Animal Sacrifices
Sacrifice, etymologically "act of making sacred" (from Latin of
The sacrifice subtracted from the human subject, the living, or part of the body concerned. This thing happens in the world of divine things, that men should not touch, use. This passage leads to the destruction more generally by common sense, a dematerialization: death, cremation, burial or shipment under water, closing (for areas), the reversal (for liquids ), broadcasting (to smoke, fragrances), etc..
Etymologically, the word sacrifice is used for a wide variety of acts. Usually, it is mainly used for blood sacrifices. In the case of offerings of food or liquid, it is called bloodless sacrifice or libation, and, in the case of one portion of the soil, ground breaking.
The term is also passed into everyday language to describe the act of destroying or being crushed part of a strategically together towards an overall objective deemed more important to sacrifice a pawn in the game of chess , a sacrifice to squad win a battle or war , etc..
Summary |
It is said that our ancestors were organizing banquets and ritual sacrifice to their gods of animals is also said that the Druids after their traditional gathering of mistletoe make sacrifices of animals.
The animals were generally sacrificed pigs, cows and bulls. The animals were white coats for heavenly gods and beasts with dark coats to the gods of the night or from below.
Antiquity
Greco-Roman
The myth of Prometheus explains the origin of sacrifice Rome In Rome, the reports epigraphic the Arval brothers are one of the most accurate sources for sacrifice . Livy tells the story of a monstrous sacrifice made by the Romans during the war against the Samnites. The sacrifice is monstrous here that human victims and animals are slaughtered coast to coast. This explains why Christians do not pronounce the name of God when they kill animals. Sacrifice or "Dhabihi"; Excerpt from the Koran, Sura II , 196: "And perform the pilgrimage to God and Umra. If you are prevented, then send such gifts as can be easy. Human sacrifice The origin of human sacrifice is unknown but may rise to at least the Upper Paleolithic . It seems that the sacrificial practices have always been prioritized and that human sacrifice was the last and most powerful remedies for extreme distress. In human sacrifice, there was also a gradation, the blood of a slave enemy not having the same value as that of a sacrificial king's son. When a company feels strong, it can banish these human sacrifices which she no longer feels the need, but this did not prevent them to resume the practice when it is threatened. Currently, more than any of the major religions practiced human sacrifice as a ritual. However, some contemporary attitudes leading to the killing of human beings, like the death penalty, although not explicitly related to religious practice are sometimes analyzed as human sacrifices. Under certain assumptions The sacrifice of the enemy It is a share of the booty which is thus offered to the gods, and a way to capture the enemy's strength. Almost all primitive civilizations practiced it or archaic. Human sacrifices are attested in Gaul by the excavations sacrificial pits. According to Hernn Corts (Spanish conquistador), the Aztecs offered as thousands of prisoners of war whose heart was ripped to feed the sun and give it the strength to rise each day. The body of prisoners was divided and shared among all people. In front of the sacrifice of the enemy, other civilizations have preferred the sacrifice of children, innocent people par excellence. Number of cosmogony, like that of Cronos present the story of a god devouring his children. In ancient Palestine, the Canaanite cults saw endure the sacrifice of children to the first millennium BCE. This sacrifice is called MLK, royal, where the Bible from the false idea of the worship of Molech. In fact, the sacrifice was speaking to Baal, deification of political power. So we agree today that the MOLEK was not a divinity but the name of the sacrificial rite. The Phoenicians and children sacrificed to the god Baal , Ba'al Hammon of the Carthaginians and / or Tanith for the favor of God, or only when Tanith fertility rites. In the Middle Ages , especially during epidemics of plague , the Jews were easily accused of sacrificing Christian children, and often suffered from these charges (see blood libel against Jews ). Ligation of Isaac in Judaism and the Eid al-Adha in the Islam of sacrifice commemorating the abandonment of children by substituting a ram, an animal of great value for breeding. So we sacrifice a source of cash income in a civilization where the cash is scarce. The sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham meets the sacrifice of the daughter of Jephthah , for which no substitution is necessary. The Greek mythology has two narrative traditions of the sacrifice of Iphigenia. Racine sends us one where no substitution is necessary. In another story, a doe comes at the last moment and sacrificed Iphigenia becomes sacrificial in slaying the beast. Attendant to the killing of foreign prisoners, she refuses to sacrifice Oreste , her brother, stating that it is sufficient to purify it. His gesture symbolizes the end of human sacrifice in Greece Ancient. In a way the most common sacrifice is a gift to (x) god (s) or spirit (s), an offering and are called to sacrifice latreutique. If given for a blessing give thanks for past, he says Eucharist. Finally, if it is given to obtain other benefits, it is said impetratory. The recipient can be determined and a specific entity, a group of entities or an entity unknown to him who made the sacrifice (in the case of drop things on the outside). Such a sacrifice-gift must obviously relate to objects adapted to the donee: It may be accepted or rejected (eg the fire that must consume the object does not). Specialists are responsible for determining what it is and how it should be interpreted, particularly with respect to future events. More rarely, the sacrifice is explicitly deification, an apotheosis , and a true "gift" not to gods but to the person or thing