Bengali
| Bengali | |
|---|---|
| Spoken at | Bangladesh , India , and communities in other countries |
| Region | Indian subcontinent , Bangladesh , India , Indian States: West Bengal , Assam , Tripura , Orissa , Bihar , Jharkhand , Andaman and Nicobar Islands , |
| Number of speakers | 230 |
| Governed by | Bangla Academy (Bangladesh) Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi (West Bengal) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | bn |
| ISO 639-2 | ben |
| ISO 639-3 | ben |
| IETF | bn |
| Sample | |
| |
change  | |
The Bengali (Bangla or; local name: BanI / ) is an Asian language ( Indo-Iranian branch , as part Indo-Aryan ) family of Indo-European languages. With Assamese , it is the easternmost of the Indo-European languages.
From the region of Bengal in the east of the Indian subcontinent , first language spoken in Bangladesh , about 140 million speakers and 2nd most spoken language , in India , about 75 million speakers, it is the national language of Bangladesh , and the official language in several Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura , and in some districts of Assam.
In addition it is spoken by large communities in North America , Europe , Middle East , South-East Asia.
According to the 2003 edition of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003 , is the mother tongue of about 230 million speakers (5 th or 6th rank in the world).
Bengali drift Prakrit Magadhi , a vernacular form of the ancient Sanskrit as other languages, which are closest to the Assamese , the Oriya. Bengali developed in 1000-1200 AD. BC Much of its vocabulary has been borrowed from Sanskrit , while receiving input lexical Arab-Persian important. He influenced many languages Tibeto-Burman of Northwestern India, in particular the Metei which borrowed its writing.
It is noted in a semi-syllabary derived from the Brahmin its own, very close to Devanagari , which follows the general principles, however, its route is more angular.
Bengali by its great diversity of regional variation is a continuum language.
On 21 February 1952, several people were killed in demonstration in Bengali. For this reason in 1999 the UNESCO decided to celebrate every February 21 as International Day of Mother Language.
The best known representative of Bengali is the winner of the Nobel Prize in literature Rabindranath Tagore.
Summary |
History
Family and home
Like other Indo-Aryan , subgroup oriental languages given the results of the Bengali language mean approximate eastern Indian subcontinent.
- before 500 AD. AD :
1st oral languages attested in the region: - in 500 AD. AD , :
They evolved with the language of Buddha in
ardhamagadhi ("semi-Magadhi). - just before 1000 AD. AD :
the ardhamagadhi , like all other Prakrit in northern Indian sub-continent , began to build what was called the group Apabhrarhsa.
The group of local languages Apabhrarhsa eastern subcontinent, Apabhrarhsa abahatta also known as: Purvis, avahatta, was divided into regional variants at the time, which were in turn led to 3 groups today : group Bihari , the group Oriya , and Bengali-Assamese group.
Some argue that the divergences took place much earlier-even before 500 - but the language was not stable and fixed: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in several of these languages. For example, it seems that the Prakrit Magadhi has evolved Apabhrarhsa abahatta around the sixth century, in competition with the Bengali for some time .
Historical subdivisions
The history of Bengal is usually divided into three periods :
- Old Bengali (900/1000_1400) --- texts: Charyapada , the oldest literary text, then written proof of Bengali, a collection of 47 hymns by various authors, who were already written in 1000 AD. AD ;
emergence of pronouns Ami, tumi, etc;. flexions verbales:-ila,-iba, etc.. Group Oriya just before this period (800_1300). - Bengali medium (1400-1800 )---- main texts of this period, literary works with religious themes: Srikrishnakirtan of Chandidas ;
elision of word-final sound; development of compound verbs; influence of Persian.
Several academics divided this period in more detail during early and middle period average late. - Bengali new (since 1800) --- shortening of verbs and pronouns, among other changes
(Eg. Tahar tar "his" / "her"; koriyachhil korechhilo he / she has done ).
History
Average period and start of new era
Historically close to Pali , Bengali was more influenced by Sanskrit in the era of Bengali medium (AD Chaitanya from 1486 to 1534) and also during the Bengal Renaissance from 1775 to 1941, the beginning of the new Bengali. Among the Indo-European languages on the Indian subcontinent , Bengali and Marathi maintain a broad vocabulary base Sanskrit , while that Hindi and other languages such as Punjabi , Sindhi and gujart are more influenced by Arabic and the Persian .
