Angel

Detail of the fresco Madonna and Saints (Madonna degli Otto) by Filippino Lippi (circa fifteenth century), Uffizi Gallery.

An angel (from the Latin , borrowed from Greek , "messenger" layer of the Hebrew "messenger") is a heavenly creature in many traditions, including the three Abrahamic religions and in the Avesta. This term refers to a messenger from God , that is to say an intermediary between God and men. Sometimes it conveys a divine message, sometimes it acts itself as divine will.

Old Testament

In the Hebrew Bible , angels are present at several places in Genesis in the Creation, and then linked with men: an angel stops the arms of Abraham going to sacrifice his son struggle Jacob with the angel; in the episode of Jacob's Ladder (Bible) , it sees angels ascending and descending on a scale whose end touches the sky, the angels are preventing Loth of the end of Sodom in human form and receives in his house, an angel, Raphael accompanies Tobias on the road ^Judaism

God created the angels (Malach) and constellations and their meaning and all that is beneath them and they all need Him to exist. Maimonides said that the intelligence of angels is greater than men. He calls Intelligences (like spheres that have put the world in motion and the stars), design similar to that of Aristotle. In Hebrew the plural of Saba, and Armies Sabaoth meant Stars (angelic). This word was echoed by the Catholic Church for centuries: Deus Sabaoth, the God of Hosts. He argues that the ancient Jewish tradition had 10 degrees or orders of angels known as smart and asserts that this belief is the second after God. Belief in angels is a common belief among Jews and Christians but that of Maimonides seems to be closer to the universe of ideas Platonic saying that every blade of grass is a star in heaven.

• Illuminations Haggadot Sephardic with angels on biblical themes: Jacob's ladder, Sacrifice of Isaac, Abraham's hospitality ..., XIII century

• Classes: Maimonides teaches that there are two classes of angels, the "permanent" and "perishable." Ditto for Judah ha-Levi (1085-1140), famous Jewish poet and theologian of the twelfth century, which differentiates the angels "eternal" and the angels created at a given time. He teaches in the Book of Kuzari (IV) there were two classes or species of angels. He writes:

"Like the angels, some are created at a time from subtle elements of matter (such as air and fire). Some are eternal (that is to say, have existed for eternity and for eternity), and this may be the spiritual intelligences of which philosophers speak. "

And he continues:

"It is not certain that the angels seen by Isaiah, Ezekiel and Daniel belong to the class of angels created at a particular time, or class of spiritual essences that are eternal." What were they then? Saadia ben Joseph thought they were visions. "

• Properties: Maimonides says that angels are invisible: they are spiritual forms, spirits, intelligences. If they are ready shape and look human, it is by "accommodation to the weakness of the intelligence community. If they were given wings, it is because theft is the most perfect and most noble of local movements of the animal, which can approach and move away in the blink of eye. " Similarly we read in the Zohar (Vayera 101a): "When Abraham was still suffering the effects of circumcision is He who sent him three angels St., invisible form, to inquire about his health." And the text continues: "You might wonder how the angels may be visible, since it is written who makes his angels spirits (Psalm 104:4). But Abraham certainly saw them while they descended to earth in the form of men. And indeed, whenever the heavenly spirits down to Earth, they dress in tangible assets and appear to men in human form. " But it is difficult to reconcile the above with the statement of the Book of Jubilees (15:27), that "all the angels of the presence and all the angels of sanctification" were already circumcised when they were created.

• Substance: According to the Zohar Gabriel (the angel of the Annunciation of the Christians, or the mystery of Mary's humility) mission is to break the pride (so the angel of humility) and thwart the daemon (it gives off water that puts the devil on the run). The angel Michael must rekindle the fire in the human heart and rekindle the faith weakened. Raphael (whose name means the healer) heals the sick (see Pool of Siloam in the New Testament) and clears the air symbol of life. Abraham receives the three angels with him, in the episode of the oaks of Mamre in Genesis. In the book of Daniel or Toby , we speak of the seven angels who are constantly before the face of God. But according to the Talmud , the names of angels came with the Israelites in Babylon and are borrowing from the Persian religion, and the angels were created on the second day, and their substance is half water and half late.

• Each angel has a particular office: Michael keeps the children of Israel, Gabriel gives strength and courage, Uriel (God is my Light) illuminates the men in the darkness of the night, Raphael takes care of our physical and spiritual health.

The angels of Jewish tradition are at the root of the Christian tradition: the seven archangels are common, three are known under one name: Michael, Gabriel and Raphael.

