Alamut
| Alamut | ||
|---|---|---|
| Location | ||
| Country | | |
| Province | Qazvin | |
| Contact | 36 26 '40 "North 50 35 '08 "East / 36.444563, 50.585631 | |
Alamut was the name of a mountain valley of the Alborz south of the Caspian Sea , near the city of Qazvin , 100 kilometers of the current Tehran in the north-western Iran today. The fortress of Alamut, often simply called Alamut, deemed impregnable, once stood at an altitude of 2100 meters above the village currently named Gazor Khan "in the local dialect. In Persian we say "fortress of Alamut" to name the archaeological site, whose name is not original Arabic. "castle of Alamut" becomes the "house of death" ( Arabic : qal a al-mut, , Castle of Death). Alamut became Mut-fall of the Al syllable initial decision by the Arabs as the Arab section. ) to serve as the basis for the sect Shia Ismaili of Nizari , also known as the Assassins. This nickname is deemed to serve consumers of hashish . This interpretation is disputed. The word come from the Arabic noun and / or Persian Assas (basis ) or adjective murdered (key ). Assas also mean guardian in local dialects of North Africa (Arab or not?), And goalie he was under the understanding that they were the guardians of the Holy Land. Nizari the fundamentalists wanted to, and Hassan liked to call his followers "Assassiyoun," those who are faithful to the "foundation" of the faith. This word, misunderstood by foreign travelers, who seemed to have hints of hashish. Suspicious of the latter on account of heterodox beliefs, contemporaries sometimes called the Batiniyya or Batini .
In 1256 , the fortress of Alamut surrendered without fighting the Mongol army of Hulagu Khan who was breaking on Iran. She was completely shaved.
Summary |
List of Heads of Nizari at Alamut
- This list covers only imams who ruled the fortress. For a complete list, read the Imams Nizari the eleventh to twelfth century.
- Al-Hassan I (1097-1124)
- Buzurg-Ummid (1124-1138)
- Mohammed I (1138-1162)
- Al-Hassan II (1162-1166)
- Mohammed II (1166-1210)
- Al-Hassan III (1210-1221)
- Mohammed III (1221-1255)
- Khurshah Rukh ad-Din (1255-1256)
The Legend of the Fortress of Alamut
Origins
Marco Polo brought the legend who claimed to have visited Alamut, which is unlikely given the fact that the year it came up on the fortress had ceased to be used for several decades after the year 1256 which saw its dismantling.
He described the fortress topped mountain had a beautiful secret garden imitating the appearance of the gardens of Paradise. The goal was to convince prospective assassins of the sect - including drug addicts hashish - they had just taken a brief tour to Paradise to the fanatics before they depart to fulfill their deadly mission.
- The rest is obviously watered down the imagination of those who provided subsequent transmissions of this travelogue. Here's one of those stories.
Legendary Tale
The veracity of this legend has not been, but what made Alamut a place that manages to shake many leaders and personalities of the time was the degree of manipulation used by Hassan ibn al-Sabbah to its fanatical murderers.
First Hassan (or rather his slaves) nursed a secret garden, a place forbidden to all occupants, insiders of the citadel. It was a lush garden, magnificent. There was also in the garden, beautiful women, mostly blank.
Insiders were taking courses in the day. They learned to fight with several types of weapons but also learned the languages, sciences and mathematics. In addition, they were studying religious to adhere strongly to their religion.
In addition, Hassan ibn al-Sabbah was posing as a prophet and therefore the sole holder of the keys to earthly paradise.
As holder of the preferred pathway to eternal bliss, so he could send whoever it wanted in paradise, a place described by the legend as stunning, beautiful and full of Houris , the famous Muslim virgins of Paradise. The top two from each class of young initiates were then chosen and summoned by the master (Hassan). The latter, after talking to them, telling them that, as a reward for their good results, he would send them to heaven and then back in this world.
Hassan promises to give them a taste of what eternal life for believers. He therefore took drugs hashish, perhaps in the form of dragees (hence their nickname hashischins, the killers ), which altered their feelings and made them take a powerful sedative. Once unconscious, they were transported to the secret garden of the fortress and awoke in the middle of meals, lush plants, and numerous houris. They then spent a great time, believing in heaven legitimately, then they were again drugged and taken back to their room.
They rose so unbelievers in the morning and returned only to their drab daily. Hassan told them that if they died for a good cause, he would return immediately to heaven. Both fedais strongly believed they had already gone to heaven and all that helped to eliminate them from the fear of death, knowing it was expected by the promise of new life in an idyllic place, behind world promised .