XVIII century , the century grammars
Until the eighteenth century , no one had yet tried to document the grammar of Bengali. The first dictionary / written Bengali grammar em idioma Bengalla Vocabolario, e dividido em duas Portuguez partes, was by the missionary Portuguese Manoel da Assumpo between 1734 and 1742 during his service in Bhawal . Halhed Nathaniel Brassey , a grammarian UK , wrote a modern Bengali grammar (A Grammar Of The Bengal Language, 1778 ) which used a letterpress printing Bengali for the first time XIX century , the century of reform and systematization In the nineteenth century the language was generally systematized by: During this period, the shape Choltibhasha, using simplified inflections and other changes emerged from Shadhubhasha (old shape) as the form of choice for written Bengali . With a long and rich literary tradition, Bengali unites a culturally diverse region. In 1951-52, the East Pakistan (now Bangladesh ) , was born the Language Movement Bengali (Bhasha Andolon) within the population animated by a strong awareness of linguistic affiliation. Although the Bengali was spoken by the majority of the peoples of East Pakistan , the Urdu was declared as the sole national language . On 21 February 1952 , student protesters and activists protesting to keep writing Bengali in his own alpha-syllabary and to obtain recognition as a state language, when police and soldiers opened fire at the University of Dhaka. Three young students and several other people were killed . That day has since remained Day Language Movement in Bangladesh and later in 1999, the UNESCO decided to celebrate every February 21 as International Day of the mother tongue , . Bengali is native to the eastern region of Indian subcontinent known as Bengal , which includes Bangladesh , the Indian to part with the following states: West Bengal , partially Tripura , and 3 districts of that of Assam , forming what is commonly called the Barak Valley : There is still a minority spoke in the Indian states Jharkhand and the Andaman and Nicobar. Bengali is the official and national language of Bangladesh and one of 23 official languages recognized by India . This is the official language states: West Bengal and Tripura . It is also a co-official language for the State of Assam is a major language in the territory of the Union of India Andaman and Nicobar Islands , . In 2009, the elected representatives of Bangladesh and West Bengal have demanded that all the Bengali language becomes an official language of the United Nations . The Bengali speaking with a wide variety of regional variants, constituting a linguistic continuum , causing a diglossia between the written and spoken language . And the Assamese standard of Oriya and Bengali, which are considered almost mutually intelligible, each have regional variations that retain impressive resemblance with one or several regional variants of one of two other languages. The main differences from the Bengali of the following causes. The continuum language have emerged two types of written languages, involving different syntaxes and vocabularies and forming a diglossia , : It is formed by a base of regional variants of the south west (Rarh), including the regional variant spoken in the region of Shantipur. It is situated in the district of India , to Nadia , West Bengal on the border of Bangladesh and not far from the city of Kolkata (then named Calcutta by the British ), cultural center of Bengal during the standardization of the Bengali late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. In some cases, speakers of standard Bengali in West Bengal will use a different word than standard Bengali speaking Bangladesh , although each of these words is native Bengali. For example, nun (salt) to the west is east Lobon . Even in the standard spoken Bengali, the Muslim and Hindu use different words. Because of cultural and religious traditions, Hindus and Muslims respectively use, words derived from Sanskrit and Arabic-Persian vocabulary Some examples are : (S = derived from Sanskrit, P = derived from Persian, A = derived from Arabic) The Bengali writing system is not an alphabetic writing system (eg. the Latin alphabet ), but a abugida or alphasyllabaire , ie its graphemes represent a syllable base, consisting of a consonant and a vowel "inherent" . It is a variant of the Eastern Nagari script used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India ( Assam , West Bengal and a href = "Mithila" class = "new" title = "Mithila (non-existent page)"> Mithila region of Bihar ). The Eastern Nagari script seems to have evolved from a writing Brahmic changed around 1000 AD. AD for example "opinion" 
Contemporary Period
Geographic distribution
In addition it is spoken by large communities in Official status
It became an official language in Sierra Leone in honor of the contribution of Bangladesh to the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone . The national anthems of India and Bangladesh were both written by the Nobel Bengali Rabindranath Tagore . Written, spoken and regional variants
The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety -often, speakers are fluent cholitobhasha (standard spoken Bengali) and one or more other regional variants .