• Holidays: During the Yom Kippur every Jew must act as if he was an angel: neither eat nor drink. "Shalom Aleichem" is a song sung before beginning the Shabbat dinner. A midrash (legend) is that every Jew is accompanied on Friday evening by two angels. If the candles are burning, the good angel gives a blessing, but if they do not burn so bad angel who gives the blessing .

Christianity

Source New Testament

Angel angel male and female, polychrome wood, gothic , St. Agnes Convent , Prague

In the New Testament , only a chosen few, and especially the Virgin Mary holding dialogues with the angels. The angel of the Annunciation : the angel Gabriel appears to Zechariah in the Temple at the intersection of the road between the Old Testament and New, and then to Mary Nazareth , entering her house, and saluting "full of grace (Announcement to Mary , the Gospel of Luke) tell him the good news of his virginal conception and the incarnation of the Word, "Ave Maria" ( Hail Mary ) passed by countless generations. The birth of Jesus called the Son of God, is accompanied by a vision of legions of angels in celebration by shepherds and their flocks, the forerunner of the Church with the sacrament of baptism , Christians are reconnected with God , who has reconciled with humanity by the birth and Passion of Christ , the Messiah , His only Son on the Cross. During his agony an angel called "Angel of Consolation" appears to him in the Garden of Olives, showing him a chalice which he does not want to drink: the scene in Gethsemane was painted by many Christian artists for centuries . Finally at the Resurrection , they are angels that appear to holy women, and talk to them, to announce the Resurrection of Jesus, angels described this time "as white as snow" or "dressed like lightning" whereas before in the Gospels, no description of the angels were made and only the artists we represent them with a lily or a pair of wings (white became the symbol of the Resurrection Liturgy). In the Apocalypse , St. John records the vision of St. Michael and his legions of angels who fight and win the victory of God final against the "ancient serpent" that misled the earth for centuries.

In his preaching, Jesus speaks little angels: he cites especially the good angels (eg Matt 22, 30, Matt 25, 31, Luke 15, 10, Luke 20, 36), angels of children (the "cherubim") who still see the face of the Father in heaven (Matt 18, 10) and the angels of Divine Justice

Sources

Christian Liturgical Traditions

Perugino

• The Angels of the Assumption of the Virgin on the tables Catholics.
• The Creed does every Catholic Mass memory of the universe "visible and invisible" (and invisibilium) created by God the Father.
• The Sanctus is an angelic hymn.
• The " Mass of Angels (Missa De Angelis) is used to say before the coffin of young children , and it dates from the twelfth century ;

• The Cherubic Hymn (Cheroubim) or Chrouvikon is sung at the offertory in the Divine Liturgy Byzantine :

"We who mystically are the icon of the cherubim, and in honor of the life-giving Trinity sing the thrice holy hymn, store all concern for the world to welcome the King of all escorted by the angelic orders , Alllouia "

Angels in the Quran

Muhammad on the road to Mecca meeting the angels Michael, Gabriel, Rafael and Israel, Turkish miniature anonymous (1595).

Malak () (plural mala ika) () is the Arabic word to mean the Angels. Angels occupy a prominent place in the Koranic tradition. The Koran speaks of angels and often gives a description in Surah XXXV-1.

"Praise be to God, Creator of Heaven and Earth, which takes the angels messengers equipped with two, three or four wings! "

In most cases, the angels are acting as messengers of God to prophets or determined characters, including Abraham, Zechariah, to Mary, the mother of Jesus. In other cases, the angels are sent to support the believers against their enemies. He also talks of "guardian angels" or "angels scribes." According to tradition, every human being is accompanied by two angels: an angel Right "writing his good deeds and an" angel of the left "who entered the wrong.

Namely, the Koran mentions a few angels. Some are designated by a function without being named as the angel of death for example. These are especially popular preaching and comments that are responsible for identifying and describing the most angelic beings.

• Gabriel (Jibril) is the most important of the angels. It is often called the True Spirit. According to tradition based on the interpretation of two passages from the Quran, the Quranic revelation was transmitted to the prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel in the cave on Mount Hira. The Book of Muhammad's Ladder to God charts the rise of Muhammad under the guidance of the angel Gabriel. It is traditionally the angel who announces the birth, and although the Koran does not say so, according to tradition, he announced the birth of John the Baptist (Yahya) in the prophet Zechariah (Zakariyya), and the birth of Jesus ( Isa) to Mary (Maryam).

