Anne Jean Marie Ren Savary

Anne Jean Marie Ren Savary
Birth	26 April 1774 Marcq
Deaths	2 June 1833 (59 years) Paris
Origin	France
Allegiance	Kingdom of France Kingdom of the French French Republic French Empire French Empire (the Hundred Days) Kingdom of the French
Weapon	Cavalry
Grade	Major General
Years of Service	1790 - 1833
Conflicts	French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars Conquest of Algeria
Feats	1793 : Battle of Wissembourg 1798 : Battle of the Pyramids 1800 : Battle of Marengo 1805 : Battle of Austerlitz 1806 : Battle of Jena 1807 : Battle of Eylau 1807 : Battle of Ostrolenka 1807 : Battle of Heilsberg 1807 : Battle of Friedland
Honors	Duke of Rovigo Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honor
Respects	Name engraved on the Arc de Triomphe
Other functions	1 810 - one thousand eight hundred and fourteen : Minister of Police
change

Anne-Marie Jean-Ren Savary, first Duke of Rovigo was born at Marcq near Vouziers in the Ardennes , on 26 April 1774 , and died in Paris on 2 June 1833.

Son of a former Major commoner, Savary between early and fought in the army during the revolutionary wars. Officer of cavalry , he served successively general Custine , Pichegru , Moreau , Ferino and Desaix before being noticed on the evening of the Battle of Marengo by Napoleon , where he became the adjutant. The first consul assigned several special missions under the command of a force of military intelligence competitor Police Fouch. Bonaparte reward by giving him the hand of a relative of Josephine de Beauharnais , and raising the rank of brigadier general in 1803. The same year he unravels the plot Cadoudal before starring in the execution of the Duc d'Enghien in March 1804.

Major General in 1805 , he participated in the campaign in Prussia and Poland and illustrated including the Battle of Ostroka , is his main weapon in 1807. After the Peace of Tilsit , he was briefly sent to embassy in Russia to the Tsar Alexander. In 1808 , after being made Duke of Rovigo by the Emperor, he left for Spain. There, he escorted the Prince of Asturias , Ferdinand , to the interview of Bayonne where he is arrested by Napoleon. Returned to Spain, Savary command French forces in dealing with the insurgents until the arrival of King Joseph Bonaparte.

The betrayals of the Minister of Police , Fouche induce the Emperor to relieve him of his duties. In June 1810 , he confided to his portfolio Savary. This therefore seeks to rationalize and intensify conscription , the propaganda and imperial censorship which is especially cool Madame de Stael. Savary, however, is ridiculed by the coup of General Malet in October 1812 that takes it completely by surprise and he is unable to stop. After the terror laughable, the Minister is deeply discredited in the wake of this incident, however, the impending campaign in France is a much more serious problem to the Emperor. Always faithful to Napoleon, although more and more certain of defeat, Savary leaves Paris with the Empress in March 1814 leaving free the Prince of Talleyrand to offer the keys to the capital with troops of the enemy.

Despite having kept out of the Emperor at the time of his first abdication, Savary, treated with coldness by the royalist , soon joined him at the announcement of his return. Mandated that both the police , the disaster of Waterloo occurred before he could do nothing. Savary is then taken prisoner by the English and then by the Austrians before going into exile in the Ottoman Empire after his homeland sentenced him to death in absentia in 1816. In 1819 , determined to be milled, the Duke of Rovigo sailed for France where he requests to be retried. This time cleared, it is restored to his titles and dignities, but retired.

Falling Bourbon gives him one last opportunity to serve. The orders of Louis-Philippe , he sailed for Algeria where he participated in the conquest , sometimes brutally, from 1831 to 1833. That year, ill, he was relieved of his command and returned to France. He died in Paris on 2 June 1833.

