to practice poverty, mortification and manual labor.
The order that attracts the most attention is that of Citeaux , the subject of various reforms without much success. Benedict XII, a reform more effective by the bubble "Summi magistri Dignatis" of 20 June 1336 , whose principle is to consolidate the various abbeys in a number of provinces, and submit them to a common discipline. This bubble known as "Benedict" does not quite have the desired effect.
November 28, 1336, for the Franciscans , it sends the bubble "Redemptor noster," followed by "Ad Decorem sponsae ecclesiae" to the canons regular in May 1339.
The possible return to Italy
On 1October 1335 , Benedict XII indicated at a consistory, he may wish to return to Italy and settled in Bologna. But the reluctance of the Bolognese marked to welcome him to abandon his project. The Angevin Naples will also offer to host it. But during this fall sent Robert of Anjou, on his behalf and that of Queen Sancha , a claim of privilege to the Supreme Pontiff allowing his brother Philip of Majorca to the Abbey of Santa Chiara in Naples a monastery would be practiced to the letter the rule of St. Francis. Pope refuses .
And to make himself understood his bubble "Redemptor noster" of 28 November 1336 condemned the Fraticelli, and prescribes the Franciscans uniform clothing and attendance at divine services.
Refusal of nepotism
Of all the popes in Avignon, Benedict XII is distinguished by its rejection of nepotism. Indeed, long pause, and decided only at the insistence of his cardinals to entrust the seat Archbishop of Arles to his nephew Augustine John Cardone. When parents come to see in Avignon, he is content to compensate them for their travel expenses. Only his niece Faig who lost his father, the brother of the pontiff, is entitled to 2000 gold florins, and a marriage without any pomp.
A crusade compromised by ...
On 29 January 1336 , at Pont-de-Sorgue, during a solemn consistory, Benedict XII issued its decretal "Benedictus Dominus Deo in donis am" theological theses condemning John XXII, who believed that the souls of saints were no access to the beatific vision before the Last Judgement.
This was the beginning of March 1336, the king of France and his son, John of Valois, arrived in Avignon. In their wake are the King James II of Majorca and Philip of Evreux. All meet in Villeneuve-les-Avignon to address the plight of Navarre was taking place while an eclipse of the sun . This 14 March 1336 , a treaty was signed definitively settling the membership of this kingdom which is to Jeanne, daughter of Hutin, wife of Philip of Evreux. In return, the queen gave the Brie and Champagne to Philip VI.
At the request of Hugh IV of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, Benedict XII reminded Philip VI of Valois that he was beginning his trip overseas. On March 26 , the day of Good Friday, the pope launched an appeal to general cross. Four Cardinals, led by Helie de Talleyrand-Perigord , shall attend the King of France in his captaincy general. Valois then ask Benedict XII to convene a conference of princes and kings, Christian .
Philip VI remained in the papal city until 1 August, then went to Aigues-Mortes , Lattes, Port Montpellier , Narbonne and Marseilles to inspect the "Fleet of the Franks who had to carry 60,000 men overseas. It was deemed insufficient. And although "the cross in such large estoit renowned flower that never spoke nor divisoit something else" , the crusade fell into the water while the Hundred Years War began.
... the beginning of the Hundred Years War
A spark had set fire to the powder, the 12 August 1336. Edward III was sentenced by the Parliament of Paris on a complaint by his creditor, the lord of Navailles . He replied by prohibiting its dealers in wool all trade with the County of Flanders which Count Louis de Nevers was an ally of the king of France. The flat country who lived only for his spinning was about to be ruined. Immediately, Philip VI gives orders to his Mediterranean fleet to join the Flemish ports to threaten the English coast.
Benedict XII immediately delegated his legates to the two kings. The mission of the two prelates, Bertrand Montfavet and Pedro Gomez Barroso said the cardinal of Spain, will face enormous economic forces. The lobby of English raw wool, concerned about the French maritime presence, encouraged to replicate Edward III to Philip VI of Valois. The attack against the dynastic plan seemed the best .
The English king rested therefore direct as heir to the crown of France . He waited until 7 October 1337 to go to Westminster Abbey to pay tribute to his book Valois and publicly claim the throne of France. At the end of the month, he informed the pope a letter.
On 10 November 1337 , the Hundred Years War began. In Flanders, the British set foot on the island of Cadsan, while the French fleet to offer battle the King of England in Southampton. Benedict XII by his legates, seeking a truce that is accepted by both parties.