He often refers to this form of Bengali under the names "Nadia standard" or Shantipuri Bangla . Bengali is the standard spoken: choltibhasha () or cholitobhasha, which is now accepted as a standard form both in West Bengal at Bangladesh. The South Eastern West Bengal , Kolkata included, speak standard spoken Bengali, unlike other areas, where is spoken the "Bengali". As Bengali is a language continuum , changes in regional variants of the Bengali will be minor or very different, if not more or less understandable. The majority in Bangladesh speaks noticeably different variants of standard spoken Bengali. Writing system
In addition hshonto, 3 other diacritics are usually used in Bengali. They are stacked diacritics chndrobindu ():
- suprasegmental unit for the nasalization of vowels (as in "moon")
- the posterior onushshr () indicating the plosive voiced velar nasal (as in "Bengali")
- the bishrgo posterior () indicating the fricative glottal deaf (as in ! "ouch!") or gemination of consonants in a row (as in "sorrow, sadness").
The combined Bengali consonants ( juktobnjon in Bengali) are usually performed by ligation ( juktakkhor), where the first consonant is placed above or left of that which follows immediately. In these ligatures, the shape of consonants is often simplified and sometimes even distorted beyond all recognition. Writing in Bengali, there are about 285 such ligatures noting consonants combined. Although there are few visual formulas to build some of these bindings, most of them must be learned. Recently, to help teach young kids, efforts have been made by educational institutions in two main regions Bangla (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to lessen the opaque nature of many consonants in combination, and it follows that Bengali modern texts begin to contain more graphic form of "transparent" for consonants grouped together, such as constituent consonant is apparent from reading the form chart. However, since this change is not extended to the entire area and Bengali is not uniformly followed by the rest of Bengali printed literature, today's school children should learn to recognize the two forms: the new "transparent" and the old "opaque".
Punctuation marks Bengali, with the exception of the vertical bar Dari (|), the Bengali equivalent of a point , were adopted from those of Western scripts for a similar purpose .
While, as in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc..) Letters are aligned on a line below invisible letters Bengali cling to a horizontal bar up called matra (not to be confused with its meaning in Hindi Matra, which means the dependent form of Hindi vowels). The presence and absence of matra can be significant. For example, the letter and the number 3 "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra respectively, as the consonants grouped and the independent vowel Orthographic Transparency The Bengali script generally has a transparent orthography , ie, in most cases, Bengali is written the way it sounds, there is correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and letters (graphemes) of Bengali. However inconsistencies grapheme-phoneme appear in some cases. The main ones are as follows. Despite some changes in the nineteenth century, the Bengali spelling system continues to rely on that of Sanskrit , which does not reflect the emerging sounds of spoken language. For example, there are 3 basic graphemes (, and ) for post-alveolar fricative consonant deaf . Identically, there are 2 graphemes ( and ) for post-alveolar affricate consonant approximant . In addition, the grapheme was pronounced and written as the retroflex nasal consonant is now pronounced as an alveolar consonant without spelling does not reflect this change. Many consonants combined transcribe sounds different combinations of consonants. For example, the combination of consonants and is carried out graphically by and is pronounced or even "rude" "loss" or "power"), depending on the position of the combination in the word. A consonant that is not accompanied by a dependent vowel is followed by the inherent vowel which is pronounced, as appropriate, Other Uses Writing Bengali, with slight modifications, is also used to write the Assamese. The Meitei , a language Tibeto-Burman used in the Indian state Manipur , is written in Bengali alphasylalbaire for centuries, despite the recent resurgence of writing Mayeka Meitei (a abugida Meitei). The Bengali script was adopted for writing the Sylheti , replacing the old Sylheti Nagori script . Several conventions exist for romanized languages are given, including Bengali. These use the "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration for" or IAST (based on diacritics) , "Indian languages Transliteration" or ITRANS (uses upper case alphabets agreed keyboards ASCII ) , and the Romanization system of the National Library in Calcutta . For the romanization of Bangla, we must distinguish the transliteration of the transcript. The transliteration is orthographic (the original spelling can be found), while the transcription is phonetic (pronunciation can be reproduced). So for Bangla, the transliteration and transcription will be different, as the English do not have the sounds of the Bangla and the pronunciation does not fully reflect the spelling. Bangla words are currently Romanized on model. This model uses a phonemic transcription, pronunciation and has shown no link with the spelling. Grid romanization is given in the table below, with the help of transcripts IPA as used above. Romanization
Previous Central Posterior Closed i u Half-closed e o Half-open O Open has Labial Dentals Alveolar Apico-
Post-alveolar Lamino-
Post-alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal m n ng Occlusive Deaf p
ph t
th
Th c.
chh k
kh sound b
bh d
dh
djh j
jh g
gh Fricatives s sh h Liquids l, r References
See also
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