Summary 1 Early military: war of the Revolution The two prisoners of Bonaparte 2.1 Early police operations 2.2 The execution of the Duc d'Enghien 2.3 From Empire General diplomat 3 The General in the Spanish fire 3.1 Decline of the Kingdom of the Bourbons 3.2 Right into the trap of Bayonne 3.3 Ordering of French troops in Madrid 4 Minister of Police 4.1 Replace Joseph Fouche Fact 4.2, censorship and arrests 4.3 The humiliation Malet 5 The fall of the Empire 5.1 The campaign in France 5.2 The last flight of the Eagle 5.3 After the Empire, exile 6 The comeback 7 Notes and references 7.1 Notes 7.2 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Primary Sources 8.2 Sources secondary 8.3 Contemporary Books 9 External links

Early military: war of the Revolution

Dru born in the castle at Marcq in the Ardennes , Anne Jean Marie Ren Savary, who is the third son of a soldier, former Major of the place of Sedan . Enjoying the departure of several officers of the King abroad, he was promoted lieutenant in September 1791. Savary is later used in 1792 , the army of General Custine who faces the troops of the Duke of Brunswick. Following this campaign he became captain. Savary was appointed Officer of Order of General Pichegru then of General Moreau in the countryside of the Rhine. In 1793 , he witnessed the battles of Berstheim and Wissembourg and the siege of Landau.

He served as adjutant general's Ferino in the Army of the Rhine and during the retreat of Bavaria. The new crossing of the Rhine in 1797 , Savary is still responsible for the initial landing of troops. It crosses the river in broad daylight, under the fire of cannon and musketry, and remains on the right bank until the bridge is thrown . He distinguished himself again to his bravery, the same year by organizing a third crossing of the Rhine to abandon an untenable position in the heart of Swabia. It is made of this opportunity squadron leader.

He was later appointed adjutant general of Desaix the following five years, first in the Army of the Rhine , then 1798 to 1800 at the Eastern Army during the Egyptian campaign. Savary command troops landed Desaix division at the capture of Malta and then to Alexandria and participated in the Battle of the Pyramids. It is still under the command of Desaix at the second campaign of Italy , until the Battle of Marengo , where the general, saving the Consul Bonaparte , are both victory and death. Savary had great affection and admiration for the talent and humanity of Desaix , and he finds himself the corpse of his superior that it recognizes through his thick hair , then the door of the tent Bonaparte . The latter, relying on the trial of General deceased and impressed by the unwavering loyalty of Savary, made him at once his own aide.

The prisoners of Bonaparte

First police operations

The First Consul made his trusted Savary. It accompanies all trips and is challenged to delicate missions. So it was ordered in September 1800 , to conduct an investigation into the abduction of Senator Clement de Ris , in fact orchestrated by the Minister of Police, Fouche , kidnapping that inspired the novel by Balzac , A mysterious affair , then the same year, left for the Vendee to track down accomplices Chouan Cadoudal. Savary then became colonel and commander of the gendarmerie 's elite committed to the protection of Bonaparte , in September 1801 . Bonaparte places it at the same time the head of a secret military police responsible, inter alia, to oversee the various police bodies, namely, in particular, the Ministry of Police of Fouche and gendarmerie of Moncey.

Savary became a close friend of the Bonaparte family and is frequently invited to festivals of Malmaison. There he met a distant relative of Josephine de Beauharnais and school friend of her daughter Hortense , Faudoas Bliss, aged seventeen years. With the blessing of the First Consul, the marriage took place on 27 February 1802 , followed at the end of the year 1802 , the birth of little Josephine Hortense .

Police Activities Savary earned him 29 August 1803 promoted to the rank of brigadier general. In October 1803 , police revealed the existence of a removal project for the First Consul held by Cadoudal and General Pichegru. The plot also implies, General Moreau. Savary managed to penetrate with great skill in the plotters in their venue of Bivins , in Normandy. It deciphers the codes used by the royalists but fails in posing one of them, to persuade the Comte d'Artois, the future Charles X , to return to France. Pichegru was arrested and committed suicide on 4 April 1804 at Temple where he is imprisoned, while Moreau is banned . Cadoudal is, meanwhile, arrested on 9 March 1804 and questioned by Savary. Sentenced to death, he was guillotined on 25 June 1804 , after refusing to beg for mercy. One learns through this that the conspirators were waiting for the return of a prince of royal blood in France to put their plan into execution.

The execution of the Duc d'Enghien

Bonaparte, on the advice of his foreign minister , Talleyrand , then decided to arrest the Duc d'Enghien , Prince de Conde and prince of the blood, which, since the ranks of immigrants , is suspected of having participated in the conspiracy. On the night of 15 March 1804 , a detachment of dragoons under the command of General Ordener illegally enters German territory to Ettenheim , and removes the Duke they bring back to Strasbourg.