The Palace of the Popes in Avignon
This was not however the Franco-English conflict that prompted the pope to be building a fortified palace in Avignon, but the fear of armed intervention of the Emperor Louis of Bavaria, an ally of England. He supported, in the spring, his architect Peysson Mirepoix .
It is from 1335, that the pontiff had come Peysson Pierre, an architect he had used in Mirepoix, instructing it to redevelop the towers of the episcopal palace and the papal chapel. Meanwhile he had moved into the palace built at Pont-de-Sorgue by his predecessor to stay the four summer months. We know that the 5 September 1335 had arrived in Avignon, Benedict XII, the lion had brought from Sicily to guard his palace sorgues .
Already on his command in April 1335, Pierre Peysson had laid the foundations of the Tower of Angels "and the papal chapel north. These buildings were consecrated on 23 June 1336 , the chamberlain Gaspard de Laval. 5, the same month, the pope had justified its decision to the Cardinal Pierre des Prs:
"We thought carefully considered and it is very important to the Roman Church to have in the city of Avignon, where long time resident of the Roman Court and where we live with it a special palace where the Roman pontiff to live when and as long as it may deem necessary. "
In this brief, the pope met Petrarch who, twice in 1335 and 1336, had written to him to urge him to return to Rome. Suddenly, the poet treated him unkindly of inveterate drunkard.
The death of Cardinal Arnaud de Via, nephew of John XXII , Benedict XII allows the purchase of this prelate delivered located at the site of the current Petit Palais to house the bishop of Avignon headquartered restored. The pope may well have its way from the old palace of the bishop and undertake the work it considers necessary.
Initially, Benedict XII moved into the apartments of his predecessor and realize that two large projects: the construction of a new church in the north, and on newly acquired lands in the east wing of the building an imposing tower of 46.5 m. high tower called the pope or angels or lead because of the roof consists of sheets of metal. Benedict XII, then proceeds to remove the three wings east, south and west of the first palace of John XXII for rebuild by giving them more space. Thus the wing is made of the conclave in the south which also includes the apartment reserved for guests. Work continues in the east wing with the hall of the consistory, the towers of Saint-Jean, the new kitchen and latrines.
Papal Library is housed in the Tower of Angels " . The year 1337 saw the beginning of March the construction of the papal apartments, in November, the construction of the large wing and the wing of the south. In 1338, the month of July, completed the Tour des Latrines "and the small tower of Benedict XII, in September, the papal apartments are ready while in December, began construction of the cloister. In March 1339, its structure is complete.
In August of that year, construction began of the "tower Campane" and the wing of familiar, and in the last six months we are witnessing the end of the great work of the papal palace, the kitchen and addictions being completed. Early in the year 1340, the decoration of the cloister is completed and in June is the end of the construction of the wing adjacent to the familiar "turn Campane. It is there that will stay Emperor, kings, princes and dukes. For now, in December, the tower is completed housing merchants' following the Court of Rome, the lowest floor being used to store their goods. Finally in August 1341, the tower of Trouillas (press) is initiated.
Despite its austerity, Benedict XII had even considered, on the advice of Robert of Anjou, to engage Giotto to decorate the pure papal chapel. Only his death in 1336 prevented this project. It was Simone Martini , the leader of the School of Siena, who came to decorate the palace in Avignon at the request of Cardinal Stefaneschi.
The architecture of this palace is austere, sober. However Benedict XII requires effective defensive system: tiled roofs lined niches and battlements, towers equipped with arms caches and lookouts.
The case of Dauphine
Humbert II , Dauphin of Vienne, called the 20 June 1337 , Agoult Baux, uncle of his wife, administrator of his private finances. In January 1338 , the Dauphin, faced the problem of its empty coffers, gives orders to pursue the Jews, the Lombards and Tuscans in his dominions. Accused of usury and usurious contracts, they were accused of heavy fines .
Benedict XII, regaining his youth on the spot immediately sends Johannes Badis, the Grand Inquisitor of Provence, to search for relapsed Jewish converts and the Dauphine .
The political role of Agoult Baux amplified during the peace negotiations between the Dauphin and Vienna in July 1338, following the revolt of the Viennese. During the summer, Humbert has to borrow 30 000 guilders to the pope to pay his troops. Its debt is secured on his lands and moved to the pontiff to sell the Dauphin cons 452,000 guilders.
