Analytical Psychology

Allegory alchemical extracted from the Alchemy of Nicolas Flamel , by Denys Knight Molinier (XVIII ^century) representing the conscious and unconscious energies combining to heal the personality.

Analytical Psychology in German) is a psychological theory developed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung from 1913. Originally created to differentiate themselves from the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud ^{History of Analytical Psychology}

The history of analytical psychology is intimately linked to its beginnings, the biography of the Swiss psychiatrist who began laying the groundwork: Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). This in effect in the first to develop the assumptions, first single (following his break with Freud, then, little by little, he was joined by leaders of the medical, psychiatric or psychoanalytic which principally develop as a abundant and diverse literature.

The beginning: the "school of Zurich" and the period psychoanalytic

Jung began his career as a psychiatrist at the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zurich known as the "Burghlzli" in 1900. It is in this university hospital, under the direction of Eugen Bleuler it goes, gradually build its new approach. First he raises a significant amount of dreams and delusions of patients. He developed a method of taking psychoanalysis, based on the verbal exchange (talking cure) and the study of unconscious events as well as the transfer. Refusing hypnosis , Freud, Jung developed an approach amplificatoire of dream symbols, what distinguishes the founder of psychoanalysis. Finally, it describes a different psychic apparatus of the Freudian topography , including the assumption of a collective unconscious , which he conceptualizes as a result of the study patient's delusions Emil Schwyzer . At first, Jung defines this method as "an observation of the psychic depths", borrowing from her mentor Eugen Bleuler called "depth psychology" or (Tiefenpsychologie German) . Her experimental side, dating from his work with Franz Riklin , attempts to approach the complex through the method of "word associations" . He also works with the psychoanalyst Ludwig Binswanger . From those years, Jung believes that the unconscious is formed partly autonomous psychic elements, often personified, and that influence the conscious. It stands, therefore, the doctrine of instincts Freud. Jung calls this moment of "complex psychology".

The clinical psychiatric Burghlzli 1890.

It is as a pioneer of psychoanalysis, and "dolphin" Freud , that Jung is to be considered the father of analytical psychology. It is indeed a result of a long collaboration with the psychoanalysis of Freud, from 1909 to 1913 , it can develop its concepts and approach the structure of the unconscious. Thus, in 1910 the International Association of Analytical Psychology ("API") is created and Jung is its first president, until 1914 . From the beginnings of psychoanalysis, the Zurich school of Bleuler and Jung as "a core of troops fighting for the recognition of psychoanalysis" recognizes Freud. Jahrbuch publishing ("Annals") and accompanying Freud during his speeches, the young Jung stands out nonetheless quickly psychoanalytic orthodoxy.

In 1906, Jung published his Psychology of dementia praecox in which he uses psychoanalysis but which already points divergent vision of the concept of libido . But Freud points out that book as one of the endpoints, with that of Bleuler on schizophrenia , schools of Zurich . The United States , through its research mainly on associations , and following his speech at Clark University in Worcester , in 1908, Jung is better known than Freud. The year 1907 marks the culmination of contributions from the Swiss school of psychoanalysis in Vienna .

It is a work of Jung who will cause it to break with psychoanalysis and hasten the creation of analytical psychology. Jung met in 1912 "Miss Miller," brought to its attention by the work of Theodore Flournoy , and whose case neurotic further supports his theory of the collective unconscious . The study gives him visions of his materials necessary to support his argument, he develops in the book Metamorphoses of the soul and its symbols. Freud then speaks of "heresy" ^, . Jung is officially banned from the Vienna psychoanalytic circle in the month of August 1912. Therefore, the psychoanalytic movement is divided into two denominations: the supporters of Freud on one side, with Karl Abraham (who wrote a critique of Jung ) and Ernest Jones as defenders of orthodox Freudian, Jungian and those the other, which Leonhard Seif, Franz Riklin , Johan Van Ophuijsen, Alphonse Maeder .

Break with Freud and the founding of analytical psychology

Only after breaking with Freud in 1914 , which Jung gives his approach called "analytical psychology" because it seeks to analyze and identify phenomena mental psyche. The works of the extension will be known under the name "Jungian psychology" because it owes a lot to CG Jung, a term which will be continued by his successors, to further differentiate the public arena from that of Freud, who still unknown . Dr. Ernst Bernhard , Jungian Italian, also called the "psychology individuation" but prefers to speak of either Jung Analytical Psychology, is in his early works, "psychologically complex" ^, . Frieda Fordham says, however, that the phrase "psychologically complex" is used more readily now that of "analytical psychology" confusing with the approach of the psychologist George Frederick Stout is the first to use it in 1886 .

Jung defines precisely analytical psychology since August 1913 XVII ^{International} Congress of Medicine held in London at a conference entitled "General Aspects of Psychoanalysis" . He presents this "new science of psychology" as born of "technical analysis", distinguishing it from the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud and the depth psychology of Eugen Bleuler . Jung also suggested to release the psychoanalytic theory of his "point of view exclusively sexual" by focusing on a new perspective, energy, relying on the thinking of Henri Bergson and the pragmatism of William James his approach to epistemology. But it was not until 1914, after his resignation from the International Association of Psychoanalysis Jung organizes around him a group of doctors who reject him as the Vienna School . These are therefore the School of Psychoanalysis in Zurich . Jung shared the leadership with Alphonse Maeder which makes the design of compensation psychic dreams as a prospective basis , guided by the need to undertake the development of the subject . Franz Riklin is meanwhile also affiliated Jung. In 1916 it published a series of articles simultaneously in New York and London, written during the last fourteen previous titled Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology. The preface of this book is a veritable manifesto of this movement, in which Jung says its working assumptions. According to Charles Baldwin, "Towards the end of the war, Jung is in full possession of his guiding ideas" , including psychological types and archetypes.

Jung maintains its allegiance to psychoanalytic theory, saying, at the outset of his schism, he borrows from both Freud and Alfred Adler (and his theory of will power) to make a synthesis. However, the terminology changes depending on the perspective adopted in his investigations. His approach is not exclusively sexual and value of the symbol itself away from the Freudian orientation, finally, the synthetic method is preferred and prospective . However the creation of analytical psychology is not something consciously desired, Jung evolving since 1914 and until 1918 in a phase of regression and "creative depression" which allows him to confront the unconscious. His conduct of the analytic treatment suffers, he seeks his patients while elements of their "personal myths" and then gives the first signs of a future consistent theory distinct from that of Freud and that calls for this time alternately "analytical psychology" or "prospective psychology.

Jung is therefore around him and his wife Emma Jung a circle of supporters formed by Eugen Bleuler , to Franz Riklin (author of a voluminous study on the symbolism in fairy tales entitled Wunscherfllung Symbolik und im Mrchen in 1908 ), to Alphonse Maeder (which also allows the dissemination of psychoanalysis in France ^, ), Adolf Keller, Toni Wolff , Hans and Herbert Trb Oczeret. Jung also brings with him such luminaries of the intellectual world as the chemist Eduard Fierz, and the mystical Jewish Siegmund Hurwitz. Contrary to Freud's psychoanalysis, Jungian psychology is constantly seeking to expand its system to other disciplines.

Photograph of the international congress of psychoanalysis from 1911 to Weimar together the leading creators of analytical psychology:
Emma Jung ^(6th from right, front row),
Toni Wolff ^(3rd from right, front row),
Franz Riklin ^(1st from right, front row),
Carl Gustav Jung ^(7th from right, second row) and
Alphonse Maeder ^(3rd from left, fourth row) .

Jung and his followers are therefore based on psychological Club Zurich ^, that brings together many different people and becomes the Association of Analytical Psychology October 30, 1914 and that Jung was the first president . The association's stated goal of promoting the theories of Jung and gathers most analysts Zurich who broke with Freud . It still follows the principles of the Swiss school of psychoanalysis, but you get more interested in ways to help people "to improve their ability to adapt to life" .

At the time of his life, Jung is seen as the only analytical theorist can compete with the man from Vienna ^, , especially the analytical psychology expands to U.S. , with analysts Kristine Mann and Eleanor Bertine and England, with Mary Esther Harding , who in 1922 founded the Psychoanalytic Club of London. In addition, Dr. Helton Godwin Baynes translated the works of Jung in English. Club Zurich, some disagreements lead to departure, however, with the circle of Jung's followers on the one hand and the circle of Riklin other . Oskar Pfister particularly denounces the cult of personality around Jung.

CG Jung Institute and the "group of Munich"

In 1925, Zurich , is held the first conference of the Association of Analytical Psychology entitled "Analytical Psychology", in which Jung gives a history of his thought, returning also on what he calls "the years Freud". Therefore, Jung was surrounded by men and women who follow him until the end of his life. Aniela Jaff was first secretary of the Institute from 1947 before becoming his personal secretary from 1955 and this even in his later years. Barbara Hannah is its continuation in the United States while James Kirsch, Carl Alfred Meier , one analyst described by Jung as "the disciple and heir," and Jolande Jacobi (who spends his doctorate in psychology only hope to help him in his work) the account in Europe. Jung also made the acquaintance in 1933 that will be his main continuing, Marie Louise von Franz.

However, analytical psychology will know as early as 1933, when Jung replaces Ernst Kretschmer President of International Society for Psychotherapy, then recovered by the Nazis, his most trouble. His main criticism, Richard Noll argues that Jung was then, even his control, "Reichsfhrer" of psychotherapy in Germany, hoping to control the company Freudian psychoanalysis. Jung leaves the presidency in 1940 but not before prevented the concepts of analytical psychology, such as that of collective unconscious , have been recovered for ideological propaganda .

In 1935, before the success of the rallies, the Club becomes a psychological association, the Gesellschaft fr praktische Scweirzerische Psychology, grouping doctors and psychologists around Jung . Since 1933, there is also the circle of Eranos (or Days Eranos) to initiate an admirer of Jung, Olga Froebe-Kapteyn. This is an appointment of specialists from various disciplines to Ascona , Switzerland, Italy, around the study of symbolism and is fast becoming a place of Humanism . Eranos for early number of Jungian analysts, but also scientific personalities as Mircea Eliade and Paul Radin . Olga Frbe-Kapteyn also founded the "ARAS", in Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism , an enterprise cataloging symbols, dream images, archetypes and other events throughout the ages and cultures in 1933.