On 20 March 1804 , he was transferred to Vincennes and found the same night, without witnesses, by a military commission. General Hulin , commander of the grenadiers of the consular guard is placed at its head. Savary, who leads troops of the elite Gendarmerie met at Vincennes is not part of the committee but attends the deliberations . After a brief interrogation in which the Duke denies conspiracy but boasts combat Republic , Prince de Conde was quickly sentenced to death for "conspiracy against state security" .

It seems that at the request of the accused, General Hulin has proposed to suggest to Bonaparte, before implementation, to arrange a meeting between them. Hulin would subsequently declared that Savary had snatched the pen from his hand, saying "Your case is over, gentlemen, is my business. " . The Duc d'Enghien is then led into the moat of Vincennes and shot on the orders of Savary, a picket of police elite. The latter devotes several pages of his memoirs to the narrative of events leading to this performance and it gives a very minor role .

From Empire General diplomat

Bonaparte became Napoleon , Savary named Major General in February 1805 and presented him with the plate of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor. Savary found the battlefield and becomes the adjutant of the Emperor. Just before the battle of Austerlitz , at the end of November 1805 , Savary was sent to the Tsar Alexander ^I with peace proposals . The Emperor rewarded generously since it receives a patent for a pension of 20,000 francs and the cable eagle of the Legion of Honor on 25 February 1807 .

After the battles of Heilsberg and Friedland , Savary became governor of East Prussia. Following the Peace of Tilsit in July 1807 between the French Empire and the Russian Empire , the general is sent as plenipotentiary to St. Petersburg , where he will monitor the implementation of the secret clauses of the Treaty, including the establishment of the continental blockade. Despite repeated demonstrations of friendliness of the Czar Alexander I , the Russian aristocracy closes his door, reluctant to Napoleon's envoy, the representative of a revolutionary nation , hostile, especially, the "butcher of Vincennes, the murderer of a prince of royal blood . If successful, very gradually, to be tolerated in polite society, Savary is very uncomfortable in this situation. His habits, his frankness and his taste for action are satisfied with a bad position as a diplomat. Very quickly, it needs to be replaced by a true ambassador . Before the end of 1807 , the Emperor decided to call him to Paris. It is immediately noted by the grand equerry Caulaincourt.

Savary is back in France in January 1808. On 7 February 1808 , it is included in the new promotion of the nobility of the Empire and became Duke of Rovigo , as with a cash endowment of 15,000 francs. By March 1808 , he has to leave for Spain.

General in the Spanish fire

Decline of the Kingdom of the Bourbons

The Kingdom of Spain is so shaken by a severe political crisis. The power was shared between the King Charles IV of Spain , the Minister Manuel Godoy (honored with the title of Prince of Peace), also a lover of Queen Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma and heir to the throne, the prince of Asturias , Ferdinand. The king ran over in practice, under the influence of Napoleon he had agreed to leave the Grand Army crossed the Pyrenees for them to take possession of Portugal while his prime minister Godoy runs the internal affairs .

On 17 March 1808 , the Prince of Asturias is organizing a a href = "% C3% Soul A8vement_d 27Aranjuez%" title = "Rise of Aranjuez"> Aranjuez uprising against his father and Godoy. He took power in the name of Ferdinand VII and arrested the Prince of Peace.

Napoleon was weary of the weakness of its ally. It is necessary to him that Spain, like all countries of Europe applies strictly to the continental blockade aimed at weakening the enemy English. Against the advice of Talleyrand , the Emperor is planning the conquest of the peninsula and the placing on the throne of Spain to a close. He intends to take advantage of the protests of Charles IV to intervene, especially as the Grand Duke of Berg Joachim Murat , under the Treaty of Fontainebleau is present with an army in Spain.

Savary is immediately dispatched to communicate the orders of Napoleon to Marshal Murat. Both must come to take Ferdinand VII in France to a brother of the Emperor to be placed on the throne, while Murat cherished the hope of being offered the throne. But these orders are confidential. For now the Spaniards rejoice because they believe the French will support the power of Ferdinand.

Right into the trap of Bayonne

Savary immediately receives the visit of several important dignitaries of the entourage of the new sovereign, including the Duke of Infantado Escoiquiz and Canon. He easily gets an interview with Ferdinand VII .

