Baccalaureate (France)

In France, the baccalaurat (the Latin etymologically is a degree required for entry into training of higher education. It is a necessary but not sufficient: some colleges, including preparatory classes , operate a selection among graduates, according to their own criteria. Candidates are mainly high school students completing high school. It was created in its modern version as ^Napoleon by the decree of organic 17 March 1808 and is considered the first degree.

The baccalaureate is colloquially called "bin" and, formerly, "punt."

From the Middle Ages to the French Revolution

The first bachelor's date in France of the thirteenth ^century with the advent of the University of Paris. The baccalaureate is then given in four faculties: Faculty of arts, medicine , of law and theology. This is the first grade obtained in each of these faculties, the Faculty of Arts is usually a prerequisite to other faculties: the Bachelor of Theology, for example, which was above the BA and the same as ba. The bachelor's degree (it is so than boys) may then prepare the license for its ability to obtain the right to teach (licencia docendi: permission to teach) in this one. As a bachelor, may assist a teacher to teach towards the baccalaureate candidates as being in charge of courses called "extraordinary."

The Napoleonic reform

After the French Revolution , which removes the universities, the Bachelor has been reorganized for the five disciplines of the time ( science , letters , law , medicine , theology ) by ^Napoleon in 1808, with the other two grades, license and Ph.D.. The bachelor's degree becomes a state. The decree of 17 March 1808 establishes the rules to follow to get those grades. The two new bachelor's degrees, Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science, part of the legacy of the MA. Bachelor's degrees in each discipline are not the same level, and the Bachelor of Arts degree is a prerequisite for the presentation of other bachelor tests. The law degree is obtained after two years of study at the Faculty of Law.

In 1808 there were only 21 graduates. In 1830, has introduced the first written test and, in 1840, mentions very good, good and quite well. From 1852, the Bachelor of Arts and Science become symmetrical, whereas previously the preceding Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Science divided into physical and mathematical science. There was enough in the nineteenth ^century few candidates for that university professors are themselves taking the tests, as seen in " The Bachelor "of Jules Valls. Thus, in 1885, there was the Paris Academy graduates received 878 first degree, and 776 in the second degree ^{Bachelor of Arts}

According to the decree of April 10, 1852 and Resolution of September 5, 1852, in order to undergo the tests in front of a Bachelor of Arts Faculty of Arts, you must be at least sixteen. The exam consists of a written test and an oral test. The first test includes a Latin version, a Latin composition or a composition according to the French sort. Topics are selected by the dean of the faculty. The note in the written test determines the continuation of the review. The oral test consists of an explanation of Greek texts, Latin and French, and a questioning of the logic, history and geography, arithmetic, geometry and elementary physics. The Bachelor of Arts degree are exempted from the scientific tests.

Bachelor of Science

According to the decree of 10 April 1852, the exam consists of two tests, a written test consisting of two compositions and an oral examination where the candidate must satisfy all the teaching of the scientific section of schools. The higher parts of mathematics, physics, chemistry and natural history, which were included in the old programs, Bachelor of Physical Sciences, are reported to the examination of three licenses of Science. Students of medical faculties and colleges of pharmacy are exempt from the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science must be. Under the laws of 15 March 1850 and 14 June 1854 the decrees of August 22, 1854 and August 23, 1858; Orders of August 7, 1857, 15 July 1858 and January 24, 1859: to be admitted for consideration by the B.Sc. full must be 16 years. The exam consists of a written test and an oral test. The written test includes a Latin version, a composition of mathematics and physics. The oral test consists of instructions or Latin, French, German and English and questions on matters concerning the program logic, history, geography, pure and applied mathematics, physical sciences and natural sciences. Bachelor of science degree are exempt from literary events. The faculties hold three annual review sessions. The Bachelor of Science includes a small natural history composition instead of composition mathematical. It is intended for future medical students.

Bachelor of Laws

The LLB sanctioned the first two years of study in law schools. He was replaced in 1962 by the General Legal graduates .

Bachelor of secondary education

During the nineteenth century, two groups of bachelor stand out: the Bachelor of Arts and Science which is prepared in high school, and three bachelor's degrees that are intermediate higher education studies leading to the license. In 1927 the Bachelor of Arts and Science are replaced by the bachelor of secondary education which tests for a long time still remain, however, organized by the faculties of humanities and science faculties.

It has undergone several stages in its distribution among the population. It was originally intended for boys of the bourgeoisie. The first woman to pass the baccalaureate is Daubi Julie-Victoire in 1861. But it is from 1924 , when the secondary programs for boys and girls are identical, the degree opens wide for girls.

The second level in the rising number of graduates comes from the 1930's , when the high school audience becomes free (it was paying before, except for a few fellows like Marcel Pagnol and Georges Pompidou , for example). But the explosion in the number of graduates actually comes from the years 1960-1970, when the upper primary stage (the school system earmarked for poor families) is deleted in favor of comprehensive school (in 1975).