sacrificed. Burial practices are the same logic, the late joining the world of spirits, "although it is now fairly implied and that the link with the deity is less seen. Burial practices include parallel to this sacrifice-offerings apotheosis of the deceased own things (weapons, jewelry, everyday objects ...). The border between the two types of sacrifice can also fade in this case as the sacrifice of the horse or boat of the deceased is clearly a gift, as the sacrifice of widows (known to many civilizations, and which remained in India at least until the nineteenth century sati) is more ambiguous, and varies depending on the place of women in society (ie, whether or not women are endowed with a " soul ", a ability to pass into the spirit world as a whole person). Finally, and most commonly, if the apotheosis spends (literally) the virtues of the deceased, the sacrifice may be triggered by flaws (real or imagined) of the victim, which turns it into a kind of demon. The irony and ambiguity of the thing is that survivors will deduce (or comfort) of the rules on proper behavior, which embodies the demon contrast, which makes him both a negative force and origin order. Thus he becomes the demon god, a sort of reverse apotheosis. In North America the Natchez practiced human sacrifice at the funeral of Grand Soleil and their Great Queen . In ancient societies, the line of groove is accompanied by a sacrifice most often human. Thus interpreted the murder of Remus by Romulus (Source: American School). The layout of the temple is designed as an interior and exterior spatial separation cosmological materializing them (impure) against us (the pure, honest). In this sense, all groups are based on highly integrated mechanisms of discrimination. They can not exist without enemies or sacrificial victims and therefore depend on the constant repetition of lies about the enemy if they want to achieve a degree of stress necessary to autogenous internal stabilization. The sacrifice is in this context, as an effort to expel the evil space within the community. It produces a momentary expansion of the sphere of influence of the latter through the establishment of a symbolic distance, seen as an area immune from a safe distance and the group and one or those who are excluded. The excluded are supposed to have corrupted while the inner world bounded by ditches and walls is assumed pure or moral integrity. The expulsion of the goat sacrifice or produce an elimination of self-voltage stress endogenous period before sacrifice. A Bible verse describes this phenomenon: "His blood be on us and on our children." If, in the context of the thought of the Old Testament, the blood belongs to God as the seat of life principle in this type of sacrifice, the point of application is completely immanent. It purifies the instigators of the murder ritual. He noted the persistence of this phenomenon in modern societies where the alleged murder , if not expulsion, resolder a company when it fails to resolve its own contradictions and feels so threatened by an enemy within (example: illegal immigration, stigmatized as an invasion, but because illegal, can be effectively enumerated lack of accurate census of a scientific perspective, its importance is measured using a measuring instrument not -reliable: the fantasy of the loss of identity). The reverse process (the divine world to the human world) is possible, either "naturally" (modern term, which obviously does not make sense in a cosmology where the divine is omnipresent), or on the initiative of men in this case, it must comply with specific rules, otherwise it is a desecration (literally: a return to the secular world). Thus, among the Romans , a thing given to the gods may exceptionally be given to men by exauguration. It could refer to this connection to the speech of Cicero , Pro Domo: when Cicero was exiled, Clodius shaves his house to make it a temple to Minerva (in this case, the soil is spent). Cicero, however, disputes the legality of this ceremony and it is addressed by a exauguration. Jesus of Nazareth was sacrificed on the Cross to save mankind. The Eucharist for some, the sacrament for others, celebrates the sacrifice, death and resurrection of Christ , it is a thanksgiving so it is also called the Holy Sacrifice. Christian theology, however, condemns the suicide, and any act of provocation leading others to kill us: If martyrdom is holy, the martyr is seeking instead a sin, even a demonic temptation. If the Sunnis are wary of martyrdom (which differs from the Sacrifice), the Shia frequently develops a conception Christ 's sacrifice The 6000 fellow Spartacus crucified -71 (before Christ), pitiful remnants of his glorious army of slaves and fugitives, are the eyes of power Roman slave revolt that had received their just punishment. The interpretation revolutionary can only take on the early twentieth century when Rosa Luxembourg (1870-1919) and Karl Liebknecht (1871-1919) will make heroes of people and the martyrs of freedom sacrificed by a state law enforcement , modern figure of Moloch ancient. The attempted extermination (among others) the Jews during the Second World War was appointed Holocaust. This term induces that genocide can be seen as a sacrifice to the race which would be the divine entity of Nazism. Therefore the term Holocaust is rejected and we prefer to use the term Holocaust means cataclysm. Some suicides in the form of political protest can be equated with sacrifice: One can wonder about the death penalty in modern societies. The latter, born of the lex talionis (a life for a life), could be seen as a sacrifice to the manes of the victim. The sacrifice can be understood as an exchange between people who practice it and the divine powers who receive it. In primitive societies, non-monetary, any trade involves an exchange, gift donations cons, in proportion to the situation and the quality of people involved in the exchange. Do ut des, I give to you give, according to the formula Latin well known ... The gift is never free but is made according to specific social codes and regulated by tradition. It's the same in