The Emperor instructed the evening Savary, the author himself false promises, to go tell the Infant that Charles IV, who is recognized as the legitimate king of Spain ^{Commander of the French troops in Madrid}

The revolt broke out and lasted throughout the month of May in Spain. Napoleon load Murat coordinate repression. He fell ill very quickly and unable to lead the French armies on the spot. The Emperor therefore ordered Savary to replace the Grand Duke of Berg, the time of his recovery. He went to Madrid , and accepts this command unexpected and paradoxical. General and it is found to give orders to two marshals , Bessieres and Moncey , it must also be countersigned by the Chief of Staff of Murat, General Belliard , who is reluctant to obey him . As the disease worsens Murat, it somehow fulfills its mission.

The Duke of Rovigo opposes quickly to Ambassador The Forest on the attitude to adopt. While General addresses the needs and welfare of soldiers, the diplomat tries not to rush the Spanish ministers asking them too heavy financial contributions. While Savary wants to answer the open hostility of the people through repression and violence, The Forest hopes to win hearts by temporizing. In fact, General accumulates odd. It is, for example, celebrate each victory against the insurgents with a salvo of cannon taken from the fortress Madrid Retiro, which vexes their national honor even afrancesados these Spaniards Francophiles.

On 29 June 1808 , Murat was finally allowed to return to France and Savary is responsible for the command in chief of French troops in Spain until the arrival of King Joseph. However the situation is getting worse: every day new fires are born, Napoleon's orders arrive consistently at odds with the events and the French generals, all overwhelmed, lack of reinforcements. Marshal Moncey blocked before Valencia , Verdier fails to take Zaragoza. But Savary is especially worried about the general Dupont mired in Andalucia. Cons repeated requests, the emperor ordered him to wear the few reinforcements available to Marshal Bessieres also in trouble in northern Spain. Napoleon takes no account of his remarks and the troops depart for the north. Bessieres they won thanks to the Battle of Medina de Rioseco allowing Joseph to go to Madrid, where he arrived July 20.

That's when the authorities learned the news of the surrender of General Dupont at the Battle of Bailen. The consequences are terrible, with nearly 20,000 French were captured. This is the first major defeat of the Napoleonic army and has a strong impact among Spaniards . Madrid is no longer sufficiently defended, on the advice of Savary, Joseph left the city soon imitated by the Duke of Rovigo, advise that the Emperor of recent events. Napoleon shows angry at the defeat of Dupont and the flight of capital too fast. After taking him in his capacity as adjutant to the interview at Erfurt , the Emperor returns to Spain where he Savary's mission is to deliver Joseph on the throne in Madrid. Back in town after fierce fighting, he performs menial tasks of police. He arrest and interrogate suspects quantity, and raided the homes of nobles, but also monasteries. In December he follows Napoleon, first in the pursuit of an English army, then in France where the Emperor is concerned about the shenanigans of two of his ministers, Talleyrand and Fouche.

Minister for Police

Replace Joseph Fouche

Taking advantage of rumors claiming the Emperor died in Spain, the Ministers of Police and Foreign Affairs, Joseph Fouch and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord offer, in full view of everyone, the regency of the Empire to the woman its prince. The Empress Marie-Louise refuses, Marshal Murat offended, and finally, Napoleon returned to Paris, put an end to this charade. The two ministers roundly lectured by their master, however, no specific measures are then taken. The disgrace of Fouche is nonetheless begun, but his successor has yet to find. Seeking a Police entirely to his command, the Emperor is turning to his most faithful servant, his own aide, General Savary. The latter always being the commandant of the gendarmerie 's elite, real-cons police, he also sufficient experience, Judge Napoleon to lead the General Police. On ¹June 1810 , a further betrayal of Fouche, Duke of Otranto , which calls for peace talks with Wellesley , London, through the banker Ouvrard , is removed from office. The Emperor Ouvrard arrested by Savary, who is promoted. Fouche, however, has no intention to do anything that could assist the new tenant of the hotel Juign. After a cordial meeting with his successor, who gave him some time to move, it goes for three days after his ouster methodically burned almost all the archives of the Police, lists identifying indicators to the reports of secret agents, to by sheets drawn up on all suspicious characters or just powerful and mission orders of the Emperor. He even dares to take with him when Napoleon , believing that the suspect delayed departure, ordered him to leave, the remaining documents that did not have time to destroy.