The early test of the French class is first introduced in 1965 , fields A, B, C, D and E (replaced in 1994 by the chains S, L and O) and technology are introduced in 1968. The ferry business is established in 1985 , when the Minister of Education Jean-Pierre Chevenement , proclaims that the goal is to get 80% of age at the baccalaureate level. This target is reduced to 74% thereafter. In 2008 , approximately 64% of a generation is a baccalaureate. In 2007 , 54% obtained bins are bins general, 26% and 20% technology bins bins professionals. Until 1965 , the first part included a bachelor, and a second part. Getting this first part was required to enter terminal and apply the baccalaureate. It is also the reason why this test was introduced to French in sixth grade, as high school seniors studying philosophy instead of French.

The baccalaureate is well spent in just over a century and a half a degree elitist and bourgeois, selecting future leaders of the nation, a basic diploma, which is essential to any training and any professional career, replaced in its previous role, for example by the entrance examinations to high schools.

Organization in 2010

Orientation in the French educational system - high school - from the 2009 academic year

General

Although it is possible to take the tests as an independent candidate, this review is designed to be the end of lessons taking place at school. The review sessions are held at the end of the school year in the month of June in metropolitan France and in most of France overseas and in the month of November in New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna.

It is possible to acquire several baccalaureate degrees in fields and / or different series, provided, of course, having competed concerned in order to qualify.

Sectors

The bachelor can happen in many fields, which can be of three main types:

The general degree

From a legal standpoint, the goal of general degree check is "a level of culture defined by the teachings of the schools" on one hand and control 'knowledge in courses taken by students in last year " (that is to say in terminal ) on the other . There are three sets :

• the BA Economic and Social ,
• the bachelor literary and
• the scientific degree.

This diploma does not work integration, but can continue his studies at the university or preparatory classes for grandes coles. Holders of a general baccalaureate may also continue in technological fields and try to get a BTS or DUT.

The Bachelor of Technology

The bachelor of technology is organized to allow either entering the workforce or to continue in higher education . There are seven rounds in 2010 technology :

• the Bachelor of Science and Technology Health and Social (ST2S)
• the Bachelor Industrial Science and Technology (ITS)
• the Bachelor of Science and Technology Laboratory (STL)
• the Bachelor of Science and Technology Management (TSG)
• the Bachelor of Science and Technology Agronomy and Life (STAV)
• the BA Hospitality and
• the technical bachelor of music and dance (TMD).

The Professional Bachelor

The baccalaurat allows rapid integration into working life and the pursuit of higher education short (BTS-DUT). It has many channels, ranging from aeronautics to the sale.

Reforms have occurred in 2008-2009, reducing the time for preparing a professional tray 4 to 3 years, and remove the BEP (vocational) obtained before the end of the second year of vocational.

Sections to be bicultural

The European sections or the oriental languages as well as the international sections give rise to specific tests that allow the addition of a reference to "European section", "section of Oriental languages" or the obtaining of the International Option Baccalaureate ( OIB).

The bi-sections lead to the simultaneous delivery of the French baccalaureate and diploma or certificate recognized by a partner state. The Abibac (Bac bilingual Franco-German) is the oldest and best known of these "bachelor bi-national."

Provisions common to the three bachelors

References

The entries are for students who have obtained an average greater than or equal to 12 after the first group .

• marked "satisfactory" or above average at 12 and less than 14;
• "good": average greater than or equal to 14 and less than 16;
• "very good" average or above 16.

The "Honors" is not a mention. This distinction than the honors does not officially exist, although this term is often used, whether by newspapers, or even teachers or students. Sometimes the jury foreman said the words by hand on the transcript of the baccalaureate. It is generally regarded (probably equally arbitrarily) an average greater than or equal to 18 is equivalent to the award of "Honors." An average above 16 can cause a reward from the institutions (prefectures etc.).. Under the first seven Francois Mitterrand , the entries have been deleted a while, then recovered.

We sometimes hear a reference to "fair" for students whose average is greater than or equal to 10 and less than 12, but no mention appears on the diploma obtained with such a note. Accordingly, a candidate who gets between 10 and 12 is only stated "admitted".

The three entries above have Latin equivalents. These are unusual in France for the baccalaureate, but because they are used in many countries in Europe and North America, their use is beginning to spread to university degrees. They are:

• cum laude (word for word, "with praise"), equivalent to the word "satisfactory";
• magna cum laude (word for word, "with great praise"), the equivalent of "good";
• summa cum laude (word for word, "with supreme praise"), equivalent to the word "Okay".

There is a special mention "European section" or "section of Oriental languages" or "international baccalaureate option, which is added to the degree if the candidate passes an oral examination in an additional foreign language, having taken courses of discipline language, that is to say in another subject (history, geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics ...) in this language .