In 1948 Jung wrote the articles of foundation of an institute designed to bring together leading experts from various disciplines in a common direction, that of analytical psychology . He taught there until his death and guide a whole generation of students who pursue her research. Carl Alfred Meier is the first president since July 26, 1955, when the ^80th anniversary of Jung, the AIPA, which headquarters in Zurich, bringing together all companies Jungian world . A Kuratorium is also created, which Jung is the president, assisted by Medard Boss . The Institute regularly publishes studies that take the place of analytical psychology psychology theory of first order. The first volume is signed by Professor Carl Alfred Meier and is dedicated to the incubations and symbols of healing in dreams. The study also includes the work of Hans Schaer on "Representations of hello," those of Gerhard P. Zacharias, Siegmund Hurwitz or Edgar Herzog, author of Psyche und Tod, dream themes related to death . Works written in cooperation also appear, and that of Marie Louise von Franz and Emma Jung on the Grail Legend (1961).

A view of the house containing the CG Jung Institute in Ksnacht.

The group of Munich is second to Zurich, the most prolific, especially after the Second World War. He published in two volumes, a study entitled dense Reich der Seele (Kingdom of the soul in French) and led by Dr. Gustav A. Heyer and Prof. Friedrich Seifert . The article reviews the imaging of the psyche through the ages and civilizations. Heyer also discusses the therapeutic aspect, endeavoring to show that masochism can be solved by a non sexualism but taking the collective. According to him, sexuality can also mean something else than itself, in that it can be, as Freud, the only reading level of psychopathology. The study includes other Jungian focus more on anthropology as Hilde-Supan Schwerdt distinguishes two psyches, one spiritual and one material or Indiana and longtime friend of Jung, Heinrich Zimmer. The latter decrypts imagery related to the unconscious in the Indian religion and draws a parallel between the figure of the guru and the analyst's European . The Munich group also includes S. Strauss-Kloeber, von Hornstein, E. Weippert or Lucy Heyer.

Internationalization of analytical psychology and Jung's main followers

The history of analytical psychology had early echoes in the Anglo-Saxon and primarily the United Kingdom . Number of patients of Jung were indeed Americans or British, who subsequently founded institutions in their respective countries. There were also analysts USSR , unbeknownst to the , with analysts like Emilii Medtner and Valery Zelensky. However, other countries have hosted the Jungian theory, despite the anchor of Freud's psychoanalysis in academic circles as Germany or Italy for the most important . "In some countries, such as Italy remains the same analytical psychology, for years the only form of psychoanalysis known, probably because the interest of Jung to the religious phenomenon makes his theories more acceptable "in a Catholic country . American universities now offer courses and training in the Jungian approach as the Pacifica Graduate Institute in California . On the model of the CG Jung Institute in Zurich, where Swiss psychiatrist officiated, also adds training institutes for the analysis and research as the CG Jung Institute of New York . There are also local Institutes, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago.

According to Christian Delacampagne Jungian school has evolved in two directions: in France, the United Kingdom and the United States some of its members have professionalized within structured organizations, another party has since tried to extend it, claiming its oriental influence and its lifestyle, close to the movement New Age . The Swiss Society of Analytical Psychology, incorporated in Zurich August 17, 1957, became the first to be defined as strictly reserved for practitioners of the analysis . Its first president was Kurt Binswanger, who succeeds Fierz-Monnier in 1961. In his model, many professional societies will emerge in different countries point to regroup in 1958 under the authority of an International Society of Analytical Psychology Its first president was Robert Moody, followed by Franz Riklin. The other branch will give rise to various schools of personal development or alternative practices close to the spiritual syncretism .

After the creation of institutes and research associations in analytical psychology, the organization of regular conferences, a number of writers will emerge, continuing the work of Jung and expanding the scope in the field of medicine and of psychiatry in particular. The study of psychosis , initiated by Jung and Bleuler, is synthesized by Mr. Schehaye. Mary Esther Harding pursues the study of symbols of the Self (Into Selft Journal, 1956), Erich Neumann interested in the influence of genetic , HK Fierz-Monnier focuses on the clinical significance of Jungian types, Renee Brand studied the phenomenon of transfer record and Albert Jung analyzes the self-realization / Sup>. A review of childhood dreams by cultural conception of Jung will also enter into psychiatry with several figures: Michael Fordham , W. Zublin, Robert Moody (on the basis of cons-transfer) and A. Plaut.

A conference at Eranos days of 1938. Front row: CG Jung and Olga Froyeb-Kapteyn, the speaker is Paul Masson-Oursel Paris.

From the beginning of analytical psychology, Germany was receptive to the contributions of Jung, because of its business in Zurich and the fact that he was speaking world. The Stuttgart Institute offers training including theoretical and Kln . In Switzerland, the Institute of Ksnacht is the first to settle in 1948 . There is also the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Analytische Psychologie, Stuttgart. Finally, the Institute of Zurich is among the most recognized and Switzerland, to the point where the renowned Klinik am Zurichberg allows students to apply Jungian analytical psychology in hospitalized patients . In Italy, there is one organization: the Associazione Italiana di Psicologia Analitica , based in Rome, Florence, Milan and Naples, and to which are attached Italian renowned Jungian analysts including Ernst Bernhard , Mario Trevi , Aldo Carotenuto and Silvia Montefoschi.

Historically, despite three significant figures, Henry Corbin , Gilles Quispel and Elie Humbert , France was late in discovering the work of Jung. Founded in 1969, the French Society of Analytical Psychology , or "CG Jung Institute of Paris, is the only research and training. However, many associations exist: the CG Jung Study Group , The Notebooks of Jungian psychoanalysis who publish studies specialists Jungian, and the Cercle Francophone Research and Information CG Jung, chaired by Michel Cazenave and has a university . In Belgium , there is a school of Jungian psychoanalysis Belgian in Brussels alongside a Belgian Society of Analytical Psychology . In Canada, there is an Association of Jungian Analysts based in Ontario ; Brazil a Junguiana Associao do Brasil and in Colombia, the Amigos de Jung and in Argentina, from the Fundacion Psicologia Analitica de la Republica Argentina Jung and the Group of Buenos Aires and in Sweden, the Center for Jungian Psychology CJP and in Israel, New Israeli Jungian Society for Ewart F. Edinger, a contemporary of Jung .

Jungian analysts will not only spread the psychotherapy but also continue the work of Jung on dreams, archetypes and concepts such as synchronicity or symbolism of numbers. Marie Louise von Franz is thus the main continuer Jung. Reliant alchemy, mathematics, and fairy tales in Jungian analysis, it extends his method and also publishes the most unfinished manuscripts of Jung. Analysts today, James Hillman , John Beebe , Steven Anthony or Clifford Mayes , have truly assimilated and thorough analytical psychology of Jung.

Developments in Analytical Psychology

The many approaches to Carl Gustav Jung gave rise to continuity theory, research and practice. Among the areas which gave place to continuations, the best known are the psychological typology , Jungian psychotherapy of inspiration, education and study of such archetypes. A host of personalities from various disciplines, analysts or not, show the continuity and the continued development of analytical psychology.

Currents of analytical psychology

Archetypal psychology

The American psychotherapist and first director of the Jung Institute in Zurich in 1959, James Hillman examines modern symbolic events, especially those that arise in the pathology such as anxiety , the onanism or madness. Hillman describes himself as an analyst "Ecopsychology" . He sees the dream activity the key to the balance staff, explaining that the dream contains "archaic data that create fantasies." Interpretation can be literal, otherwise it simplifies. Counts above all the emotion and the process of metaphorization imagination. The collective unconscious is then represented as a "hell within" ("Unterwelt" in German), a source of renewal of personality . Mythology helps explain the pathologies, but also provide insights for therapy. He recommends a "return to Greece," distinguishing two ways modern monocentric approach, marked by the Jewish and Christian thought, that's me and the way Hellenist, one of the unconscious, polycentric and Polytheism nourishes the soul (1982). Hillman does not also recognizes many of the concepts developed by Jung as individuation process, and denounced the "myth of the analysis, so some view it as an" anti-Jungian " . The work of Joseph Campbell are close to those of Hillman. This anthropologist U.S. has studied the fields of comparative mythology and religion in a comparative psychological approach in order to discover the basic patterns and archetypes of belief and myth. He developed a theory of monomyth. In his essay of 1949, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (The Hero With A Thousand Faces) Campbell analyzes the variations of images and metaphors used at all times to symbolize the psychic transformations of the individual in a method similar to that Hillman, that is to say based on emotion.

Education and Analytical Psychology

The analyst Clifford Mayes.

The work of Carl Gustav Jung , Psychology and Education, is the first to combine analytical psychology and education. This study resulted eventually in the creation of a Jungian thought of education. David Lucas in his article "Carl Gustav Jung and the Copernican revolution in pedagogy" summarizes this fusion of Jungian psychology with the categories of education as a practice: "The work of Carl Gustav Jung leads to the conclusion that the relationship Teaching does not only involve content or instructions sound, but also influence the sensitivity and taking on the personality of the teacher. Education is no longer the order of one speech, but also takes with psychic adults. But these provisions are largely beyond teaching methods programmed in advance, and depend instead on what the educator is in the most intimate of his psychology. This attention to the personal equation of the adult is a Copernican revolution in pedagogy, as if being an educator is the main determining its influence on children, that's it First he who must be educated " . Such work provides a new approach to infant and initiated by Michael Fordham (Vom Seelenleben of Kindes, 1948). Charles Baldwin also cites GH Graber (Seelenspiegel of Kindes, 1948) and Charlotte Geitel ("The introverted child," in Reich der Seele, 1937) . The "archetypal pedagogy" (or archetypal pedagogy) is also the name of a pedagogy based on analytical psychology and synthesized by the work of Clifford Mayes (Jung and Education: Elements Of An Archetypal Pedagogy) and those in France by Frederic Fappani, researcher in educational sciences.

Influence on the Humanities

Ethnology and anthropology of the imaginary

The study of comparative mythology has benefited from the analytical psychology, particularly through the concept of archetype . Both figures were in fact part of the integrated approach of Jung. The Hungarian Karoly Kerenyi has collaborated several times with Jung , in Introduction to the essence of mythology (1953) and in The Divine Trickster (1958), with Paul Radin also. Mircea Eliade speaks to him as "continuity between the mythological and dreamlike " . Jungian anthropologists have also enabled early diversification disciplinary Jung's theory. And John Layard and Erich Neumann who develops a study of the figure of the hero as a symbol of the self acting. Gaston Bachelard , in his writings as the Psychoanalysis of Fire, develops a theory of imagination influenced by the symbolic archetypes. His methods of analysis have much in the process of analytical psychology . Jung also worked with the Indian Heinrich Zimmer and with the sinologist, translator of the I Ching , Richard Wilhelm.

China scholar Richard Wilhelm.