• Mikal (Michael or Michael) is named in the Koran. This is one of the angels of the Last Judgement responsible for the "weighing of deeds." According to tradition, it is also the angel in charge of rain and vegetation.

• Raphael (Israfil) is not named in the Koran, but there is much talk in the popular eschatology. It would be the angel in charge of blowing three times into the trumpet to announce the Resurrection.

• Izra he (or Azrael) is mentioned in the Quran anonymously. He is the Angel of Death (Malak al-Mawt) which is responsible to remove the souls of dead bodies. It would seem terrifying to the ungodly and consolation to the faithful. Wizards of the Angel of Death are two kinds; angels of mercy and the angels of punishment. The Qur'an also mentions the disbelief of the Egyptians when God sent the prophets Moses and Aaron, and therefore also cited that to punish them, he shot over them the angel of death. In the beginning, God would have sent him to take a little earth.

• Ridwan (Redouane, Radwan, Ridohan), which is not named in the Koran, but is responsible to keep Paradise. It is the largest of its servants. Guardians of Paradise are innumerable, "only the Lord can define their numbers," according to the Koran. Many other angels, which are not mentioned in the Koran, have been appointed and well described with many variations inspired by popular preachers comments Koranic and various stories. For example, two famous angels, Munkar and Nakir are the angels of "questioning the tomb, and their appearance arouses terror. They have the task of interviewing in their tomb the infidel and the believer who has committed great sins. However, he is told that these are the angels who interrogate Bashir Mubashshar and the believer who has not sinned.

• Malik, the guardian of hell, is not named in the Koran, and never smiles because of his creation.

According to Muslim tradition, angels have no free will, they are incapable of disobedience: they are simply doing what God asks of them. Unlike humans and jinn who are the recipients of divine messages, the angel is not affected by the Last Judgement (decision sending the divine in heaven or hell). Regarding the free will to disobey or, in the Qur'an it says that Shitan would not kneel to Adam when God told his angels to do. Shitan did not do so because it is made of fire and Adam was made of earth.

According to a hadith, God created the angels from light, the jinn from fire and the man from earth. As in other traditions, angels have no sex and do not recur, unlike humans and jinn.

Angelic Hierarchy

Angels

The Jacob's Ladder , Catacomb of Via Latina, Rome

According to the Bible , Hebrews 1:14: "Are they not all ministering spirits director, sent to serve for those who will inherit salvation? The nine hierarchies are different in nature and gradually rise from man to God. According to the Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (c. 490), the nine choirs are grouped into three hierarchies. The first hierarchy consists of the Seraphim , the Cherubim and Thrones. Then come the Dominions , the Virtues , the Powers , the Principalities , the Archangels and finally the Angels.

Angels are messengers of God. St. Basil the Great says that every living person has a guardian angel. The representation of winged angels appears only ^fourth century (apse of the church of St. Pudentienne in Rome). The angel described in the book of Daniel 3:25, meanwhile, does not wing. But his power over the fire can save Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego in the furnace. The Bible does not mention the need for angels to eat to stay alive. She said however that on some occasions the angels in human form, ate food (Gn and Gn 18.1-5 19.3).

• They are numerous:
  • 11.5 Apocalypse describes the praise of many angels before the throne of the Lamb of God: Their number was myriads of myriads and thousands of thousands
  • Twelve legions of angels were at the disposal of the Lord (Matt 26.53).
  • 12.22 Hebrews also speaks of myriads of angels.
  • At the end of time, the Lord will appear among his myriad saints (Jude 14).
  • Daniel 7.10 We said that "a thousand thousands served the old days and that myriads of myriads were standing before him."
  • 2.13 We Luke speaks of the "multitude of the heavenly host."
  • The Bible speaks of them as an army (Ps 148.2), but they neither marry nor are even sexual, nor die (Mt 22.30;: Mark 12.25, Luke 20.34-36).
• They are more powerful than men:
• Paul speaks of angels and the power of God (2 Thessalonians 1.7) and Peter said they are superior to men in strength and power (2 Pe 2.11). The Greek word used in this paper is that we have learned the name of an explosive, the dynamite. Somehow, the Angels are the dynamite of God (Greek Dunamos). One angel exterminated all the mighty men of valor of the army of Syria, meeting against Hezekiah (2 Chr 32.21). One shut the mouths of lions at the time of Daniel (Dan 6.22). An angel rolled the stone from the tomb of Jesus without difficulty (Mt 28.2). An angel opened the prison doors and freed the apostles (Acts 5:19) and Peter (Acts 12.7). One angel take Satan and isolate him in the abyss (Rev 20.2).