Bachelor's first medal was struck by the official Arthus-Bertrand.

Character university diploma

The baccalaureate degree is not only the terminal since high school is also the first university degree . This has several practical consequences:

• The foreman of the bachelor is necessarily a teacher-researcher (without which the jury could sit).
• Disciplinary authority in case of fraud is Bachelor exercised by the disciplinary section of the board of directors of a university 's academic credentials. If there are several possible universities, the Rector decides the allocation of the file to one of the universities.
  • The appeal of this disciplinary decision takes place before the disciplinary section of CNESER. Rectorate can appeal if he considers the penalty was too light.
  • The maximum penalty may be the ban on exams for several years (or even criminal prosecution in cases of identity substitution ).
• The baccalaureate is the first university degree in France, he opened the doors of the university, which in practice excludes any depth selection for university entrance.

Level ferry terminal and

If one student gets between 8 and 10 in the first group of tests, he won the right to pass the oral examination of correction. If one student failed the bin with less than 8 / 20 average, he has the "end level". If he failed the second group of tests (catching up), with an average grade of at least 8 / 20, it has the "bac" and receives a certificate of completion of secondary education . A candidate who registers for the tray without passing the test is declared "absent". A candidate who does not pass all the tests he baccalaureate chosen to be declared "no final decision" ^{Provisions common to baccalaureat}

Tests

Bachelor's degrees include general and technical tests required and optional tests (two maximum).

There are two groups of tests, the first all candidates pass and the second for the "control test" familiarly known as "catching up".

There may be early events, that is to say at the end of the class first , as the French test, the supervised personal work (TPE) or trials "in training" as the Physical Education and Sports .

For each test is given a score between 0 and 20 whole points. The absence of a test is equivalent to a score of 0. By averaging the weighted scores, we get the final score. If it exceeds 10, the diploma is awarded. Between 8 and 10 candidates must pass the second set of tests . However, the decision rests with a jury that also takes into account the elements of the school record .

There is a second review session which takes place in September. Contrary to what happens in universities, this second session is not intended to candidates who missed the first but only for those who had a serious impediment .

Statistics

• Changes in the number of candidates and the success rate:
  • In 1960: 81,000 candidates pass rate: 73.5%.
  • In 1980: 347 000 candidates pass rate: 64.1%.
  • In 2004: 604 000 candidates, success rate: 80% (81.8% girls, 77.4% of boys).
    • List of candidates: 307 000 enrolled in general education, 180 000 technology cluster, 117 000 in vocational education.
  • In 2005: 610 000 candidates pass rate: 80.2%
    • Success rates by sector: general series: 83.9%; technology series: 76.1%; professional series: 75.1%.
  • 2006: success rate: 81.9%
    • Success rates by sector: general series: 86.5%; technology series: 77.2%; professional series: 76.8%.
  • In 2007: 621 532 candidates, success rate of 83.3%
    • Success rates by sector: general series: 87.6%; technology series: 79.5%; professional series: 77.9%.

• Evolution rate of the general stream graduates a generation:
  • In 1974: 18.2% of a generation.
  • In 2004: 32.4% of a generation.
    • All disciplines: 62% from one generation .

• Breakdown by age and sex

All combined bachelor, girls do better than boys: 83.7% against 80.2% . The average age for access to the tray varies widely depending on the series: age 18 1 / 2 in the general series, we go to 19 1 / 2 in stores technical and 21 1 / 2 years in the professional series .

• According to the September 23, 1999 edition of L'Express, 61.4% of the workforce is employed "without qualification" or a degree "below the baccalaureate in France.

The tray in society

The review is highly publicized every year. Having the tank is part of the transition to adulthood, a bit like driving.

Many personalities were not the tray. This is particularly the case of Pierre Beregovoy , Andre Malraux , Georges Marchais , Antoine Pinay , Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet , Alain Delon , Gerard Depardieu , Sacha Guitry , Michel Drucker , Christian Estrosi , Georges Brassens , the General Bigeard , Jean-Pierre Pernaut and Jean-Louis Debre Jacques Weber ,

Many people criticize the lowering of the level required to get the tray. For example, Jacques Marseille designates as a "national monument of hypocrisy" and an "instrument of social inequality" .

International Equivalence

It is equivalent to the Abitur in Germany, the Matura in Austria, the Matura in Poland and Slovenia, the maturit Italy, the maturity / ripening / maturity in Switzerland, the certificate of upper secondary education in French Community of Belgium , the A-level in the United Kingdom , the High School Diploma for U.S. , the Selectividad in Spain , the gymnasieexamen Sweden from ylioppilastutkinto / studentexamen in Finland and a college degree (DCS) in Quebec.

It should not be confused with the bachelor's degree from the Anglo-Saxon or bachelor Belgian who are university graduates.

References

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