Archetypology and aesthetic

The analysis of archetypal events led many analysts to study the work of art and literature in a Jungian perspective. Charles Mauron called this approach "psychocritical", and if he borrows many concepts to the method of Freud, the personal psychological examination of the conditions is from the work of Jung . Jennifer Waelti-Walters is particularly interested in topics related to the myth of Icarus in the works of Jean-Marie Le Clezio . The Jungian analyst Belgian Sour to Gilberte also published "A Jungian interpretation of some paintings by Van Gogh," while James Krsch studying symbolism in Moby Dick of Herman Melville through the complex of inflation. Charles Baldwin has proposed various readings of major authors, Molire and Jean Racine. Finally Gilbert Durand , through his book The Anthropological Structures of the imagination, drawing on the archetypes and their dynamics of representation, aesthetic establishes two regimes: the "daytime" and "night". The mythanalysis , he developed with Peter Solie, wants to be a "archetypology" . Durand has also undertaken an effort to widen the archetypology to the arts, including Arts and archetypes: the religion of art (1989) in which introduction he explains that "the philosophy of the archetype is still except to illustrate (...) but to defend a quarter century after the disappearance of the "inventor" of this concept, Carl Gustav Jung " . The critic and literary scholar Northrop Frye who publishes in 1949 Anatomy of Criticism refers directly to Jung's theory of archetypes that are for him "models or purely literary themes, indifferent to the rules of probability." In short, for him, myths are "structural principles of literature" . The critical literary Georges Poulet has implemented such models in the study of Jungian texts and imaginary worlds .

The psychoanalytic psychotherapy of inspiration

Indirectly, Jung's theory had a profound influence on society and on the psychoanalytic psychotherapy of inspiration ("PIP"). Indeed, the Jungian notions have been in an updating of psychotherapy, particularly through his idea of what should be the "analytic treatment" face-to-face with the patient. Roudinesco Elizabeth and Michel Plon, in their Dictionary Psychoanalysis explains: "The two major schools of psychotherapy of the ^twentieth century the school of analytical psychology founded by Carl Gustav Jung and the school of individual psychology founded by Alfred Adler, born both of a disagreement with one founded by Freud " . Therapy " Sandplay "comes from the analytical psychology of CG Jung. Developed by Dora Kalff from the "world game" by Margareth Lwenfeldt, this is for the patient, adult or child, to shape, dry sand and wet, and figurines, pictures unconscious and imaginary. This game echoes an episode in the life of Jung, when he had to confront the unconscious. The game then allows him to channel images from the psyche. Charles Baldwin cites collage: the method of Paul Bjerre, of Leopold Szondi creator of the concept of "unconscious family," Robert Desoille and "daydream" Paul Diel , Ludwig Binswanger and Medard Boss and "existential analysis", Igor Caruso, Paul Tournier (the "medicine person"), A. Store among others . Paul Watzlawick , who studied at the CG Jung Institute in Zurich from 1949 to 1954, bases its work on brief therapy on the assumption of an unconscious family. Stephen Gilligan who developed the "generative creativity, technical close of Ericksonian hypnosis , and which incorporates the idea of an unconscious creator whose expression is the Self.

Characterology and typology

Early Jungian psychology has concerned experimental psychology and psychometrics , especially in America. Thus, CA and KD Neymlann Kohlstedt, in Diagnostic test for introversion-extroversion (1928) establish a questionnaire based on the typology of Jung. Laird (1926) and Flemming (1927) use in recruitment procedures or conversion . Especially the theory of psychological types who has a seminal influence on a generation of psychologists: the Myers Briggs Type Indicator of Katherine Cook Briggs and Isabel Myers leading to the MBTI questionnaire (for "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) used in certain methods of coaching comes from the classification types Jung. The Socionics is a theory of the relationship between personality types also inspired psychic type, created by Aushra Augustinavichute. Moreover, the Jungian personality typology has significantly influenced the graphology and characterology the "school of Groningen. A student of Jung, Ania Teillard, author of Jung's psychological types and their expression in writing and writing and Soul (1948) highlights the connections graphics and psychic types. Finally, the Swiss psychiatrist and neurologist Hermann Rorschach was inspired by the typology of Jung to build its projective test that bears his name , published in Psychodiagnostic (1921) and widely used today .

Ethics, sociology and economics

Professor of Economics and sociologist Eugen Bhler finally applied the Jungian theory of mass behavior , explaining that economic life "is less governed by the interests of the country by pulses from collective fantasies and myths" so that Erich Neumann , in und neue Ethik Tiepfenpsychologie (1947) explains how the Jungian vision renews morality, based on the psyche . He described the phenomenon of "suffering representative" by which an individual expresses and sharing the burden of a collective and that he can "detoxify" by his therapeutic work individually, in the form of Jung that any societal change is First staff. Hans Trb in the world of the Self (1947) studied the figure of the Self in Jungian imagination, a new source of ethics if it is not confused with the figure of God .

Philosophical and epistemological analytical psychology

The American philosopher William James has greatly influenced the thought of CG Jung

Inheritance philosophical

Jung calls mainly philosophical of American William James , founder of pragmatism , and he met during his stay in the United States in 1909 . Jung will also meet other figures of this movement as John Dewey and Franz Boas in anthropology . Pragmatism is the sure way for Jung to establish psychology on a scientific basis . In this sense his theory is an observation of phenomena, a phenomenology. The psychologism is suspect in his eyes and . Throughout his writings Jung empiricism sees not only the guarantee of neutrality of method but also the respect of an ethical principle that should be the rule of the psychologist: "I therefore consider it a moral duty not to make assertions about things you can not see and which can not demonstrate, and I think it is an abuse of power when the epistemological fact nonetheless. These rules apply to experimental sciences. Metaphysics observed in others. I consider myself bound by the rules of experimental science. Therefore we will not find in my work metaphysical assertions, nor - nota bene - the denial of metaphysical assertions "says he .

According to Luigi Aurigemma, the thought of Jung is also marked by that of Immanuel Kant , and more generally by the German rationalist philosophy . His lectures reveal his perfect assimilation of thought Kant , in particular texts Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of Practical Reason . Jung's thought belongs to Luigi Aurigemma the "epistemological relativism" because it "does not entail any metaphysical belief" . Jung uses the grid effect rationalist Kant to rein his mind, to refrain from trips to the metaphysical . For Franoise Parot, and contrary to the rationalistic thinking, Jung is also the heir of the mystics ( Meister Eckhart of Hochheim , St. Augustine and Hildegard of Bingen ) and the Romantics , whether scientists, like Carl Gustav Carus or Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert in particular, and writers and philosophers Nietzsche and Goethe , of Schopenhauer in its conceptualization of the unconscious . As for his typology is deeply dependent on the thinking of Carl Spitteler and its concept of " imago " .

Inheritance scientific

The research group of Wilhelm Wundt in 1880.

Jung was a psychiatrist by training he has extensive knowledge of the state of science of his time . It refers in fact regularly experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt. His test of word associations established with Franz Riklin is a direct application of the theory of Wundt . Although analytical psychology owes much to Freud, Jung borrows concepts from other theories. The expression of "lowering the mental level" comes from the research of French psychologist Pierre Janet that Jung attended classes during his years of study in 1901 . Jung also uses the concept of " participation mystique "that he owes to the French ethnologist Lucien Levy-Bruhl ^, and that he uses to describe "the surprising fact that

The English expression "pattern of behavior" that serves as a synonym for the archetypes from the ethology. However the main contribution that shaped the psychology Jungian psychoanalysis remains of Freud, Jung and which included many concepts, especially the method of investigation of the unconscious associations of ideas, but other analysts such Sndor Ferenczi (based on Jung's notion of " affect ") or Ludwig Binswanger with Daseinsanalyse. Jung asserts that "Freud's contribution to our knowledge of the psyche is, without doubt, of utmost importance. It offers information penetrating the dark recesses of the human soul and character, which can be compared to the Genealogy of Morals Nietzsche. In this respect, Freud was a major cultural critics of the nineteenth ^century " .

Differences with psychoanalysis

Analytical psychology does not recognize the fundamental assumptions of psychoanalysis and proposes two major failures vis--vis the Freudian theory: the existence of an unconscious 'double' individual and group and the meaning of the concept of libido . Jung broadens the Freudian concept of the drive towards a global concept of psychic dynamics. The desire of the mother in the Jungian vision is not on the incest and does not confine only to the Oedipus Complex ^, . Moreover, the neurosis is caused by an inability of the conscious to face reality and do not necessarily go back to the distant childhood . The difference he said is more philosophical: "In relation to Freud, I disagree with its materialism, its simplicity (the theory of trauma), its fanciful assumptions (the theory of Totem and Taboo) and its purely biological which ignores the social context (the theory of neurosis) " . Among the main differences of perception symbol is central. It is the fundamental component of the archetype, and it opposes the sign , while for Freud it is the product of condensation. Also, for Jung and for Sabina Spielrein (Destruction as cause of becoming, 1912) which introduced the concept in psychoanalysis, the death drive is linked to the renaissance of being and not as an instinct death .

Finally, the major difference as regards the analysis is that relating to the transfer. Jung expressed his position in psychology transfer , a phenomenon that consists in the fact of transfer to the analyst of feelings, positive or negative, during the cure and who is wanted by analytical psychology as Freud sees it as a cause of deterioration ( the transference neurosis ). It is therefore not a pathological phenomenon Jung it would reduce by analysis, but a natural phenomenon in the relationship between two human beings, a phenomenon that results from the deployment of archetypal dynamic between two people. The transfer is otherwise normally required for analysis. The analyst allows the patient to release a complex, absorbing, so as to enable it to progress. Thus, the Freudian distinction between release and transfer-cons is ineffective, the latter term being reserved for how the analyst unconsciously obstacle to further the analytic process .

The postulates of analytical psychology

The psyche or "soul" purpose of analytical psychology

Analytical psychology describes and reveals "invariants of the soul" according to Jung. This is a meeting place between the conscious and the unconscious, seen as a growing tendency to equilibrium . Each concept of Jungian psychology, gives meaning to one aspect of the psychic system. The terms "psychic system" and "psyche" or "soul" are in turn used by Jung and colleagues, however, Jung does not use the term soul without recognizing the religious connotations, which it worth the criticism of mysticism , particularly by Freud or Richard Noll. For the analytical psychology of the human soul, the psychic sense, is naturaliter religiosa ("naturally religious"), in the sense that theory restores the religious and spiritual psychology. This is for the sole position Jung ethical to suggest the man in its entirety: "That is what you will be the relationship between God and the soul, one thing is certain: the soul can not be a "nothing" on the contrary, she has the dignity of an entity to which it is given to be aware of a relationship with the divinity " ^, .