• They are like minds;
  • "Is that all (the angels), are they not ministering spirits? "(Hebrews 1: 13-14).
  • "For the angels he has this saying: he who makes his angels spirits and servants a flame of fire" (Hebrews 1: 6-7).
  • "The angel of the Lord spoke to Philip. .. The Spirit said to Philip advance and catch up with this car "(Acts 8: 26-29).

• They are not omnipotent:
  • Neither Michael (Jude 1.9), or Satan (Job 1.12; 2.6) have unlimited power.
  • The chief of Persia 21 days to resist the messenger of God who must be helped by Michael (Dan 10.13).
  • In Apocalypse 12, it is a battle between good and bad angels.

Archangels

An angel is the angel in charge of news utmost importance as the Annunciation , or as Chief of Army (Apocalypse 12.7). In the Bible it is mentioned only one archangel Michael (or Michael), but Daniel 10.13 says: "I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand before the glory of the Lord and enter into his presence "(12.15 cf Rev 8.2).

The term archangel occurs only twice in the New Testament:

• Michel (who chase Satan in the Apocalypse), Jude 9: "Michael the archangel" 1 Thessalonians 4.16: a voice of the Archangel: A voice of army chief.
• Raphael , (which appears in the book of Tobit it is he who tells Toby the existence of seven archangels)

Cherubim

The angel weeping over the grave of Canon Lucas, best known work of the sculptor Amiens Nicolas Blasset located in Notre-Dame d'Amiens (1636).

The cherubim , or Cherubim are represented in the popular imagination in the guise of winged babies. However, the Bible gives a high position cherubim different seraphim. According to the book of Genesis / A>, the cherubim, with "the flaming blade of a sword, after the sin of Adam , man forbade access "to the tree of life."

For references on sarafim the Shioura Qomah the SepherHaRazim and the rest, see the book "Life and mystical kabbalah practice" George Lahy said Virya. Y are exposed choirs of angels in literature prkabbalistique (system hekhaloth ), different from the Shemamphorash nine choirs of angels.

Seraphim

Seraphim with six wings

The seraphim in the tradition have six wings they covered their bodies:

"The year of King Uzziah died I saw the Lord seated on a throne high and the skirts of his robe filled the temple. Seraphim stood above him, they each had six wings: with two they covered their faces, with two they covered their feet, and two they were flying. They shouted to one another, and said: Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Hosts! the whole earth is full of his glory! The doors were shaken to their foundations by the voice that cried, and the house fills with smoke. So I say: Woe to me! I'm lost because I am a man of unclean lips, and I live among a people of unclean lips, and my eyes have seen the King, the Lord of hosts. But one of the seraphim flew to me, holding in his hand a live coal which he had taken from the altar with tongs. He touched my mouth and said: This has touched your lips, your guilt is taken away and your sin atoned "

- Isaiah, Chapter 6

Language of Angels

The language of the angels is mentioned by St. Paul in chapter 13 of the first epistle to the Corinthians :

"When I speak with the tongues of men and angels, if I did not love, I am become as sounding brass or a clanging cymbal. "

The angels are pure spirits, do not need language to communicate with each other. Human beings communicate with words, which are symbolic representations of thought. Purely spiritual beings can convey their thoughts in a pure state, without need of mediation or signs (St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I. Frederica Von Lama: The Angels).

In Islamic tradition, and according to Ahmed Mubarak, said 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Dabbagh, a great Sufi illiterate who lived in Fez in the late ^sixteenth and early ^seventeenth, in the Kitab al-Ibriz (translation : The Book of pure gold), there is a language called Language of Angels "siryante, close to the language of birds . has provided an explanation to this day, like "Alif - Lam - Mim" which open the sura 2 "The Cow" (Al Baquara). In the Koran indeed the term CA-fft is discussed, pointing birds literally, but symbolically as referring to the angels (al-mal'ikah) by close phonetic .

Philosophy Neoplatonism and Kabbalah

Philosophers Neoplatonists

Angels are mentioned for the first time in Neoplatonists Porphyry of Tyre (c. 260) and Iamblichus (c. 320) . The hierarchy is: gods, archangels, angels, demons, heroes, rulers of the cosmos or of matter, souls.