No doubt aware of the greed king of France, the pontiff offered him 150,000, while deciding to investigate the income of State-owned Dauphin. Between January and July 1339 , John Cojordan, papal treasurer, and John of Arpadelle, chaplain to the pope, went through the Viennese and the Brianon. They estimated the annual income of 27,970 guilders dolphin, giving a theoretical value of sales for the Dauphine of 559,400 guilders.
Politics of France Delphinale
Indeed, Philip VI and his advice to the Archbishop of Rouen, Pierre Roger , had sensed an opportunity to emerge. The King of France calls its service first in the brilliant Agoult Baux then told the pontiff that he accepts the accession of his counsel to the purple . This is what Benedict XII bubbled letter, dated 12 December 1338. The Archbishop of Rouen arrived in Avignon on 5 May 1339 and received on the 12th, the cardinal's hat.
During this year, the Dauphin wants to put down a new "emotion" in Vienna. He turns to the pope and received 15,000 florins which he promises to repay within six months. In October 1340 , he requested a payment extension. In August 1341 , he is always liable for 16,200 guilders. Cardinal Pierre Roger comes from Benedict XII he persuaded to excommunicate the deadbeat.
Distraught the pious Humbert then offers the pope to cover its debt by giving the Holy See some of its strongholds. Always advised by Pierre Roger, Benoit XII made a negative response to the embassy Delphinale. Childless, in debt up to their necks, rejected the Church, Umberto II would be, shortly, an easy prey for the kingdom of France.
The collapse of talks in Avignon
Truce ended at Michaelmas 1339 , war between France and England resumed. Yet at the instigation of Benedict XII, Philip VI sent together with Edward III of plenipotentiaries in Avignon. The ambassador of the King of England is the Genoese Nicolino Fieschi. He was attacked with his son Gabriele, at his residence in Avignon on 17 April 1340 by a commando from France who broke into the papal city.
An investigation involves Cotarella Beranger, Marshal of the Pontifical Justice, who had left open the door Ewer. Incarcerated, he was found poisoned in his cell. For example, his body was hanged before being thrown into the Rhone. Then, on June 16 , and Gabriele Nicolino Fieschi free reappear on the street Carreterie . The French party is in question and then milled.
The weather was no longer trading. Decided to give a good feudal order in all this, the king of France ordered his ships sail to the port of Sluys . They present themselves on 24 June 1340 and are destroyed (126). This naval defeat of the Escale cost dearly Valois by making the English masters of the seas .
The Italian question
In the peninsula, Benedict XII has a policy of conciliation. He welcomes the request of Azzone Visconti for the cancellation of the inquisitorial procedure brought against his family, but the death of the plaintiff, 16 August 1339 hinders the realization of the agreement is, however, found the 15 May 1341 for Milan. The challenges are greater with Bologna , who remain dissatisfied, the Pope threw the ban on the city and the university 2 March 1338. The lifting of the ban on 14 June 1340 , allows Beltramino Paravicino, bishop of Como to receive the allegiance of Bologna.
Deaths
In Avignon, Benedict XII saw his strength wane. Suffering from gangrene, he died on 25 April 1342. His desire to be buried like his predecessor as Notre-Dame des Doms is respected. A special chapel was built by Michel Ricoman and funded by his successor Clement VI. Benedict XII before his death asked his treasurer John Cojordan deal with an image-maker Jean Lavenier to build a mausoleum modeled on that of John XXII. The statue of Benedict XII based on a sarcophagus covered with a canopy with pinnacles. However virtually nothing. The actual tomb is composed of various pieces from the monument to Cardinal Jean de Cros.
After his death it was discovered that the Pope had left 1,117,000 guilders in the coffers of the Reverend Apostolic Chamber. To justify such a sum, despite the expenditure incurred by the construction of the palace of the popes, was rumored to Avignon, the Pope, in cahoots with the old Mourdaca had recovered the treasure of Jewish Comtadins .
The statue of Pope Benedict XII at the Vatican
To honor the memory of Benedict XII, having cared for the restoration of the church St. Peter to Rome , a statue in his likeness is placed above the door of the nave. Removed during the demolition of the old church, the statue is in the Vatican crypt. It is a white marble bust wearing a tiara with two crowns. He blesses the right hand and left hand two keys, the emblem of his spiritual power to open or close the kingdom of heaven .