Representation of the conical structure of the psyche according to analytical psychology:
1. the me ;
2. the conscious ;
3. the personal unconscious ;
4. the collective unconscious ;
5. Part of the collective unconscious that can not be known, called "unconscious archaic" .

Analytical psychology is considering several possible routes to access the psyche and she calls the psychic manifestations. Freud was limited to the dream and its latent content , the jokes , the slip and finally failed acts , not to mention the behavior pathological and neurotic , whereas demonstrations unconscious Jung extends to culture and systems of thought. The dream , which remains, as with Freud , the "royal way" of exploring the unconscious and visions are dreams that transgressing the barrier conscious, and are direct calls of the unconscious. The fantasies are also unaware of the materials that the method of active imagination / A> can be integrated. The aesthetic productions (drawings, writings ...) whose allegories and alchemical engravings are projections aware of unconscious material. The myths finally, to a more cultural level, are representations of archetypes. The field of parapsychology is for Jung a reservoir of psychic phenomena. The vision of ghosts , for example due to a projection of psychic complexes personified.

The dream and the myth

In 1916 Carl Gustav Jung publishes Viewpoints general psychology of the dream, in which he develops his own understanding of dreams that differs greatly from that of Freud. For him, dreams are a gateway to the unconscious, but it broadens their functions in relation to the Freudian point of view. According to Jung, a principal function of dreams is to contribute to the psychological balance by offsetting the judgments of conscious life: a man consumed by ambition and arrogance, for example in dreams will be small and frail. The unconscious for Jung shows him what his attitude is way too assured, too conscious, and refuses the integration of lower parts of the personality, generally denied by the arrogant: the acceptance of making mistakes or feelings. Jung called this mechanism "compensation" function whose role is to restore the natural balance of the psyche . Some are personal, and others are collective and have always meant the same thing, they express the phases of the process of individuation that we find in literary works, paintings, the alchemy or myths.

Analytical psychology is best known for his historical and geographical study of myths as developing unconscious to explain, for the symbol, structure and manifestations of the psyche. The myth represents the elements and phenomena directly from the collective unconscious and can change in its representation throughout history but remaining always similar in their meanings. If Jung is based mainly on Christian or pagan myths (Greek and Latin), he nevertheless tries to show that the unconscious is composed of mythologems which are found in all cultures. He became interested in the religions of Hinduism , of Zoroastrianism , or the Chinese thought , all of which are common to representations of the fundamentals of the psyche. Analytical psychology research in the field of meanings, the assumption that being is in constant contact with the material and symbolic of universal humanity .

Concepts of Analytical Psychology

Places psychic

Jung goes, in 1906, stand out from the topical psychoanalytic imagining the structure of the psyche as a set of psychic agencies more or less autonomous, and not just a set polar conscious / unconscious . Taking however the major concepts developed by Freud as Ego and the Unconscious , Jung expanded dimension to the collective. Its main contribution is the Self, or archetype of all , the psyche that structures and guides its development, and instances personified as anima and animus, persona and shadow.

Consciousness

This is according to Jung a short attention span, more or less variable , which has emerged over the unconscious development of the psychic apparatus and human neurology . For Jung, "human consciousness, the first, created objective existence and meaning and that is how the man found his indispensable place in the great process of being" and is indeed privileged place psychic "complex I", characterized by volition and reasoning , the memory also . The ego is not the only authority on consciousness, it is intermittent and other complexes can become semi-conscious . The anima can become conscious and act against the self, such as in dreams. James Hillman speaks of the " imaginal me "when immersed in the unconscious. This is often figured in the guise of an authority figure like the king in the alchemy or dreams. Some other physical or psychic phenomena also cause consciousness in the "lowering of mind" that leave so imbued with unconscious contents. The visions and delusions are thus areas of low resistance which directly influence the psychic consciousness.

Hieronymus Bosch , Hieronymus ("As the soul is not only a personal problem but a problem worldwide, and that's the world that the psychiatrist to deal" ).

The unconscious

Psychoanalytic concept par excellence, the unconscious ("Unbewussten" in German) is Jung nevertheless much more than a reservoir of memories and repressed impulses: it has a critical dimension (it has a function in the development of the individual) and dynamics . Firstly, Jung defines the unconscious as the space of the unknown, his approach is, in his early work, philosophical and pragmatic. Jung in fact part of a theological and philosophical unconscious, that of Schopenhauer and experimental psychology. By studying the complex with Franz Riklin, Jung posits an unconscious motivation that compensates the conscious attitude . He noted that man is distinguished by two realities, one known (consciousness), the other composed of unknown materials and phenomena beyond the reach of the attention he calls the "objective psyche" . The structure of this area meets the traditional representations of Freud's psychoanalysis Jung will nevertheless distinguished in the collective unconscious part and an individual part, own personality: the personal unconscious consists of the personified psychic agencies, ie ie the shadow, the persona, the anima or animus. It also includes other complex processes such as self . The personal unconscious is manifested in dreams and fantasy productions and is also in constant contact with the personality "psychology is not only a personal matter. The unconscious, which has its own laws and independent mechanisms, exerts an important influence on us, that could be compared to a cosmic disturbance. The unconscious has the power to transport us or hurt us in the same way that a cosmic catastrophe or weather " .

The collective unconscious

Major concept of the Jungian theory , the collective unconscious ("kollektive unbewusst" in German) has been postulated before analytical psychology, philosophy and experimental psychology. Jung also said to take the idea of Schopenhauer but the method of Freud which has allowed the investigation . While the personal unconscious is an integral part of the personality, the collective unconscious is universal and common to all men. It thus constitutes "a condition or base of the psyche itself, provided omnipresent, immutable, identical to itself in all places" . Jung often referred to as the deepest layer of the soul, which is home to two key processes of analytical psychology: the instincts and archetypes. Jung gave him the epithet of "collective" because these materials are characterized by recurring appearance in human history . The collective unconscious is not transmitted but its components, the archetypes are transmitted as opportunities for performances. Human experience over the centuries, feeding this reservoir of primordial images, which then determines all human beings. Religious rituals or animist born and identification of materials by the collective participation mystique. The great myths are born of these autonomous functional systems, which owe nothing to the personality, and that the condition on the path of individuation archetype or when it is excited ("Constellation" in Jungian terminology), so according to Jung all myths have similar interpretations from one civilization to another. The last collective unconscious is like a field where all points are connected, that is to say that the archetypes and instincts are all contaminated: a myth of motifs belonging to other family myths, which form a dense network where each unit stands and other conditions. The mythic images are multidimensional string highlighted by Marie-Louise von Franz took up the work of Jung's death, explaining the metamorphosis of mythical motifs through historical periods. Top Searches speculative Jung, particularly on the synchronicity in the principle of Synchronicity as a-causal chain (1952), hypothesize that the nature of this layer of the collective unconscious and archetypes is psychoid (" as the soul "), that is to say they are beyond the performance, instead of psychic phenomena known and they are part of a transgression of the mind-matter limits.

The so

The term "self" (Selbst ") is the most difficult to approach in analytical psychology . Jung speaks of the book Metamorphoses of the soul and its symbols (1912). Carl Gustav Jung used the term in the sense of a concept but in fact subsequently a cornerstone of his theory. In psychoanalysis is particularly traditional Heinz Kohut who theorized and developed the concept but in a sense narcissistic. Jung himself uses the self as the archetype that structures the psyche. The finding in all mythologies and religions of the world, it is a central archetype representing the dynamic relationship between consciousness and unconsciousness. Jung said that the Self is "an entity on the Self-ordered" , that is to say, more a place psychic psychic structure inherent in a process. Its function is to be achieve, maintain contact with the psychic layers between them: "The self is given the existing a priori which comes to me. Preform it somehow to me. It is not I who create myself: j'adviens rather to myself " . Jung remains conscious of the reality of this concept anthropomorphic which means ultimately the entire psyche. It reflects the experience of all, the ability to represent all, as far as the psychological process that goes in the direction of consciousness encompassing more and more unconscious elements. The Self is involved in the process of individuation and the concept is the most repeated and most developed by the followers of Jung. Marie Louise Von Franz estimated that the Self is the archetype of every other officer, who possesses so the structure of the psyche and its architectural plans while Michael Fordham calls " primary home "state where differentiation psycho-physical does not exist in the development of the child. As a representation of the psychic totality, the self is necessarily paradoxical and is "at once the quintessence of the individual and a collective entity," a-moral space . The Self is a universal archetype represented through the symbolism of Totality and quaternity: "Living in the West, I should say Christ instead of the Self, in the Near East, would be approximately Chadi, in Far East, Atman, Tao or Buddha in the Far West Mondamin or hare, and the world of Kabbalah finally Tifereth " .

Synchronicity

Carl Gustav Jung proposed to call "synchronicity" the simultaneous occurrence of two events that do not report causal association but makes sense for the person who experiences them. The concept, invented in the statement of Jung to the memory of Richard Wilhelm in 1930 , makes sense only within psychology and can not be reduced to a fact and scientific measurement where it is for Jung a working hypothesis and caused many ambiguities: "So here I use the general concept of synchronicity in the special sense of temporal coincidence of two or more events without causal connection between them and with the same sense or similar. The term is opposed to "synchronous" means that the mere simultaneity of two events. Synchronicity means therefore first the simultaneity of a certain psychic state with one or several parallel events meaningful in relation to the subjective state of the moment, and - possibly - vice versa " . The concept is among the most developed by the followers of Jung, Michel Cazenave , Carl Alfred Meier and James Hillman primarily, but it has also been recovered by various schools of spirituality that derive scientific rigor. According to Jung, an archetype in the unconscious constellations may, under certain circumstances, violate the border area / psyche. Jung has studied these phenomena with the physicist Wolfgang Pauli , through much correspondence the contributions of two specialists and their common test: The Synchronicity, principle-causal relationship (1952) . The two men see the synchronicity in the possibility of explanation of a report made "no ascertainable in itself, related to manifestations of the unconscious and archetypes . Jung called unus mundus (term from Schopenhauer ) this state where neither the material nor the psyche are distinguishable as Paul sees it a double language, both scientific and symbolic. He said the phenomenon depends on the observer . However, both converge on the possibility of a combination of physics and psychology: "These experiments .

The psychological processes

Animus and anima, represented by the figure of the hermaphrodite alchemical .

Analytical psychology distinguishes between two types of mental processes: those from the individual, called "personal", belong to the subjective psyche and collective ones, related to the structure of the objective psyche, called "transpersonal" . These processes are all archetypes. Some are specifically linked to consciousness as the anima, persona and shadow, others are more collective. Jung called such "characters" because they are always personified and they represent an aspect of the psyche.