"Thou Kabbalah Renaissance

The Kabbalah of the Renaissance began with Giovanni Pico della Mirandola in 1486. An author deserves attention: Johannes Reuchlin in his De arte cabalistica (1517), trans. F. Secret: The Kabbalah, this book will influence the famous occult philosophy in its second edition (1533), of Henry Cornelius Agrippa of Nettesheim. The divine world is the first stage of being, it is constituted by what the Kabbalists call Jews Ein-Soph (Infinite), and the ten sephiroth of the kabbalistic tree, hypostases generated by the Infinite. The angelic world is the second level of being and is graduated in ten degrees or Intelligences: The Haioth the Ophanim the Aralim the Hasmalim, the Seraphim, the Malachim, the Elohim, the Bene Helohim, the Cherubim, the Issima. The celestial world is the third level of being and includes - influenced by the angelic intelligences the world - ten degrees, which are ten spheres: Saturn, or Sabbath, or Zedeq Jupiter, Mars or Madim, Semes the Sun or Venus, or Noga Cocab Mercury or the Moon or Iarcah, intellectual Soul, Soul of Spirits animals. Finally, the material world, the macrocosm, with the man (the microcosm) is the fourth and final stage of being, this world, influenced by the celestial world is that of elements, it contains the microcosm.

Other traditions

The legacy Chaldean

• The concept of angels is not unique to Judaism and Christianity but exists in the minds of many peoples, from the earliest times in India and Chaldea.

• In Zoroastrianism , the oldest Indian religion and Persian up to the second millennium before Christ, the angels are "the reign of Darius , Zoroaster (Zerdusht, Indian philosopher) builds on the Median and Persian religion: two angels, one light (good) and the other of darkness (evil), God will accompany fighting in Zoroastrianism dualism later found in Manichaeism. (Theological Dictionary)

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The Book of Enoch

Debre Berhan Sellassie Church, Gondar, Ethiopia

The Book of Enoch in Ethiopian language, is part of the canon of the Old Testament of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and it deals with angels, and cites a multitude: angels of the seasons, angels harnessed to the sun chariot, angels of nations : this is perhaps why in the Orthodox religious art (icons, wall paintings) are sometimes represented a multitude of angelic figures.

Angels in art

Some painters like Fra Angelico or Hans Memling , Giotto , Andrei Rublev , have excelled in the representation of angels. A common reason for windows (St Etienne du Mont, Sens Cathedral), or mural churches, paintings by masters ( Van Eyck , Gerard David ), sculpture (capitals of Chaise-Dieu) is that of " angel musicians, playing bagpipes , the bagpipe , the cymbals , the bombing of the harp , the organ so portable, for example those Melozzo Forli .

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Popular culture

The angels are recurring elements in popular culture. Angel (good advice) and bad angel (temptation) often surround Captain Haddock in the album Tintin in Herge.

Literature

• L'Auberge de l'Ange Gardien , Comtesse de Segur

Filmography

• Angels of sin of Robert Bresson (1943)
• Legion of Scott Charles Stewart (2010)
• City of Angels by Brad Silberling (1998)
• The Guardian Angels by Jean-Marie Poire (1995)
• Wings of Desire by Wim Wenders (1987)
• Dogma Kevin Smith (2000)

TV Series

• Supernatural (2005 -)

Notes

External Links

• Crampon Bible, Concordance Search by word: the word "Angel" and "Angels" in the Old and New Testament
• Angels SRIB of Islam

Related articles

• Angelology
• Putti
• Spirit (supernatural)

Bibliography

Ancient texts Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite , The Celestial Hierarchy Thomas Aquinas , Summa Theologica , Part I, questions 50 to 64. Jacques de Voragine , The Golden Legend, XIII century, Edward Rouveyre Publisher, Paris, 1902 Jean Bosco , the devotee of the guardian angel / John Bosco ... , Translation, introduction and appendix Vincent Klee. - Strasbourg: Trifolium, impr. 2008 (Paris: Impr. Jouve). - 1 vol. (94 p.) 18 cm. - (Archivum Angelicum, 2). Ignatius Brianchaninov (Orthodox Bishop of Caucasus and Black Sea , A Treatise on the Angels - here. John Duns Scotus , The principle of individuation (Ordinatio, II, 3): Vrin, 2005, trans. G. Sondag. Jacques Benignus Bossuet , Sermon on the Guardian Angels, with a preface by Carlo Ossola (trans. The Lirzin Nadine), Paris, Zone Books, 2005. Contemporary theologians and historians Anne Bernet , Survey of angels, Ed Perrin, 1997 Serge-Thomas Bonino OP, Angels and Demons Fourteen lessons in theology, word and silence, Library Journal Thomistic No. 3, February 2007, 351 p. Dom Gerard Calvet (ed.), Catechism of the Angels, Editions Sainte-Madeleine 366 pages Henry Corbin , The Man and His Angel, Ed Fayard, 1983 Jean Danielou , The Angels and their mission, according to the Fathers of the Church, Descle, Paris, 1952 Mr. Kovalevsky The angel in the Orthodox liturgy, liturgical texts and study sources: Eucharistic liturgies and large heures.Prsence Orthodox Paris 1981, No 50, pp. 27-36 Marc-Alain Ouaknin , The Symposium of angels, Fata Morgana, 1995 George Tavard , The Angels, in collaboration with Andr Caquot and Johann Michl, Cerf, 1971