the exchange between men and divine powers. Just as the ancient languages have no word for "religion" per se as an activity and especially ideology, separated from the rest of human activities, sacrifice, or what we call such, is first understood in the broader framework of trade rules and operation of social relations. The gods are the most powerful beings, communication and exchange with them are governed by special rules of course but must be understood in a broader context then. The more a person is powerful and high-positioned, it is supposed to respond to the gift-cons by giving even more prestigious and highest value. Gods are offered the best because we expect in return for the priceless gifts, rain, good crops, victory, peace, prosperity, health ... In Latin, sacrifice means to get into the world of profane sacred object, usually by some form of destruction (but not necessarily, that we think of the signings, votive objects and ex-votos of all kinds). This definition can be generalized, but let's not forget that Greek thysia, sacrifice is a word from the same root as thyein, burn and thyo, incense, perfume. He has a sense of "art" and only secondarily religious. To sacrifice is to mount a pleasant smell of smoke to the gods, as it says in the Bible too. The sacrifice is an exchange, it is a share ... One form is the sacrificial meal in which the victim is "sacrificed" and then consumed together between Men and Gods, each party receiving its share, a difference that marks the separation of Heaven and Earth, but also their communion. The sacrifice must be understood as a border but a frontier where we meet and where they exchange gifts of men to respond to the gifts of the gods. In the Bible, Greece, Rome, killing an animal for slaughter or sacrifice, has no differences. One way to put to death is always sacrificial. Then after that the share of the Gods has been charged and has been offered, the men take their share, either for consumption on a grand banquet in common is to bring home. In those ancient times, we rarely ate meat, first in the festivities that were still "religious" and accompanied by "sacrifices". The sacrifice is seen as a fairly efficient way to remove a potential source of conflict problem that can not be solved. According to Rene Girard (When things begin. Treguer interviews with Michel, Paris, Arles, 1996), any local culture is a clique after the founding murder in a system of envy and jealousy. The central language game of such a society is, every time the prosecution and the collective and unequivocal condemnation of a sacrificial victim who must assume all the evil and the consequent denial as monotonous as his own responsibility in the against cascading developments that led to the outbreak of violence. Belongs to a culture in this sense that one who participates actually or symbolically in the sacrifice of a scapegoat. The victim becomes the close of the culture that sacrifice. It's as communities of narrative and emotion - that is to say the cult - the cultures, these criminal groups delighted by their wrongdoing, are most themselves. This is where the emotions and the story is that overlap is sacred. Limits and loss of efficiency Imagine the competitive advantage of companies that can effectively prevent or manage conflicts without having to destroy objects or eliminate humans. Where changes to sacrifice more and more mild, limiting the destruction. Thus Greek mythology she keeps track of the passage of the sacrifice of the whole beast just the least useful parts (skin and bones). But above all, more profoundly, the sacrifice is perhaps not as effective as it looks. If the conflict comes from outside, the mood of participants, eliminating the object of the conflict or the elimination of a single participant does not change. We can try to fall back on an innocent (relatively), but that sacrifice does not work anymore in the world where Christ has left its mark: the respect of losers, victims. Also, according to Ren Girard / A>, there is now always fly in the round that will denounce the sacrifice as inappropriate to the problem, and as a false solution to a real problem. Unanimity is not acquired the rule derived from the sacrifice is disputed, and the problem remains. It will be useless in turn expel "him by whom the offense cometh", another rises behind and all over again. Can walk only a just solution, involving the author as a waiver of the conflict by love, not by rejecting or denying the conflict, but actually solving the conflict once found. In the Bible
In Buddhism
The Eid al-Adha commemorates the sacrifice of Ibrahim is the most important Muslim holiday. The difference is that for Muslims it is not ismael and issac. It marks the end of each year Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca ), the last month of Muslim calendar. Every Muslim family, as its means sacrificing a sheep or another animal in the slaying lying on the left flank and his head turned towards Mecca. The ritual murder
The sacrifice of children
Typology of sacrifices
Offering
The Apotheosis
The sacrifice and desecration
sacrifice and sacred space
then appoints one of the tribes as utrotechnique. Utero-technique is called a society closed in on itself, that this confinement is material, intellectual or spiritual. The comfort of such a company is due to the relation of same to the same and maintained by a class of priests assuming the throne. Peter Sloterdijk explains that such a comfort when he loses, by introducing new ways of producing more or new ideas usually degenerates into conformity. It then becomes necessary to expel the intruder, identified by the omens, that is to say the priests. Dsauguration
Sacrifice and Martyrdom
Meaning of Sacrifice in Christianity
Meaning of Sacrifice in the Islamic
Meaning of Sacrifice in politics
Related Concepts
Sociological Analysis of sacrifice
Don-Don and cons
Effectiveness regulating and soothing
Thesis Girard
Notes
Sources
Ancient sources to address the Roman sacrifice
Sources historians to treat the sacrifice Roman
See also
See also
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