The contra-sexual archetype

anima and animus

The anima in men and animus in women are the archetypes of the opposite sex, which is why Jung calls the couple "contra-sexual". They have a regulatory function or fitness and have a certain psychic load making them relatively autonomous ego . The anima is an image of the woman innate in man (the feminine part of man), the animus, an image of the human innate in women (the male share of Women). Both are seen in dreams and archetypes are distinguished from other personal emotional burden they carry. Their integration allows to connect the conscious to the unconscious form and the preliminary work of individuation. Jung for every man has a picture (or " imago ") psychic woman, representing her psyche in his own personal relationship with the unconscious. Therefore for men the anima represents the feelings and emotions. The animation does not refer to the Oedipal Freudian: it is a psychic function personified , that of the male ego's relationship to the unconscious and which is intended to compensate consciousness . Unlike the anima, the animus is not a female . In women, it is the cause of behavior and acerbic lyrics and masterful, peremptory. These two archetypes can fascinate the ego, that is to say mentally invaded. Jung referred to as "possession by the animus or anima" when one or the other invades the field of consciousness. The study of the manifestations of the anima or animus has led to extensive literature, to Emma Jung (The Legend of the Holy Grail) to Marie Louise von Franz (The Woman in fairy tales), to Clarissa Pinkola Estes (Women Who Run with the Wolves) to Annick Souzenelle (The Female Being. To finish with Adam's rib).

Persona

The persona allows me to display a social in the sense that archetype is used to regulate the external influences on personality.

As the anima and animus, the persona is another key concept of analytical psychology designating part of the personality that organizes the relationship of the individual to society and now the same way in both sexes : "The persona is the retrofit or the manner through which we communicate with the world. Each state or each profession, for example, has its own persona that characterizes (...) But the danger is that one identifies with his persona: the teacher's manual, the tenor voice. We can say, without much exaggeration that the persona is that someone is not really, but what he and others think it is " . The concept of persona, within the psychic ecology, is opposed to the shadow, which is the true personality but denied by the ego. The conscious ego s' identifies first with the persona during development of the child. Identification with diplomas, social role, the honorary title, career for example, all of which contribute to the formation of the persona and ultimately provide a means of self-ignorance. For Jung, the persona is nothing real, it is a compromise between the individual and society the illusion of individuality. The individual must, first time, allow individuals to undress to mask, not too eager, however, because it is often the only means of identification of the patient.

The Inner Child

The Divine Child or 'rascal divine "inner child, puer aeternus, eternal child or trickster represents the archetype of the child who comes in from each adult, regardless of gender. Jung developed this psychic agency with Paul Radin and Karoly Kerenyi in The Trickster God: An Indian myth and in Introduction to the essence of mythology. Paul Radin defines it as one of the central myths of humanity: "It is not as widespread myth in the world that we know as the" myth of the Trickster "we'll do here. There are few myths that we can say with much confidence that they belong to the oldest modes of expression of humanity; few other myths have retained their original content in as unchanged. (...) It is clear that we are dealing here with a figure and a theme, or a variety of topics, endowed with a special charm and sustainable and which exert a gravitational pull on the unusual mankind since the dawn of civilization " . According to his relationship with the shadow, the Divine knows some rogue variants, such as good or evil fairy , the elf or gnome. The myth of the little joker character was defined by Radin as the figure of the archetypal trickster , Kokopelli among American Indians, literally "prankster", a small mythical present in all cultures.

The Divine Child is, in mythology, often related to the theme of the game

The shadow

The shadow is the archetype of the lower part of the personality, the sum of all personal and collective psychic elements which are incompatible with the ego were not experienced or morally accepted . They thus form in the unconscious of the individual, regardless of gender, personality and often opposed to the conscious self. The shadow always behaves in a compensatory manner, it is intended to limit the ego in its desire for control, and remind them of a share of the personality hidden because of education and socialization. The character of the shadow in dreams is often figured in the guise of double , good or evil, or hero and anti-hero, the traitor well ( Judas to Jesus Christ for example). Jung sees this as an archetype, that of the "eternal antagonist," most often personified by the avatars of the Devil. In Jungian therapy, the shadow must be accepted and integrated into the psyche because it is causing many psychological conflicts, both internal and external, at the same time it imposes on confronting what ' he wants to ignore itself and that this confrontation is born a form of enlightenment.

Archetypes

With the concept of collective unconscious, which is closely related, the concept of archetype ("big picture" in the etymological sense) is crucial in understanding Jung's theory . It sometimes uses the expression of "primordial images" or pattern of Behaviour ("pattern of behavior") synonymously because the archetype is inherent in the structure of neuronal and conditions the human representation. The archetype is a complex psychological self-serving in the unconscious of Civilization in the basis of any representation of man over his world, both inside and outside: they are "the foundations of collective share of conception" . It is characterized by an intense emotional and instinctual whose meeting tint the life of the man who is facing an existential way: "The archetypal experience is intense and overwhelming experience. It is easy to talk quietly as archetypes, but actually find themselves faced with is another matter. The difference is the same as between a talking lion and that of having to confront it. Facing a lion is an intense and frightening experience that can make a lasting personality " . The archetypes, he is wrong, for Jung, believe in the roster, are the source of all myths and sometimes even dominate nations or religions, which find their breeding grounds of beliefs. Jung was speaking of Nazism and as a liability on the archetypal pagan Norse god Wotan , explaining the overflow of aggression and the fascination with Hitler. Jung also called as the archetypal imaginal immutable structures in history and civilizations like the forest and the sea to the unconscious, the father-sun, Mother Earth , the sacred marriage (HierosGamos in Greek), the dragon , the tree of life , the unus mundus, etc.. The debate on the inheritance of archetypes is recurrent in Jungian psychology, though Jung has always refused to make biologically inherited elements .

Illustration of the Faust of Goethe : Faust (consciousness) battling with Mephistopheles (the shadow).

Individuation

Individuation is the complex process that goes through different stages of awareness formed the confrontation and integration of unconscious contents. This is the central concept of analytical psychology ^, , developed in 1916, since it is the aim of Jungian psychotherapy, since it allows for the Self "The individual has no other purpose than to liberate the self, on one hand the envelopes of fake persona , and partly to the suggestive power of unconscious images " . Individuation is the process of initiation that the analysis must take to integrate other instances of the psyche: the persona that represents the identification of the person's role in society, the shadow which contains all what the person considers morally reprehensible, the anima (for men), or animus (female), which respectively represent the masculine and feminine values. Jung for many unconscious conflicts causing neurotic disorders result from the difficulty with this dynamic is the decenter subject aware of its usual position and confront share himself he used to ignore .

Personality and typology

The explanatory model types

Psychological types are the major contribution of analytical psychology to the humanities. Overflowing the experimental framework for developing a theory of personality , Jung emphasizes, in his seminal work: The Psychological Types, 1911, three pairs of characteristics of the psyche human characteristics that relies both on its practical of psychoanalysis but also on a study of psychological differentiation during different periods pre-and post-Christian . Noting the misuse of his typology, with the final installment characterology traditional (there are mechanisms, not characters ), it develops in the book The Man and His Symbols cautioned: if the scientist can summed up as the personality, the fact remains that the mixture can not be reducible to a simplistic image as ^, . In this typology, Jung distinguishes four functions, two of which are called "rational" because they issue a ruling or order of logic (Thinking function ) or the order of the affective (feeling function ). The next two are called "irrational" because they are based on a perception of either the grand scheme of things perceived without seeing the path (function Intuition ) is of the order of immediate bodily perception (function Sensation ). Each individual has four functions to different degrees of evolution, due to the influence of education and socialization . The main function will be the most conscious, at the disposal of the will but all are functions of adaptation to reality . It is the most developed one with which the individual is most comfortable to move in the world and adapt. Two other functions more or less developed, called "auxiliary" antagonistic to those aware since necessarily opposed pairs. They dive into the personal unconscious, where they may constitute refoulement or ally with complex psychological.

The four functions of personality as analytical psychology .

At this first reading grid, y-Jung ordered two "attitudes": the extroversion , which is the movement of libido to the outside and which refers to the object and introversion that it is the movement of libido turned inwards and whose point of departure is the subject. And Jung emerges from these four functions and two attitudes, and according to their degree of awareness and dominance on the subject, a number of psychological types including details of the personal conflicts (one facing an extrovert introvert) or personal passions (a type becomes Scientific Thought). This model had a strong influence on the theories managerial , through the Myers Briggs Type Indicator and vision Socionics , but also in personal development , in graphology.

Two developments: the Myers Briggs Type Indicator and Socionics

Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Cook Briggs , his mother are both American and Jungian analysts who in the 1950s have developed Jung's approach, developing a psychometric questionnaire to facilitate the application and the democratization of the theory, its use also in the workplace. The MBTI identifies 16 major when personality types from the two possible preferences on each of the four previous dimensions. Il dtermine alors des prfrences individuelles et quatre tempraments qui forment les catgories de personnes, notamment au travail. Myers et Briggs ont ainsi cres leur fondation , dispensant des formations.

Paralllement, dans le monde sovitique, mais accessible seulement depuis les annes 1990, Aushra Augustinavichute , une lituanienne, labore la socionique qui modlise la personnalit, sur la base des types psychologiques de Jung, selon 16 types, en huit paires des types complmentaires, aussi appels duals. Avec Antoni Kpiski , elle dveloppe les sociotypes utiliss aujourd'hui dans le management et dans le marketing pour approcher les comportements du consommateur. La socionique est un modle stipulant que chacun des seize types psychologiques possdent un rle social plus ou moins dtermin. Chaque personne accepte et produit de l'information de manire diffrente selon son type, ce qui gnre des comportements diffrents selon les types. Il est ainsi possible de pronostiquer les tendances des relations entre les gens, notamment dans certains milieux comme la famille ou le travail.

"to describe these fragments at high load mental emotional , separated from the conscious and constituted "a central element and many secondary associations studded" . Indices are complex and numerous: pulse, sweating, response time, etc.. This is a node of psychic impulses agglomerate in the unconscious and the conscious influence. However, in parallel to the opposition personal unconscious / collective unconscious, Jung will distinguish two types of complexes: the complex supra-personal archetypes related to symbolize their influences on the conscious and personal complexes, which are born from collisions with available instinctive General . Once autonomous complexes are personified in the unconscious and symbolic forms appear in dreams in particular .