Therefore all networks skillfully developed by the Duke of Otranto are rebuilt, all information, to find. Savary suffers more than its unpopularity: none knows his complete devotion to the Emperor. The general, less than anyone, would contradict the master's orders, the worse it would apply with great zeal without losing a minute. However, little by little, Savary and manages to be accepted, and put in motion the machinery of the Quai Voltaire. The Duchess of Rovigo organizes many social functions while her husband made significant efforts to appear softer and less brutal. Meanwhile, the Minister of recruiting new employees to the image of the police prefect of Paris, Dubois , or the Baron of Norvins. Savary, with the approval of the Emperor is closer to the royalist circles, much as he can, "the executor of the Duc d'Enghien" hard police pressure on the opponents. It puts an end, for example, monitoring of the Abbe de Montesquiou and improves the conditions of detention and brother Armand Jules de Polignac.

Plugs, censorship and arrests

The work of the minister, however, limited to the party organization and the announcement of leniency. Other decisions are more unpopular implemented. In a decree in October 1810 , requires all domestic Savary in Paris to be enrolled in the Police Department. He asks the same year, all prefects to file all the notables of their influential administrative division, stating their political views, their fortune, their relationships and their family situation. Similarly, the prefectures must identify girls of good society soon age to marry in order to prepare the wedding with young officers of the nobility of the Empire. The aim of the minister and the Emperor is to bring together the aristocracies of the Old and the new regime. Young boys are also easy home listed to select from among themselves the officers and officials tomorrow. Finally the representatives of the State should ensure strict implementation and in all territories, the conscription , that is to say they receive a mission to hunt down deserters, more and more as s' accumulate difficulties for the French Empire.

The prefects are quite ill at ease with these new powers. To ensure it is well obeyed, the Duke of Rovigo therefore the support, if not monitored by agents of the department, directly under his orders. Moreover, these provisions are applicable on French territory, but also in the annexed areas, in Belgium , in Holland and Italy in particular. Sending the son of the family in large schools or French directly into the army is very badly perceived by local populations as well as the marriage of young girls with officers of the Empire.

In October 1811 , following repeated requests by the Duke of Rovigo, the Emperor accepts a proposed censorship much more radical than those then in force. The number of newspapers tolerated is limited to four: Le Moniteur Universal , the Gazette de France , the Journal of the Empire and the Journal de Paris. Against the advice of Savary, which envisaged the continuation of six newspapers, the emperor removed the publicist and the Mercure de France. All others are banned and their owners compensated. Control of the press came under the authority of the Ministry of General Police. The press in the province suffered a similar control: only a sheet is authorized by the department , yet it must confine itself to copy excerpts from the official gazette, Le Moniteur. Savary also oversees the production of theatrical time, many parts are therefore prohibited. On the other hand, those who show particular dedication to the Empire and her prince are welcomed, and even rewarded financially. The most famous example of this frenzy is not the decision of the Duke of Rovigo to ban the book from Madame de Stael , De l'Allemagne, even before the Censorship Board to reach a verdict. Savary's eyes, this book is guilty of double fault to glorify the German people on one hand and to omit the French military successes against the Prussian other. The book is pounded, smashed the presses and the exiled author.

The humiliation Malet

Despite these efforts to increase the power and authority of the imperial police, Savary is reduced to its prerogatives by Napoleon whenever it conflicts with other departments: for example, he repeatedly opposed the Minister of the Navy , the admiral Decres over control of the ports of the Empire. More importantly, he entered a dispute with the Minister of Foreign Affairs , Maret , about surveillance diplomats residing in Paris. The Emperor referee conflicts against him the most. Imperial Police is totally ridiculed during the coup of General Malet. On 23 October 1812 , this general, detained for conspiracy , escapes from prison about three o'clock in the morning. He immediately went to the nearest fire station with a fake Senatufconfultum announcing both the death of Napoleon in Russia and the proclamation of the Republic. Helped by some soldiers, he went to the prison of La Force and ordered the release of two other generals captives Lahorie and Guidal. Them, unaware that Napoleon is alive and well, and all their joy of finding freedom, endorse Malet. On the stroke of seven o'clock in the morning and Guidal Lahorie easily penetrate the Ministry of Police and surprise Savary at the foot of the bed. Guidal, imprisoned by order of the Minister takes possession of a weapon, intent to pass away the Duke of Rovigo . Lahore, a former comrade of Savary intervenes, eventually, the minister is arrested and taken to prison by Guidal Force. His close collaborators, Pasquier Desmarets and suffer the same fate, while Lahorie takes possession of the department.