Bibliography
- Contemporary Chronicles
- G. of. Nangis Latin Chronicle of William of Nangis from 1113 to 1300 with the continuations of this column from 1300 to 1368, T. I and II, Society for the History of France, Paris, 1843.
- J. Froissart, Chronicles, text and notes of Kervyn Lettenhove, Brussels (cf. T. IV-VIII), 1868.
- J. Froissart, Chronicles, text and notes of Simeon Luce, Paris (cf. T. IV-VIII), from 1873 to 1874.
- J. Le Bel, Chronique de Jean le Bel (1326-1361), text and notes by J. Viard and E. Deprez, T. I and II, Vol. 1, 1326-July 1342, Vol. 2, August 1342-1361, Society for the History of France, Paris, 1904-1905.
- General Studies
- Ct. Baluze, paparum Avenionensium Vitae, sive collectio actorum veterum, Vol. I and II. Paris, 1693.
- Tessier, History of the Popes who sat in Avignon, Avignon, 1774.
- Abb Andr, History of the Papal monarchy in the fourteenth century or the papacy in Avignon, Paris, 1845
- Chris JB, History of the Papacy during the fourteenth century with notes and vouchers, T. I & II, Paris, 1853.
- Joudou JB, History of the Popes who sat in Avignon, Avignon, T. I and II, 1855.
- G. Mollat, The Popes at Avignon (1305 - 1378), Ed. Letouzey & Ane, Paris, 1949.
- Y. Renouard, The Avignon papacy, Paris, 1954.
- B. Guillemain, the papal court at Avignon 1309-1376, Ed. de Boccard, Paris, 1966.
- D. Paladilhe, The Popes in Avignon, Ed. Perrin, Paris, 1975.
- B. Guillemain, The Popes at Avignon (1309 - 1376), Paris, 1998.
- Special Studies
- Guiffrey DD, History of the meeting of Dauphine France, Paris, 1868.
- E. Deprez, The Hundred Years' War to the death of Benedict XII. Intervention before the conclave of cardinals and Pope Clement VI before his coronation (April 25 and May 19, 1342), Revue Historique, T. LXXXIII, 1903.
- C. Faure, A planned sale of the Dauphine to the Roman Church (1338 - 1340), Mixtures of Archaeology and History of the French School in Rome, Paris, 1907.
- R. Andre-Michel, Le Palais des Papes in Avignon, Annals of Avignon and the Comtat Vaucluse, Fasc. 1 and 2, 1917 -1918.
- JH Labande, The Palace of the Popes in Avignon and historical monuments of Avignon in the fourteenth century, T. I and II, Ed. F. Detaille, Marseille and A. Daragon Aix-en-Provence, 1925.
- G. Dove, The Palace of the Popes in Avignon, Paris, 1939.
- E. Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou Occitan village from 1294 to 1324, Ed. Gallimard, 1975, 646 pages.
- S. Gagnre, The Palace of the Popes of Avignon, Les Amis du Palais du Roure, Avignon, 1983.
- D. Vingtain, Avignon, the papal palace, La Pierre-qui-Vire, 1998.
- D. Vingtain, curator of the Palace of the Popes, quick overview of the chronological development of the papal palace in the fourteenth century in the history of Monument, construct, reconstruct the palace of the popes XIV - XX century under the patronage of the school French Rome, Avignon, 2002, ( ISBN 2-906647-51-9 ).
- S. Piron, A review of Jacques Fournier found, Medieval, 54, Spring 2008, p. 113-134.
References
- JMVidal, the court of inquisition at Pamiers, Toulouse, 1906.
- J. Duvernoy, inquisition register of Jacques Fournier, bishop of Pamiers (1318-1325), Toulouse, Privat, 3 volumes, 1965.
- J. Duvernoy, Inquisitions Pamiers, Toulouse, ed. Privat, 1966 repr. 1986.
- John XXII had brought up Jean Raymond de Comminges and Jacques Fournier on cardinal December 18, 1327.
- This theologian deemed never felt really comfortable in the field of dogma. Le Roy Ladurie, who has extensively analyzed the inquisitorial zeal, said of him: "This prelate lucid belongs to the n ews Occitan elites who will take control of the papacy in Avignon ... He raised theological fantasies of his predecessor John XXII on the beatific vision after death. About the Virgin, he appeared blotches, that is hostile to the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Its various interventions in matters of dogma crowned a long intellectual career. During its existence, argue with force and not without conformity with the various thinkers, since they seemed to depart from the orthodox Roman Joachim of Flora, Meister Eckhart, Occam. "
- On this occasion, each cardinal received 100 000 50 000 guilders and florins were sent to Rome for the restoration of the Basilica of St. Peter.