Instincts

The instincts are objective, natural, rooted in biology and in the living, which infuse their psychic energy to the archetypes . Jung are seven: sexuality (in this he is opposed to Freud who is the first instinct), hunger, thirst, sleep, creativity, religion and the will to power at last. In analytical psychology, instinct and image are related . Thus, "the instinct and acts, together, form an image of its action. The images trigger actions, and actions are structured by images, "says James Hillman adds: "The images are of the same continuum that instinct." The instinct is the source of all consciousness and unconsciousness any, of any psychological reality. It therefore has a dynamism and an image instinctual . They form a sort of content or theme (that word again Jung often synonymously) of the archetype, beyond its symbolic form and for this reason they are considered in the therapy Jungian as they learn about the attitude of the conscious side to biological necessities . In all cases, the archetypes and their dynamics are that they are often confused with the instincts even though "the archetypal structures are not static forms. These are dynamic elements, manifested by spontaneous impulses just as the instincts " .

Jungian Psychotherapy

Analytical psychology has fueled mainly cases of analysis, first conducted by Jung and later by his followers and analysts. Jung has in fact never stopped performing the analysis along with his research. Attached to the " psychoanalytic psychotherapy , Jungian psychotherapy, however, diverges-type analysis of Freud, for it establishes the ethical framework, and the techniques implemented.

The therapeutic and ethical

The indianist Heinrich Zimmer in 1933 co-authored a book with Jung, Der Weg zum Selbst (The Path to the Self) in which psychotherapy is compared with the initiations of the religion Hindu.

Ethics and Conduct Analysis

Formally Jungian analysis differs little from that of traditional psychoanalysis. It is indeed a number of weekly sessions of between one and two and a method of discussion and abreaction and lasts three years . Nevertheless the position of the analyst and analyzed different; they are in fact face to face and without recourse to a couch. Non-analytical elements can take place, such as suggestion or active imagination , the Sandplay , painting or any other form of creativity. The interview will sometimes semi-directional (whereas psychoanalysis is a non-directive interview) . The individual is the focus of therapy, explains Marie-Louise von Franz in Psychotherapy. The experience of the practitioner where she summarizes Jung's thinking on this point. The transfer is sought and the interpretation of dreams series is one of the cornerstones of Jungian therapy. For the remaining rules are similar to classical psychoanalysis: the analyst looks to free association and neutrality aims and ethics, the latter being understood as respect for the pace of development of the patient. Indeed Jungian analysis is not just and only review the patient's past, but the task of reconnecting the consciousness with the unconscious and thus allow adaptation to social life and emotional. The neurosis is in effect for Jung symptom rather than a return of the repressed but an inability to cope with ethical reality. The unconscious is thus a source of ethics and the analysis task is to bring awareness to the whole personality of the patient, especially since "the unconscious processes at stake in the transfer induces a dependency relationship of analysand loses its defenses and its usual landmarks. This requires that the analyst is the guarantor of the transference relationship " . This is why Jungian analysts must have a broad general education, especially history of symbols. Their training is long (three years after the initial training of psychiatrists in general). In France for example, the French Society of Analytical Psychology as Jungian analysts obedience .

"Work within" and ethics

Psychotherapy outcome of analytical psychology is based on the assumptions described by Jung, considered operative concepts and made consistent with the "inside job" individuation . "Each life is an unfolding psychic tells Jung and he states that "The noblest task of the individual is becoming aware of itself." Jungian therapy therefore focuses primarily on the individuation , not the cure immediate symptoms such as neurosis and therapy aims to synthetic-hermeneutic . For Jung therapy is rooted in the experiences and daily life of the patient: "Psychoanalysis and life are not separated. When an authentic analysis was conducted, the individual becomes able to speak to his unconscious throughout his life, a relationship, a dialogue in which I happen to leave what emerges from the unconscious, carefully considered, it compares and evaluates it. It was only after this process that a subject position may appear " . While most followers of Jung implement psychotherapy similar to the Swiss psychiatrist, some involve certain points of view. James Hillman and particularly focuses more exclusively on emotion conveyed by the image, passing any literal interpretation. Others focus exclusively on the child, as Clifford Mayes using catharsis.

Techniques used: active imagination and inner dialogue

Main article: Active Imagination and Internal Dialogue.

The active imagination is a method of giving tangible form to the images of the unconscious and to confront them where emotional disturbance is felt, allowing expansion of consciousness . It is therefore to focus attention on this emotion, and, more generally, the fantasies brought unconscious to consciousness, then let them grow freely, without conscience interferes. The use of artistic techniques is recommended . It thus leads to "connect the conscious plans and plans unconscious" or to give life to the spontaneous images . The internal dialogue is the second technique used in psychotherapy Jungian method very similar to the active imagination . The Jungian analyst Anthony Stevens explains that this internal dialogue to represent the archetypes in the guise of independent figures he calls "daimon" . Charles Baldwin makes him a "variant" of the active imagination and represents the "inner theater" to be. The inner dialogue has become a tool for personal development through Hal Stone and Sidra Stone , a couple of American-inspired Jungian analysts. They made a brief therapy in its own right whose "goal is to get to know by giving voice to otherwise sub-personalities (or" voice ") and contradictory that we live and we brimons" .

Criticisms of Analytical Psychology

Main article: Criticism of analytical psychology.

Analytical psychology was, from its inception, the object of criticism from the sphere of psychoanalytic Freud, first, lives in Jung's work that "a mystic and a snob." Proponents of Freudianism multiplied throughout the ^twentieth century criticism, focusing on the character mystical writings of Jung. Other analysts, particularly Jungian practitioners, denounced the "cult of personality" around the Swiss psychiatrist. Finally, his collusion with Nazism remains one of the most recurring controversy .

Richard Noll and the "prophecy" Carl Gustav Jung

Criticism of American psychiatrist Richard Noll , who published two books (The Cult of Jung, 1994 and The Aryan Christ, 1997) examining the ambivalence in his character of Jung, was the most bitter towards collusion Jung with the Nazi regime. Jung likens his arguments to a guru to delusions of grandeur and kneads and Nazi racial theories, sponsor of a Christian fundamentalist. According to him Jung was actually a "prophet vlklich " who, however, to being a Christian, works for the return of paganism. Thus, the background behind the accusations of collusion with the Nazis , who are also critical in Ernest Jones , which is the attempt Noll accuses Jung was in his company, via his cult of personality as model and prophet to restore paganism : "As Julian Jung stood for many years as a Christian, while he was practicing paganism in intimacy" . Noll also believes that Jung is a skillful liar who never believed in its original concepts, working for the collapse of the religious world: "I am convinced - and this is one of the arguments of this book - that Jung deliberately fabricated , and somewhat misleadingly, the mask of the twentieth century to make his vision of the wizarding world, pagan and polytheistic more acceptable to a secular society, conditioned to respect only the appearance of scientific ideas " . However these books on Jung are considered by most psychologists and historians of psychoanalysis as personal attacks. Roudinesco Elizabeth particular argues: "While Noll's theses are supported by a solid knowledge of Jungian corpus . Richard Noll also argues that the famous tower in Bollingen, Jung, Freemason , represented a number of "tools and Masonic symbols and alchemical" .

Criticism of the movement around the personality of Jung

American Jungian analyst Andrew Samuels in Jung & the PostJungians explores the world of analytical psychology, illuminating the many internal conflicts around the key concepts of Jung, but because of differences of people also . In Controversies in Analytical Psychology, Robert Withers considers the preponderance of the figure of Jung's analytical psychology forming a veritable cult of personality. At the founding of the Psychological Club in Zurich, says he's critical of the cult of personality around Jung existed. Hans Rudolf Wilhelm, following Oskar Pfister , Jung claimed that accumulated around him a "mafia to destroy Riklin" . Later, in 1948, Medard Boss and Hans Trb also stand for the rule of the Jungian approach .

Sigmund Freud and his followers were the main critics of analytical psychology.

Criticism of psychoanalysis official

Psychoanalytic point of view, many analysts followers of Freud commented on the "case of Jung." Dominique Bourdin, professor of Philosophy and Doctor of psychopathology and psychoanalysis stigmatized Jung Psychoanalysis from Freud to today: "Abandoning both the importance of infantile sexuality to the role of organizing the Oedipal crisis in the unique history of each individual, Jung came out of psychoanalysis - even if he continues to use that term, now understood as content analysis usually unconscious psychic (...). Maybe it is a prophet of the "religious revival", independently of traditional churches, and forerunner of the spiritual New Age , that we are now entering the "Age of Aquarius," as we might describe as properly. In so doing, he deliberately left the field of humanities and rational thinking " . Karl Abraham is the first to establish, when Jung was still officially linked to Freud, a reasoned critique. In his essay "Critique of the trial of a presentation of the psychoanalytic theory of CG Jung" Karl Abraham tackles Jung postulates. He denounced the "thinning of the unconscious" operated by the Swiss psychiatrist. The "religious tinge" of the concept, that it becomes a "mystical background" makes Jung a "theologian" and not a psychoanalyst. This criticism is a recurring theme in the psychoanalytic literature. Yvon Bres said meanwhile that the Jungian concept of collective unconscious "also demonstrates the ease with which one can slide from the concept of unconscious psychological perspectives to within a universe of thought alien to the tradition in which scientific and philosophical this concept is born " . The second generation Freudian psychoanalysts, represented by Donald Woods Winnicott and Jacques Lacan , for example, perpetuate the criticism well. The systematic review is conducted by Edward Glover , continuing that of Ernest Jones , in Freud or Jung (1941) .

