Arabic Numerals

Arabic numerals are the ten digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0) and the system of positional decimal notation that accompanies them. They were invented in India , then borrowed by the Islamic civilization from the ^ninth century and described in a book of Al-Khwarizmi , then gradually transmitted to medieval Europe where they have taken several centuries to win. These figures have gradually replaced the Roman numerals and are gradually imposed over the world because they allow a very simple notation in the decimal system used in the West and facilitate simple operations on large numbers and complex operations.

Summary 1 History 2 Etymology 3 graph of common origin 4 Variants graphics handwriting 5 See also 5.1 Notes and references 6 External links

History

The Arabic numerals spread to Europe in the ^tenth century by the Spanish while Muslim. Then their distribution in the rest of the West continued in various ways. Some attribute a major role mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci , who had studied with teachers Arab Candle (now Bejaia in Algeria) and brought back to Pisa in 1198 some of their knowledge and published in 1202 , the Liber Abaci (The Book calculations), a treatise on the calculations and accounting based on the decimal calculation. Others focus on the work of Gerbert d'Aurillac (940-1003), the future Pope Sylvester II , who studied at the monastery of Vich, in Catalonia , learning the Islamic sciences and technology , studying mathematics and astronomy. The latter wrote a book on the division of Libellus numerorum divisione, Regulae of divisionibus where Gerbert invented a method of Euclidean division which will be reported by Bernelin of Paris, one of his students, and a treaty on multiplication, Libellus multiplicationum which prescribed by the ancient propagating fingers (digital computing) then, in 1299, they are banned everywhere, including in private accounting Florentine merchants and bankers . Until operations are simple, the abacus to calculate and Roman numerals for graphical enough. From the Renaissance, with the exponential growth of trade and the sciences, particularly astronomy but also of ballistics, the need for a system for calculating power and speed needed: Arabic numerals definitively rule out their Roman predecessors and their final route is attested from the ^fifteenth century.

Etymology

The word figure comes from the Arabic (chafra), meaning "sign", through the Medieval Latin cifra, which means "zero." The Arabic word sifr itself is a layer of the word Sanskrit Sunya, which has the same meaning. Zero constituting the most important innovation of the system of Arabic numerals, it has come to mean all digits .

Graph of common origin

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  Egypt phone keypad: Each number is indicated in both Arabic script spelling and Western.

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  Presentation of a phone number with the count used in Europe and the count used in Egypt.

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  Pedigree counts Brahmi , Gwalior , Sanskrit - Devanagari and Arabic (1935).

The spelling of the Arabic numerals "Western" is different from their elders themselves Arab and Indian originals.

Here's a quick comparison between the current paths of Arabic numerals from the figures that some Arab countries are now using (Hindi figures) and figures such as plotted in several Indian scripts.

The countries of the Maghreb use only modern plots, unlike the countries of the Mashreq (or Middle East ) who use both. This type of plot was probably invented European moreover in North Africa, probably in al-Andalus.

The development of decimals in Europe until the ^eighteenth century is shown in the illustration below Montucla of JE, which was published in 1758 in his History of mathematics:

Variants graphics handwriting

• Computer scientists and the military are sometimes the number zero "0", by crossing a slash to avoid confusion with the letter " O ", which brings it closer to the letter Danish " ".

• Francophones often write the number " 1 "provided with a short bar to the left oblique descending from the summit. Anglophones and Francophones in North America are satisfied with a vertical bar.

• Francophones often write the number " 7 "fitted with a horizontal bar median avoids confusion with their number" 1 ". This bar is very rarely used by English speakers or French speakers in North America, for whom the risk of confusion does not exist.