The conspiracy ended in failure, however. Malet who has so far dealt only gullible soldiers or officials fail to convince the General Hulin the General Staff. In desperation he shoots at close range, shattering his jaw. Two officers, Laborde and Doucet take things in hand: they stop Malet and go to the Police Department, where they can not find Savary Lahorie but they stop in turn. The minister was immediately released, while the latter conspirators are put out of harm's way. At his command, posters are put up in the streets, informing people of the failed plot and reaffirming that Napoleon was still alive.

Calm returns to Paris , and the Duke found his ministry. However, this episode totally discredited. The head of the powerful General Police, the head of a vast network of informers and secret agents was unable to predict or even thwarting the conspiracy of a balance. The department has been invested without any difficulty, and the minister arrested again in her nightgown. Savary moved from terror to the ridiculous: all Paris pokes fun at his plight, including his imprisonment in the Force, or rather as it is called upon during his tour de force " . The minister's wife, also surprised to bed, is also mocked: for example, they claim that "the Duchess of Rovigo was the only one who showed well." More worryingly for the Duke is the reaction of the Emperor. This is obviously very unhappy with the turn of this case. Savary and the Minister of War , Clarke , were roundly scolded, one for having been fooled, the other for its notable lack of reaction to the coup. Both are still confirmed in their posts.

The fall of the Empire

The campaign in France

After this episode Savary loses much of its credibility, both with the Emperor as with the population. However Napoleon was scarcely possible to care about affairs: after the retreat from Russia and the defeat of Leipzig , the Sixth Coalition looks set to undo the Grand Army. Therefore undertake the campaign in France in 1814. Anxious to maintain national cohesion, the Emperor urged his Minister of Police to ensure better enforcement of conscription, extending censorship and propaganda to establish a more credible and solid . Savary strives to supply the best command of his master, but it takes more and more the victory of France impossible. Despite this, his dedication to Napoleon remains unsolved, why the latter appointed him to the board of regency. From March 1814 , the situation becomes critical in Paris. Savary described the Emperor at the end of a city resource and energy , even though the allies are only a few days' march from the capital. On 27 March 1814 , the Empress Marie-Louise and Lieutenant General of the Empire, Joseph Bonaparte decided to leave the city with the king of Rome , against the advice of most ministers whose Savary. It is committing, although he denies it in his memoirs, the error of allowing the old schemer Talleyrand to stay in Paris . On 30 March 1814 , following a clever maneuver to stay in the city, Talleyrand negotiating with Marshal Marmont the surrender of the city while Savary joined Mary-Louise Blois. At Fontainebleau , ^Napoleon abdicates.

The Last Flight of the Eagle

Savary did not attempt to join the Emperor at the time of the abdication. Therefore he tries to forget his past and tries to approach the new regime. It searches through brothers Polignac, Talleyrand, and even Tsar Alexander , however, his efforts remain unsuccessful, and the duke was asked to leave the capital.

On 20 March 1815 , Napoleon returned to Paris. Savary hastens to join his former master, who receives no great enthusiasm . There the Duke of Rovigo had, he claimed, refused to be renewed in his former office. Still, he becomes aware that the Police Department was paid to Joseph Fouche. In exchange, Savary receives the title of First Inspector of the Gendarmerie with the mission to counter the powers of the new minister . He is also honored by the peerage on 4 June 1815. Nevertheless, the Duke of Rovigo had no opportunity to act in any manner whatsoever. June 21, the news of Waterloo silenced the faithful of the Emperor. At the Elysee , Savary Napoleon again ordered to sign the abdication. This done, he accompanied the emperor to Rochefort , and embarks with him on board the Bellerophon flights to Plymouth. It was on English soil as Napoleon learns that England is planning to send on the island of St. Helena. The British allow it to choose among those accompanying three officers to accompany him, with the exception of General Savary, expelled for his role in the affair of the Duc d'Enghien, and Lallemand , for betraying Louis XVIII he rallied during the first restoration.

It the meantime, the two generals have been placed by Fouche, still in place on the list of proscription of July 24, 1815. If they are not repatriated and are not performed as they were concerned , the Duke and his comrade in misfortune are taken as prisoners of war in Malta.