References and sources

Main works of CG Jung used

• (En) Carl Gustav Jung , My life. Memories, dreams and thoughts Other works of CG Jung used as sources
  1. Correspondence, Volume 3, 1950-1954, Albin Michel, 1994, letter of May 14, 1950 to Joseph Goldbrunner.
  2. "What Rousseau describes is simply the collective mentality of the primitive, Lucien Levy-Bruhl has excellent design called" participation mystique ", in Psychological Types, Georg, 1950, p. 85-86.
  3. "The sign is always less than the concept it represents, while the symbol always refers to a broader content, meaning that its immediate and obvious. ", In The Man and His Symbols, Robert Laffont, 1964, p. 55.
  4. Psychology and Alchemy, ed. Buchet / Chastel, 1970, p. 13.
  5. "To safeguard the mental stability and even physiological, it is that consciousness and unconsciousness are integrally connected, to move in tandem," in The Man and His Symbols, Robert Laffont, 1964, p. 52.
  6. Test of exploring the unconscious, p. 43.
  7. "In childhood, it awakens gradually, throughout life, she wakes in the morning, lots of deep sleep, a state of unconsciousness. It is like a child that is born every day of the womb of the unconscious, "in Essay on the Symbolism of the mind, Albin Michel, 1991, p. 465.
  8. Response to Job, Buchel Chastel, 1994, p. 236.
  9. The interpretation of dreams , Albin Michel, 1998, p. 218.
  10. "It Sigmund Freud, who first tried to empirically explore the background of unconscious consciousness," in The Man and His Symbols, Robert Laffont, 1964, p. 25.
  11. Aion: studies on the phenomenology of the Self, Albin Michel, 1983, p. 19.
  12. "I call it" collective "because, unlike the personal unconscious, it is not the content is more or less unique individual, non-breeding, but of content that are universal, and which appear regularly, "in The psychic energy, Georg, 1997, p. 99.
  13. Dialectics of the self and the unconscious, Gallimard, 1986, p. 140.
  14. "The symbol of transubstantiation in the Mass," in The Roots of consciousness , The Pocket Book, 1971, p. 310.
  15. A Modern Myth, Robert Laffont edition, p. 243.
  16. "These paradoxical qualities of self-concept are consistent with the fact that the whole consists of the conscious man, on the one hand, and the unconscious man on the other. But we can not define it or specify its boundaries. Therefore, in its scientific meaning, the term "self" refers neither to Christ nor Buddha, but to all the corresponding figures, each of which is a symbol of the self, "in Psychology and Alchemy, Buchet / Chastel, 1970, p. 291.
  17. A Modern Myth, Robert Laffont edition, p. 242.
  18. "The mind and matter are marked by ordering principles, common, neutral, and" not ascertainable in itself, "in Jung-Pauli Correspondence, Albin Michel, 2007, p. 162.
  19. Pauli-Jung Correspondence, Albin Michel, 2007, p. 248.
  20. "The anima compensates the conscious male. In women the compensation element is a male character, so I called the animus, "in Dialectics of the self and the unconscious, Gallimard, 1971, p. 214.
  21. "If, in humans, the anima appears in the guise of a woman, a person, in women the animus is expressed and appears in the form of a plurality," in Dialectic of me and the unconscious, Gallimard, 1971, p. 215.
  22. CG Jung and Paul Radin, The Trickster God: an Indian myth, Georg, 1997, p. 12.
  23. Correspondence 1950-1954, Albin Michel, 1994, p. 219-220.
  24. The interpretation of dreams , Albin Michel, 1998, p. 120.
  25. "It is often believed that the term" archetype "means images or mythological motifs defined. But these are nothing else than conscious representations: it would be absurd to assume that representations can be transmitted as variable inheritance. The archetype is the tendency to represent such patterns, performance can vary greatly in detail, without losing its fundamental model. ", In The Man and His Symbols, Robert Laffont, 1964, p. 67.
  26. Dialectics of Self and the Unconscious, Gallimard, 1971, p. 117.
  27. The Man and His Symbols, p. 194-195.
  28. A Modern Myth, p. 220.
  29. "Here I must clarify the relationship between the archetypes and instincts. What we call "instinct" is a physiological drive, perceived by the senses. But these instincts are also manifested by fantasies and often reveal their presence only by symbolic images. It is these events that I call archetypes. Their origin is unknown. They reappear at any time and anywhere in the world, even where it is not possible to explain their presence by transmission from generation to generation, or by cross-fertilization resulting from migration, "in The Man and His Symbols Robert Laffont, 1964, p. 69.
  30. The Man and His Symbols, Robert Laffont, 1964, p. 76.

  Other literature sources

  • (En) Alain de Mijolla , International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, Hachette, 2005 ( ISBN 201279145X ).
    Entry "Analytical Psychology"
  1. p. 794.
  2. p. 795.
  3. p. 795.
  4. p. 794.
  5. p. 794.
  6. p. 794: "The process results in a synthesis that includes the perspective of the conscious and the unconscious, but in a new and surprising."
  • (En) Henry F. Ellenberger , History of the discovery of the unconscious, Fayard, Paris, 2008 ( ISBN 2-213-61090-8 ).
    Chapter IX is devoted to Jung and analytical psychology
  1. p. 714.
  2. p. 723.
  3. p. 725.
  4. See "Sources of CG Jung, p. 750-755.
  5. p. 726.
  6. p. 714-715.
  7. p. 717.
  8. p. 740.
  9. Ellenberger talks about a revolutionary approach to libido , p. 717.
  10. p. 727.
  11. p. 725.
  12. p. 731.
  13. p. 728-729.
  14. p. 727.
  15. p. 728.
  16. p. 726.
  17. p. 731.
  18. "When individuation is complete, the ego is no longer the center of the personality ', p. 732.
  19. p. 740.
  20. p. 738.
  21. p. 736.
  22. p. 737.
  • (En) Charles Baldwin , The Works of Carl Jung and psychologically complex, Small library Payot, coll. "No. 133, Paris, 2002 ( ISBN 2228895709 )
  1. p. 14: "This is the method of the associations he spends his lectures before the American public"
  2. p. 15-16. This is the second part of the book that accuses the divergence; Freud thus indicates Ernest Jones that it is on page 174 of the original edition (page 241 of the French edition of 1953) that in his view, Jung was "misplaced." This is the broader conception of the libido by Jung.
  3. p. 17. "Complex psychology" is based on psychology as a method and concepts related to each other within a structured system and not in the sense of a href = "Complexe_ (psychology)" title = "Complex (psychology)"> psychic complexes.
  4. p. 422-423. Baldwin states that Alphonse Maeder is an independent scholar who, if separated from Freud, can be reduced to being simply a disciple of Jung.
  5. p. 18.
  6. p. 37.
  7. p. 34.
  8. p. 424.
  9. p. 427.
  10. p. 429-30.
  11. p. 45.
  12. p. 459.
  13. p. 450-452.
  14. p. 432.
  15. p. 436.
  16. Baldwin provides a non-exhaustive list of therapists influenced by analytical psychology, p. 457.
  17. p. 445.
  18. For a summary of the types before Jung on which it relied to develop his psychological types, see p. 189.
  19. p. 155.
  20. "The function repressed for the phasing of a function, due to the preponderant use of such other"; Baldwin compares this to the preference for one hand rather than the other, p. 153.
  21. p. 151.
  22. "It therefore appears that the school of Freud and Jung agree that the essential about the nature and structure of the complexes', p. 186.
  23. p. 173.
  24. p. 189.
  25. p. 312.
  26. p. 313.
  27. Jung, quoted p. 313.
  • (En) Deirdre Bair , Jung. A biography, Flammarion, coll. "Grandes Biographies," Paris, 2007, 1312 p. ( ISBN 2082103641 ).
    Translation by Martine Devillers-Argouarc'h
  1. 91.
  2. Chapter "The man with phallic sun."
  3. p. 359.
  4. p. 135.
  5. p. 173-177.
  6. p. 297.
  7. p. 161-162.
  8. p. 324-327.
  9. p. 328.
  10. p. 353.
  11. "It was then that Zurich became the birthplace and center of diffusion of technology meant that Jung now more often known as" analytical psychology ", p. 386-387.
  12. p. 359.
  13. p. 359 and 373 in particular.
  14. p. 372.
  15. p. 379.
  16. Maeder Jung's assistant since 1906, p. 319 and the shoulder in the direction of the School of Psychoanalysis in Zurich, p. 353.
  17. p. 577.
  18. p. 372.
  19. Deirdre Bair said that psychiatrists who broke with Freud traced the origin of their group at the end of the year 1911 when Bleuler had met at an informal group Burghlzli, p. 388.
  20. Detailed list of members of the Association of Analytical Psychology p. 391-395
  21. p. 390.
  22. According to Bair's publication of Psychological Types in 1921 which catapulted to the rank of Jung's most serious competitor to Freud, p. 436.
  23. p. 417.
  24. p. 815-816.
  25. p. 868.
  26. p. 868.
  27. p. 868.
  28. p. 868.
  29. p. 840-841.
  30. p. 868.
  31. p. 821.
  32. At their meeting see p. 257-258.
  33. p. 254-255.
  34. See p. 64, 74, 76 and 395.
  35. See p. 386 and 434.
  36. p. 105.
  37. "Jung has always recognized that Janet had strongly influenced his career," p. 111.
  38. p. 882.
  39. For an explanation of the origins of the division on the concept of libido see p. 321-322.
  40. p. 348.
  41. Bair said that Jung had "found parallels in their respective thought ', p. 334.
  42. For Jung's attitude vis--vis the Christian religion see p. 829.
  43. officially Jung evokes the concept at a conference in 1953, p. 831.
  44. p. 832.
  45. p. 835. Pauli also gives lectures at the CG Jung Institute in Zurich, where he is a sustaining member since 1947, p. 839.
  46. p. 839.
  47. p. 247 Bair said that according to Jung avoided the word "technical", but he preferred to say he was using "methods of encouraging an active dialectic between himself and his patient."
  48. ^footnote 20, p. 1102.
  49. p. 819-820.
  • (En) Aim Agnel, Michel Cazenave , Claire Dorly et al, The Vocabulary of Jung, Ellipses, coll. "Vocabulary ... "Paris, 2005, 106 p. ( ISBN 2-7298-2599-1 )
  1. Input "Analytical Psychology", p. 71.
  2. Input "Analytical Psychology", p. 71.
  3. Input "Analytical Psychology", p. 72.
  4. Input "Analytical Psychology", p. 72.
  5. p. 75.
  6. But we must not confuse archetypes and instincts, the difference from the former have a character numinous at the threshold of consciousness while the latter are related to the body and it is more common entry "Instinct," p. 55.
  7. Input "Instinct," p. 55.
  8. Input "Instinct," p. 56.
  9. Entry 'transcendent function', p. 42.
  10. Input "Confrontation," p. 24.
  • (En) Luigi Aurigemma, The Awakening of consciousness, The Herne al. "Notebooks", Paris, 2009 ( ISBN 978-2-85197-446-4 )
  1. p. 54.
  2. p. 19.
  3. p. 21.
  4. p. 96 et seq.
  5. p. 34.
  6. p. 43.
  7. p. 35.
  • (En) Sigmund Freud , Contribution to the psychoanalytic movement in Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis , Payot, coll. "Small library Payot, 1966 ( ISBN 2-228-88126-0 ).
    translated from German by Serge Janklvitch, pp. 69-149
  1. p. 96.
  2. p. 98.
  3. p. 100.
  4. p. 103.
  5. "The word" complex "convenient term, often essential for the overall description of the psychological, has gained currency in psychoanalysis', p. 99.
  • (In) Thomas Kirsch, The Jungian: a comparative and historical perspective, Routledge, 2000, 276 p. ( ISBN 9780415158602 )
  1. p. 6.
  2. p. 17.
  3. Chapter 3, "Analytical Psychology in the United Kingdom ', p. 36.
  4. Chapter 16, "Analytical Psychology in Russia and Eastern Europe ', p. 205.
  5. p. 10.
  6. Chapter 19 "The History of Sandplay, p. 233-236.
  7. "Successive generations of Jungian analysts and analysands Have wrestled With The issue of Jung's complex relationship to Germany, p. 244-245.
  8. p. 252-253.
  9. 36-37.

