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Ben Naphtali

Moshe ben Naphtali ( Hebrew : ( ) ^{Biographical Elements}

Ben Naphtali is from an old family Masoretes installed Tiberias , where he himself has probably had, between 890 and 940 CE. his life is little known elsewhere until its name: some medieval authorities call "Jacob," while two manuscripts ufut QALE are "Moshe ben David. This last option was chosen, following the discovery of a fragment autograph saying "Ben David ben Naphtali. "

Artwork

Ben Naphtali was probably written, as Ben Asher codex biblical standards Masoretic his school, but nothing has been preserved. All or part of its differences with Ben Asher was however preserved, besides a few references to medieval authorities , including Maimonides , in Masoretic lists more or less complete, copied in various treaties grammarians ( David Kimhi , Yedidia Nortzi , etc. .). These lists are printed in the Rabbinical Bibles in the texts of Baer-Delitzsch and Ginsburg , and in the latter Masorah (volume iii). These differences, in number 875, referring mostly to the placement of accents cantillation. The rest relate to DAGESH and rafe , the vowels, accents and, in rare cases the spelling of words.

Among the major differences:

Ben Asher vocalizes the name of the ninth son of Jacob, , "Issachar," while Ben Naphtali pronounces "Iskhar. "
When a form of '-KL ( "eat") appears with a suffix and that the lamed is punctuated with a Segol , Ben Asher punctuates the Khaf with Hatef Patah (except in Ecclesiastes 5:10), while Ben Naphtali punctuates the still with a simple sheva.
Lorsque'une form of the verb GR-SH ( "return") appears with a suffix and the shin is punctuated with a Segol , Ben Asher punctuates the resh with Hatef Patah (Psalms 34:1 except where the resh is punctuated with a sere ), while Ben Naphtali punctuates the still with a simple sheva.
In the word BTYM ( "houses"), Ben Asher that there should be a doubly enhanced by the tav DAGESH (which probably means the DAGESH is hard and not soft , indicating gemination and not a sound shift ) in two locations (Deuteronomy 6:11 ET I Chronicles 28:11), while Ben Naftali believes that it is also the case in Exodus 2:7, id. 8:7 and II Chronicles 34:11.
When a name beginning with a Yud vocalized i (eg, Israel) appears with a prefix or lamed beth ( or ), Ben Asher B'Isral vocalizes or Israel, while Ben Naphtali Bisral vocalizes or Lisral
The authors differ on the presence of DAGESH BGDKFT in letters (in which the mutation induces DAGESH consonantal), under certain conditions
In rare places, Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali spell differently (eg in I Kings 3:20, Ben Asher wrote yeshena Ben Naphtali yesheina, in Isaiah 30:23, the text is, according to Ben Asher, while zar'akha that according to Ben Naphtali, it is written artzekha; in Ezekiel 14:16, the text is, according to Ben Asher, Tihy shmama and, according to Ben Naphtali, shmama Tihy)

Elijah Levita , noting that about 5, after the West Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali Orientals, felt able to draw a general rule . However, this "rule" has many exceptions: for example, I Kings 3:20 (cf. paragraph 7), it is the Orientals who follow Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali Westerners, moreover, in Psalms 45:10 and Proverbs 30:17, all the manuscripts and printed editions follow the opinion of Ben Naphtali.

References

Cf (Especially) D. Bartholomew, Historical Studies of the text of the Old Testament (Orbis biblicus and orientalis, vol. 21), p.363, Academic Publishing, 1978 ISBN 978-3-525-53324-6
E. Levita Massoretes haMassoret, ed. Ginsburg, P. 144

Source

This article incorporates text from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906, article "Ben Naftali" by Louis Ginzberg and Caspar Levia , a publication now in the public domain.

Geonim Period ( 589 - 1,038 )
Geonim of Soura	March Rav Huna bar AIHA Yehuda Natrona Amram (?) Saadia Samuel ben Hofn Other
Geonim of Pumbedita	Hanan of Isqiya Sherira hai Hizkiya (?) Other
The Jews in Babylonia	Exilarch Babylonian academies ( Sura Pumbedita Nehardea etc.. )
The Jews of Israel	Palestinian academies Aaron ben Meir Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali
The Karaites	Anan Benjamin Daniel Salman Sahl Yaphet Yaqub Other wise Karaites Princes Karaites
Other protesters	Abu Issa Yudghan Hamadan Hiwi al-Balkhi Ishmael of Oukbara Moussa Tiflis Meshwi of Oukbara
The Jews of Kairouan	Isaac Israeli Dunash ibn Tamim Jacob ben Nissim Houshiel Hananel Nissim ben Jacob
The Jews in Spain	Hasdai ibn Shaprut Dunash ben Labrat Menahem Ben Sarouk Judah ben David Hayyuj Samuel ibn Nagrela Yona ibn Jannah
Intellectual activity	Responsa Halachic Codes Arrangement of ritual ( Seder ) Philosophy ( Kalam ) Massor Grammar etc..

Massor
Eras of Massor	Soferim Masoretes ( Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali) Nakdanim Expert ( Ben Hayyim Elia Levita CD Ginsburg )
Schools	Babylonian hyrosolimite Galilean Tiberian ( Tiberian pronunciation of Hebrew )
Signs of vocalization	Patah Kamatz Shva Tsere Hiriq Segol Holam Kouboutz & Shourouk
Diacritical	DAGESH ( hard and soft ) Mappiq Rafe Point Shin
Other signs and notes	Signs cantillation Gueresh & Guershayim Meteg Noun reversed Qeri-ketiv
Works	Aleppo Codex Leningrad Codex Codex cairensis