After the Empire, exile

The English do not however want to keep both officers prisoners forever. The British government hereby informs Savary and Lallemand they are free to go on the express condition that they lend themselves to a mock escape . This requirement reflects the wish of the British Crown to stay on good terms with France which is about to open the trial of prisoners. At the end of 1816 , the French generals then leave their prison Maltese and boarded a British ship bound for Odessa. However, they landed at Smyrna. There, in January 1817 , Savary learns the outcome of his trial, the Chamber of Peers was sentenced to death in absentia.

The Duke and Lallemand leave Smyrna and the Ottoman Empire from which they were expelled at the request of the Ambassador of France to the Austrian Empire. Arriving in Trieste , it is recognized by the authorities, put under arrest and took him under house arrest in Graz in June 1817 , but Louis XVIII does not request his extradition, for the sake of appeasement. A year later, Prince Metternich agreed to let him go to the Duke of Rovigo Smyrna where it turns back on the market with very limited success . Following a scuffle with an officer of the French Royal Navy in April 1819 , Savary learns that the French authorities are considering driving to another city of the Ottoman Empire. Taking the Ottomans by surprise, he sailed secretly to London. He then selected on the advice of his family and friends, returning to France and get a second trial .

On 27 December 1819 , the trial of the Duke of Rovigo opens again before the council of war. Defended by Dupin , counsel for the Marshal Ney , it must meet the same charges that during his trial in 1816 that is to say his actions during the Hundred Days. Following the vote, this time, Savary was unanimously acquitted . It is restored to his titles and dignities, but not its duties and did not see entrust command. Savary suffers from an awful reputation among some royalists still reproaching his role in the death of the Duc d'Enghien, he also decides to publish his vision of the facts. On 30 October 1823 appear to be the memoirs of Mr. Extracts of Rovigo on the disaster of Monseigneur the Duc d'Enghien, where he proves the initial responsibility of Prince Talleyrand. The latter responds quickly and skilfully conducting a media campaign effective against Duke. He also enjoys the approval of the Court although it had authorized the publication of these memoirs. Talleyrand prevails, the king and his party is officially banned the Duke of Rovigo to appear again at the Tuileries Palace. Shortly after this case, 3 December 1823 , the Duke was retired at the age of 49 years only.

The return to grace

In 1828 , Savary published his Memoirs in the history of the Emperor Napoleon, in eight volumes, to meet his opponents but also and especially to narrate his version of the Napoleonic era. The book is a publishing success at a time when the memory of the Emperor is still very much alive. The following year the duke left France for Rome and Italy.

There he learns the fall of Charles X and the advent of the July Monarchy on 31 July 1830. The Duke hastened back to France to pledge allegiance to new king, Louis-Philippe I . With support from wikipedia.org / wiki /% C3% Liste_des_ministres_fran A7ais_des_Affaires_% C3% A9trang% C3% A8res "title =" List of French Ministers of Foreign Affairs "> Foreign Minister, Horace Sebastiani , a great friend of the Duchess of Rovigo , and approval of the French king, Savary is again allowed to appear at the Court. 6 December 1831 , he found a job and became governor of the French possessions in Africa and Commander in Chief of the army of occupation. Before the end, he sailed for Algeria to take up his new duties.

His orders were to conquer the entire coastline and control via local tribes throughout the interior. Then he arrives, however, the French army that does Algiers , Oran and Mers el-Kebir. There, he frequently opposed the steward Pichon authority over non-military administrations with whom he must share power . To show its commitment to the settlement, he gave the name of Rovigo in a village in the plain of Mitidja and supports the construction of infrastructure including schools

. Such methods lead the Arabs to show more and more hostile to the French presence. Several cities are rising so, forcing the French troops of General Faudoas, also brother-Savary, to withdraw. The cons-offensive is not expected, and the ringleaders were executed or deported. The violence of the crackdown surprised to settlers and French military who are concerned about risks of long-term destabilization of this policy.

Fell ill earlier this year, Savary is recalled in France on 3 March 1833. He died in Paris, presumably a form of cancer of the larynx on 2 June 1833. A report of a parliamentary commission of inquiry in July 1833 strongly condemns its policy in Algeria .

The name of the Duke is engraved on the Arc de Triomphe , East side. The tomb of Anne-Marie Jean-Ren Savary, duc de Rovigo is the cemetery of Pre-Lachaise ^, 35th Division.

References

Notes

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