  Websites of associations of Analytical Psychology

  1. Website of the Pacifica Graduate Institute. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  2. Website of the CG Jung Institute of New York. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  3. Website of the CG Jung Institute-Gesellschaft und Stuttgart. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  4. Website of the CG Jung-Institut Mnchen.
  5. Website of the CG Jung-Gesellschaft Kln. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  6. Website of the CG Jung Institute in Ksnacht. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  7. Website of the International Seminar fr Analytische Psychologie (SIAP) in Zurich. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  8. Website of the Associazione Italiana di Psicologia Analitica. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  9. Website of the French Society of Analytical Psychology (SFPA). Accessed December 25, 2009.
  10. Website of the CG Jung Study Group. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  11. Website of Cahiers Jungian psychoanalysis. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  12. Website of the CEFR in Paris. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  13. Website of the Belgian School of Psychoanalysis Jungian (EBPJ). Accessed December 25, 2009.
  14. Website of the Belgian Society of Analytical Psychology (SBPA). Accessed December 25, 2009.
  15. OAJA website. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  16. Website of the AJB. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  17. Website of Amigos de Jung. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  18. Website of the FPAR. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  19. Website of the CJP. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  20. Website of NIJS. Accessed December 25, 2009.

  
  

  Other sources used

  1. Linda Donn, Freud and Jung. Friendship at break, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1995, p. 77-78.
  2. Ernest Jones, in The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, Paris, PUF, 1961, Volume II, p. 151.
  3. Karl Abraham, "Critical test of a presentation of the psychoanalytic theory of CG Jung" in Psychoanalysis and Culture, Payot, Petite Bibliothque Payot, Coll. Humanities, 1966, p. 207-224, available on the site megapsy.com. Accessed November 18, 2009.
  4. Linda Donn, Freud and Jung. Friendship at break, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1995, ( ISBN 2-13045559X ), translated by Pierre-Emmanuel Dauzat, p. 185: "Over the past months, various actions related to each other and well intentioned, however, had the proud and stubborn exchange between Freud and Jung something tangible to the point of becoming inescapable. Each act had made it more real disagreement and gave more depth. "
  5. Bernard Robinson, Clinical Psychology: In the introduction to research, Oxford University Press, coll. "Openings psychological," 2005 ( ISBN 9782804150259 ), p. 279 .
  6. Frieda Fordham, An Introduction to Jung's psychology, Imago, 2003, p. 107.
  7. Elizabeth Roudinesco, History of Psychoanalysis in France 1885 - 1939, Fayard, 1994, p. 226.
  8. Source: (in) Freud's exhibition at Library of Congress. Accessed December 28, 2009.
  9. Psychological Club in Zurich on cgjung.net. Accessed January 2, 2010.
  10. Dalibor Frioux, Sigmund Freud , The Future of an Illusion, Vol. 23, The Philothque, Breal editions, 2005, ( ISBN 9782749505596 ), chapter Jung. Psychoanalysis open to religious intuition ', p. 56.
  11. (en) Geoffrey Cocks, Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: the Gring Institute, Transaction Publishers, 1997, p. 242.
  12. (en) List of speakers Eranos on eranosfoundation.org. Accessed January 1, 2010.
  13. Chapter "The dissent Jungian" Christian Delacampagne, in History of Psychoanalysis, edited by Roland Jacquard, Hachette, 1982, p. 225, ( ISBN 2-01-008414-4 ).
  14. Chapter "The dissent Jungian" Christian Delacampagne, in History of Psychoanalysis, opcit, p. 226.
  15. (en) Jung and the New Age: A Study in Contrasts, The Round Table Press Review, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Vol., April 1998 issue, p. 1-11.
  16. Summary of the conference entitled " The archetypal psychology, according to the work of James Hillman "by Dr. Mario Castello available on the website of gerpa.fr. Accessed December 29, 2009.
  17. (en) James Hillman , Il sogno e il Mondo inferior, Adelphi Edizioni, 2003, p. 15.
  18. James Hillman, Pan and the nightmare, Imago, 2006, p. 10-11.
  19. (en) Critique of Archetypal Psychology site home.swipnet.se. Accessed December 29, 2009.
  20. David Lucas, "Carl Gustav Jung and the Copernican revolution of pedagogy," in The Portico magazine, ^No. 18, 2006, p. 2.
  21. Mircea Eliade, Images and Symbols, Paris, Gallimard, 1952, p. 11.
  22. Influence of Jung's thought of Gaston Bachelard site philonet.fr. Accessed November 12, 2009.
  23. "(...) He Works cited but not used
      1. (de) Gustav A. Heyer, Friedrich Seifert, Reich der Seele, FF Lehman Verlag, Munich, Berlin, 1937.
      2. Charles Mauron , "Jung and psychocritical", in Green Drive magazine, Paris, Brussels, 1955.
      3. Jennifer Waelti-Walters, Icarus, or escape impossible. Psycho-mythic study of the work of JMG Le Clezio, in Studies ^No. 30, Editions Naaman, 1981 ( a href = "Sp% C3% A9cial: Ouvrages_de_r% C3% A9f% C3% A9rence/2890401979" class = "mw-internal-magiclink isbn"> ISBN 2890401979).
      4. Gilbert Durand , Fine Arts and archetypes: the religion of art, PUF, 1989 ( ISBN 978-2130421740 ), p. 7.
      5. Northrop Frye , Anatomy of Criticism, chapters Critique archetypes "and" Theory of Myths. "
      6. Georges Poulet , The Metamorphoses of the circle, Paris, Flammarion, 1979.
      7. Read Kaleff Dora M., The Sandplay: A method of psychotherapy, EPI, Coll. Men and groups, Paris, 1973.
      8. (de) Eugen Bhler, Der in der Wirtschaft Mythus in Industrial Organization, XXXI, 1962, pp. 129-136.
      9. (de) Erich Neumann , Tiepfenpsychologie und neue Ethik, Zurich, Rascher, 1948.
      10. Richard Francis (eds), The work of the psychoanalyst in psychotherapy, Dunod, 2002, ( ISBN 2-10-006574-2 ).
      11. Jean-Luc Maxence, Jung is the future of Freemasonry, Dervy, 2004, ( ISBN 978-2844542649 ).
      12. Andrew Samuels, Jung & the PostJungians, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985, ( ISBN 0-7100-9958-4 ).
      13. (en) Robert Withers, Controversies in Analytical Psychology, Psychology Press, 2003 ( ISBN 9780415233057 ).

      See also

      Related articles

      • Psychoanalysis
      • History of Psychoanalysis
      • Psychoanalytic psychotherapy
      • Child psychoanalysis
      • Dynamic psychiatry
      • Psychotherapy

      External Links

      Websites

      • "Materia Prima": Analytical Psychology of the Child and Adolescent
      • "Merelle 'forum for the exchange, introduction to Jung's work
      • All associations in France around CGJung
      • Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism, cataloging project of archetypal symbols

      Major journals in analytical psychology

      • (En) Jungian Psychoanalytical Notebooks
      • (En) The Sorceress (Swiss)
      • (In) Journal of Analytical Psychology, published by the Society of Analytical Psychology
      • (In) Jung History published by the Philemon Foundation
      • (In) Harvest International Journal for Jungian Studies published twice yearly by the CG Jung Club of London
      • (In) International Journal of Jungian Studies , Journal of the IAJS
      • (In) Psychological Perspectives published since 1970 by the CG Jung Institute of Los Angeles

      • (En) Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture (oldest journal of analytical psychology), published in New Orleans.
      • (In) Jung Journal Culture and Psyche , published by the CG Jung Institute of San Francisco
      • (De) Analytische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse fr Zeitschift
      • (De) Jungian , the German magazine Stiftung fr Jung'sche Psychology
      • (In) Quadrant , quarterly journal of the CG Jung Foundation for Analytical Psychology in New York

      Bibliography

      • (En) Frieda Fordham, An Introduction to Jung's psychology, Imago, 2003 ( ISBN 2902702299 )
      • (En) Carole Sedillot , ABC of Jungian psychology, Grancher, et al. "ABC", 2003 ( ISBN 2733907956 )
      • (En) Christian Gaillard, The Imaginary Museum of Carl Gustav Jung, Stock, Paris, 2008 ( ISBN 2234050243 )
      • (En) Georges Bertin and Veronique Liard, large images, reading of CG Jung, Presses Universitaires de Laval, coll. "Readings", Quebec, 2005 ( ISBN 2-7637-8267-1 )
      • (En) Kaj Noschis, Carl Gustav Jung. Life and psychology, polytechnic and university presses in Western Switzerland, 2004 ( ISBN 2880745829 )

      Analytical psychology
      History Works Reviews
      Key Concepts	Soul Individual Unconscious Collective Unconscious Conscious Transfer (psychoanalysis) synchronicity Soi I Shadow Persona Anima and Animus Child domestic Trickster Archetype individuation Internal Dialogue Imago Dream Resistance (Analytical Psychology) Active Imagination numinous Complex Personality Psychological Type Introversion and extroversion Myers Briggs Type Indicator Socionics The Red Book
      Supporters	Carl Gustav Jung Aushra Augustinavichute Alphonse Maeder Hans Trb Heinrich Zimmer Medard Boss Hal Stone Sidra Stone Kurt Binswanger Charles Baldwin John Beebe Eugen Bhler John Bradshaw Isabel Briggs Myers Michel Cazenave Katherine Cook Briggs Pierre Daco Mr. Notices Dry Patrick Estrade Michael Fordham Marie-Louise von Franz Stanislav Grof Barbara Hannah James Hillman Emma Jung Eliane Jung-Fliegans Dora M. Kalff Antoni Kepinski John Layard Carl Alfred Meier Thomas Moore Erich Neumann Stephen Perrot Clarissa Pinkola Ests Paul Radin Franz Riklin Ernest Lawrence Rossi Carole Sedillot Anthony Stevens David Keirsey Toni Wolff
      Institutions	Belgian Society of Analytical Psychology French Society of Analytical Psychology International Association for Analytical Psychology CG Jung Institute of Zrich CG Jung Institute of San Francisco CG Jung Institute of Denver Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism Circle Eranos
      See also: Education (Analytical Psychology) Language of Birds psychosocial model of the UFO phenomenon Sandplay

      • Psychology portal

      Version of February 3, 2010 This article has been recognized as "quality item, that is to say that it meets quality standards for style, clarity, relevance, citation of sources and illustration.

      

Leave a Reply