Philosophical articles Paolo Virno, "The angels and the general intellect. individuation in Duns Scotus and Gilbert Simondon, "Multitudes n 18, Fall 2004. Emmanuel Falque , "Otherness angelic or Thomistic angelology over the Cartesian Meditations Husserl's" theological and philosophical Laval, vol. 51, No. 3, 1995 625-646. Literature Franois-Ren de Chateaubriand : "Angels", in The Genius of Christianity , Book 4, "From the land, or poetry in its relations with supernatural beings," Chapter VIII Anne Rice , Angel Time, Knopf, 2009 (novel about angels) Michel Serres , La Legende des Anges, Editions Flammarion, Paris, 1993, ( ISBN 2-08-035192-3 ) Bernard Werber , The Empire of Angels , Albin Michel , 2000 Yves-Marie Adeline , Angels, Via Romana Editions, Paris, 2008 Miscellaneous Gitta Mallasz , Dialogues with the angel , Aubier, Paris, 1990 ( ISBN 2-7007-2833-5 ) Sophy Burnham, The Book of Angels, Marabout, 1994 Isabella Padovani, The Way of the Angels, Editions de Mortagne, Quebec, 1995 Edward Brasey , Survey of the existence of the rebel angels, Ed Lu I, 1997 Rudolf Steiner , The Nature of Angels, Ed Anthroposophic Romande, Geneva 2004 Gustav Davidson Dictionary of Angels, The Garden Books, 2005, Paris, ( ISBN 2-914569-38-6 ) Pierre Lassalle and Celine Divoor, Speaking the language of angels, SophiaKalia Publishing, 2007. Tiziana Suarez-Nani, knowledge and language of angels according to Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome , Vrin 2002

• Pierre Chavot , ABC religions, Marabout / Hachette, Paris, 2009.

References

Notes

1. The Passover Haggadah is a Hebrew text used for the ceremony during Passover Seder, Passover. Old, it dates from the time of the Mishna is to say, about two millennia. It tells the story of the Hebrews and their exile from Egypt. The content comes from the events narrated in the Old Testament in the book of Exodus. It is read in families and has to perform the rites during the ceremony
2. September expressing perhaps the entire
3. Mass VIII Kyriale

References

1. The Book of Tobit belongs to the canonical corpus for Catholicism, but not for Judaism or Protestantism.
2. Angels in Judaism Angels in Judaism, Judy Silver
3. Garden of Olives
4. See the Mass of the Angels Blmont
5. Ab usque ad hoc termino Septuagesimam, Missa de Angelis cantatur feria secunda, feria tertia of Sancto Spiritu, feria quarta of dominica, feria quinta beato Stephano, feria sexta Cruce, De Sanctis AGATUR nisi. Sabbato Beata Maria cantatur and pulsatur sicut in [festivities] dupplicibus; pretermittitur nec nisi festum fuer lectionum November and, if obitus sollempnis eveners die, anticipatur aediles, liturgy Votive
6. Text of Anthem detailed Chroubim
7. Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite , The Celestial Hierarchy.
8. Paolo Albani and Berlinghiero Buonarroti entry "Language of Angels" in the dictionary of imaginary languages, ed. Les Belles Lettres, 2001, ( ISBN 2-251-44170-0 ).
9. An explanation has yet been made by Brother Bruno Bonnet-Eymard in Volume 1 of his scientific exegesis of the Koran, he said, these letters are an abbreviation in Hebrew "God of deliverance"
10. Qur'an, xxvii, 15.
11. Franz Cumont, "The angels of paganism," Journal of the History of Religions, 72 (1915), p. 159-182
12. The Art of check dates of historical events
13. ANGELS: Zoroastrian See also: Angels of Zoroastrianism
14. See also 1.Iconographie; Angels musicians and 2.Iconographie; Angels musicians Rouen

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