- Benedict XII opposed to this request three times in his letters of bubble wrap June 24, 1336, 20 February 1337 and August 7, 1340. This consisted of the Poor Clares monastery and the brothers of the Poor Life. Completed in 1328, he was under the thumb of Philippe de Mallorca. The monastery of Santa Chiara was not consecrated in 1340.
- The partial eclipse of the sun was visible in Avignon March 14, 1336.
- But it was all for show. Benedict XII, whose diplomacy was very well informed, to Philip VI confirmed the terms of the letter he had sent his adviser, Pierre Roger, archbishop of Rouen: "If you leave hidden hatreds will rise against you and your kingdom".
- This quote is from Jean Froissart.
- The Lord of Navailles, which Edward III as Duke of Aquitaine was the money he was slow to pay, had appealed to the Parliament of Paris. The judges gave him reason and ordered the seizure of the ducal castle of Puymirol the benefit of Navailles. It was carried out on behalf of the King of France by Pierre de la Palud, Seneschal of Agen.
- The Valois was born as a branch cousin of Philip the Fair and his son, Edward III of England was, by Isabella of France, his grand-son. This had not prevented the last year, to hold its reclusive mother in Castle Rising after hanging her lover, the "gentle Mortimer." These feudal quibbles were that the buildup of a conflict in which control of the Flemish textile mills was the center.
- During the month of July 1336, Henry Burghersh, bishop of Lincoln, went to the Court of Louis of Bavaria. His mission was to negotiate, against 300 000 guilders, a treaty of alliance for a period of seven years. It was August 21, 1337, the King of England made a formal appeal to the Holy Roman Emperor against the Valois "claiming to be King of France."
- The building would by Benedict XII is known as the Old Palace.
- This first-ever papal residence will be ruined and burned during the war of religions, by Baron Adrets August 29, 1562.
- Under the pontificate of the third pope of Avignon, it included four sections: theology, canon law, civil law and medicine.
- Simone Martini arrived with his wife Giovanna and her brother Donald. The most gothic Italian painters had been a pupil of the Ducio Buoninsegna.
- Jacques le Goff explained: "In this new world where money is won, where greed (avaritia) sin citizen, overtakes, head of the seven deadly sins, pride (Superbia), feudal ultimate sin , the usurer, specialist lending at interest, becomes a necessary and hated man, powerful and fragile at a time "(The scholarship and life, Paris 1986).
- With the agreement of the Dolphin, the inquisitor Johannes Badis clung to hunt down renegade especially Alfondus Diaz Spanish Jew who converted to the Catholic faith and continued to practice her religion.
- Agoult Baux was first appointed Seneschal of Beaucaire by Philip VI, October 30, 1340, then Seneschal of Toulouse and Albi, March 3, 1341.
- At the annual appointment of new members of the Sacred College in 1335, early in his pontificate, Benedict XII offered a cardinal's hat to Pierre Roger. The King of France informed him that the current state of affairs, he was unwilling to part with his advisor and promotion was rejected.
- Street Carreterie (Carriera Cadrigerarium carters or street) was the main artery leading from the Avignon papal palace at the Porte Saint-Lazare.
- The sluice gate is called Sluys in Flanders.
- The French fleet was commanded by Quieret and financier Nicolas Bhuchet. It was reinforced by the Genoese galleys Captain Barbavera. The incompetence of Bhuchet did block one hundred and forty French ships by the two hundred English buildings of Robert Morley. During this naval battle, 20,000 men were drowned or killed. As for Nicolas Bhuchet, he was hanged to the mast of his ship for slapping King Edward.
- It was mainly stored in the tower of his palace, the papal treasury had ferried from Perugia to Avignon Cardinal Gentile da Montefiore partino dell'Asso in 1312.
- Georges Daumet, the monument of Benedict XII in the Basilica of St. Peter, mixes the French school in Rome, Handbook of Archaeology and History, Volume 16, 1896. Digitized by Perseus portal scientific journals, established by the Ministry of Education Perseus
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| Preceded by | Benedict XII | Followed by | ||
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| John XXII |
| Clement VI |
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