Babylonian Talmud
The treaties of the Talmud of Babylon are grouped, like the Mishna which forms the base, called in six orders. Each treaty covers a main theme and many other topics as varied and unexpected.
Summary |
After compilation of the Mishnah (circa 200), the sages began to deepen and broaden its study, both in Palestine (which gave rise to the Jerusalem Talmud) and in the Babylonian diaspora (Babylonian Talmud). These are called wise Amoraim (meaning the commentators).
The study of the Mishnah included research of the reasoning behind Halachot and the revelation of the dependence of the Torah to Halachot of the Mishna. The debate around issues raised in the Talmud includes discussions that were conducted in Israel and the Diaspora.
Each page of Talmud also includes Mishnayot and references indicated by the word "Matni" (short for Matnitine, Mishna in Aramaic ). After each segment of the Mishna, the Gemara in writing references letters "Gam" (short for Gemara) that means: Talmudic debate.
The Babylonian Talmud, compiled in the Babylonian diaspora, around the sixth century AD, is comprehensive, well-known and most studied also the Jerusalem Talmud. It is written in Aramaic mixed with Hebrew. The order of the Talmud and the order of the various topics were set at different times, by Amoraim.
The first treaty was printed in 1475. In 1520 for the first time, the entire Babylonian Talmud was printed in Venice.
Exegesis and new concepts of the Talmud
The Babylonian Talmud is accompanied by commentary by Rashi (1040-1105). Over time, other comments were added. Of these, one can mention the work written in the Midrash Bate France and Germany during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, called Tosafot.
Besides the comments of Rashi, new concepts (Hidoush) of the Gemara was written in Tosafot and other annotations. The first book of new concepts was Hidoush HaRamban of Ramban (1194-1270). He was followed by: Hidoush haRashba of Rabbi Shlomo ben Aderet (1235-1310) and Hidoush HaRitva of Yom Tov in Seville (1250-1330) and Rabbi Menachem HaMiri - Beit HaBhira (1249-1315) and Rabbi Bezalel Shita Mkoubetset Ashkenazi of Jerusalem (sixteenth century).
Composition of the Babylonian Talmud
I - Zra'im (seeds)
This order deals primarily with laws relating to agriculture and blessings. It is composed of one treaty (for the Babylonian version):
- Berakhot (blessings)
II - Mo'ed (appointment / party)
This order deals primarily with laws concerning the timing as the Sabbath and holidays. It is composed of 12 treaties:
- Shabbat: Laws of Shabbat, mostly, the thirty-nine categories of work prohibited by the Torah and the prohibitions imposed by the Sages as extra precautions.
- Erouvin: the laws of Shabbat on private estates where, for rabbinical decree, it is forbidden to wear and how to merge such areas to be able to wear, the distance of 2000 around the residence of a person, beyond which we can not go on the Sabbath and ways to increase this distance in one direction.
- Pesachim: the laws of chametz and matza , the sacrifice of Passover and the Seder.
- Chkalim: laws concerning the annual tax of a each had to pay, and used to fund community offerings in the Temple.
- Yoma: the laws of Yom Kippur (essentially the Temple service on this day) and laws on this day of fasting.
- Sukkah: the laws of Sukkot , such as the construction of the and the obligation to live there, the the feast of which took place in the Temple, and Hoshanna Rabbah.
- Beitsa: laws specific to the performance of work on holidays; detailed approach of the many laws that apply to both the Sabbath and festivals.
- Rosh Hashanah: the procedure for determining the date of the new moon and its property, the rules of the shofar and order ringtones, the prayers of Rosh Hashanah.
- Taanit : special prayers added to the daily prayers for rain, days of fasting enacted during periods of drought, war or threat of widespread, the laws of Tisha Beav.
- Megillah: the laws of Purim and the reading of Megillat Esther , the laws concerning the synagogue and the Torah. Treaty in which we see to discuss the authenticity of certain biblical texts by comparing the testimony Greek and Hebrew.
- Mo'ed Katana: the laws of (Intermediate Days of Christmas), the laws of mourning.
- Haguiga: the obligation of every Jewish adult man to stand in the temple during the three pilgrimage festivals and offerings specific to the party that each pilgrim will take this opportunity.
III - Nashim (Women)
This order deals primarily with laws relating to marriage and matters related thereto as divorce or marital fidelity but also wishes and the Nazarite. It is composed of seven treaties:
- yvamot:
- ketouvot: deals with contracts of marriage and the rules of good marriage.
- Nedarim:
- Nazir: Treaty which evokes the lives of ascetics and gives rules of sanctification , especially around the nezirat.
- sota: Treaty of women suspected of infidelity.
- guitine:
- Kiddushin:
IV - Nzikin (damage)
This order deals primarily with laws relating to civil and criminal, of idolatry , ethics and morals. It has 8 covered:
- kama baba:
- baba metsi'a:
- Baba Batra:
- Sanhedrin :
- Makota:
- chevou'ot:
- Avodah Zarah:
- horayot:
V - Kodachim (sacred objects)
This order deals primarily with laws concerning ritual slaughter (che'hita) , the sacrifices and the Temple. It is composed of 9 treated:
- zva'him:
- mna'hot:
- Houlin:
- bkhorot:
- Arakhin:
- Temur:
- kritout:
- m'ila:
- tamid:
VI - Taharot (purity)
This order deals primarily with laws concerning purity and impurity ritual. It is composed of one treaty (the Talmud):
- nida: dealing with the rules of purity, especially women but also of the descent.
Related articles
External Links
| Literature of the Sages | Mishnah Tosefta Baraita Gemara Talmud of Babylon and Jerusalem Minor Treatment Midrash Targum |  |
| Later medieval literature and | Responsa codes and compilations of Jewish law exegesis Philosophy Ethics Kabbalah | |
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