The followers of Hassan were no longer afraid of anything in their lifetime and were subjected to body and soul master. They were so perfect killers acting like suicide bomber.
Indeed, they went (alone or in small groups) armed with a knife and when the target was leaving her home and walked calmly down the street, the assassin sprang from the crowd and hit the target. They were killing usually in broad daylight and before witnesses, to shake people's minds.
The effectiveness of this method was that, having no fear of death, then struck the killer blows and accepted waiting to die because he believed and join the houris of paradise. These killers also knew perfectly handle weapons and were more physically trained. Defend themselves against such opponents as commitments required of tough they were tough.
It is said that an embassy was sent to cross Alamut, the haunt of Nizari of the time. When the ambassador arrived, he wanted to know what made these killers such terrible characters they terrorized politicians and local elites. The master called thus two fedais. He asked one run to one of the fortified walls overlooking a ravine and jump into the void. While it ran, he asked the second out his dagger and stabbed himself. The first came at the top and jumped without a cry. The second plunged the knife into the belly with a beatific smile on his face. The ambassador was very impressed by the degree of manipulation exercised by the master on his henchmen, beside which the most horrible threats of the Christian clergy would have remained without effect.
Hassan would have benefited from so much influence in the region, hence the likely spread of this legend.
So in the valley of Alamut was born a large sect, and Hassan accomplishes its goal: to shake the very foundations of power secular surroundings.
Inconsistency
- This map shows an area between Antioch and Tripoli, which would be the land of terrible Hasshshn operations, according to legend. However, the site described in this legend, a hundred miles from Tehran, is considerably distant from the area. Assassins are supposed to leave the mountain after brainwashing described below, to slay the unbelievers. Apart from the embassy described in the text of the legendary tale, it is unlikely that the base of operations was so remote from where the Crusaders had settled. This is therefore a legend.
- This apparent inconsistency could be explained by the fact that during the twelfth century, the sect spread its influence on Syria, seizing a series of castles and fortresses in the mountains of An-Nusayriyah, which the fortress of Masyaf. From this position to be impregnable, Rashid ad-Din Asinan establish a virtually independent state assassin, separate from the staff of Alamut. According to Simon Cox ("The Illuminati decrypted"), these are legends born from the life of Rashid ad-Din, who were behind stories of the Old Man of the Mountain, even if the name seems to have been incorrectly translated from Arabic phrase meaning "head of the mountain."
- Anyway, Hassan did not base his organization of killers to fight against the Crusaders (who are not yet present in Palestine when he founded his sect), but against the orthodox Muslims who do not follow. The reason given was not great value.
References fantastic
The fortress of Alamut was the framework or is mentioned in many fantasy worlds. Take for example the miniature game Helldorado where Alamut is a portal of entry to the underworld from which the Saracens begin their conquest of hell, or the universe of role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade is where Alamut refuge for the cult vampire Assamites, or the film adaptation of Prince of Persia is the city where Alamut guardian of the Dagger of Time.
References
- Persian : Gazor Han , word for word: The inn (caravanserai) Scrubber
- Ismaili History The fortress of Alamut
- Persian qal eh-e alamt, or Dej-e alamt, castle of Alamut
- Chayr Arabic al-Jabal (Sayre al-Jabal, ) can be translated as "Old Mountain" but also the "Sage of the Mountain" or the "Head of the Mountain" by the sense that gives the word "chayr.
- Arab an,
- Arabic and Persian: ASAS, , base, foundation, foundation, root
- Arabic and Persian: ASAS, , fundamental, essential
- Usama ibn Munqidh (1095-1188), The lessons of life, memories of a Syrian gentleman, Translation by Andr Miquel, Ed Imprimerie Nationale, ( ISBN 2-11-080785-7 ), p. Note No. 277 18
- read immanence and transcendence in this topic.
Notes
Related articles
- historical context
- Crusaders and Saracens
- Fortress rival Krak des Chevaliers
- conceptual context
External Links
- (In) page from a manuscript Chinghiz-nama: Hulagu Khan took the fortress of Alamut.
- Alamut sky view in Google Maps
- (Ar) / /
Bibliography of novels containing the legend
- Alamut is also the title of a novel written in Slovene in 1938 by Vladimir Bartol. The story is based on the legend with background the notion of manipulating public opinion by totalitarian regimes.
- cf. Samarkand as the novel of Amin Maalouf
- the protagonists in this novel: Omar Khayyam , Nizam al-Mulk and al-Sabbah , are supposed to have been linked by a secret pact ( conspiracy theory making the sulphurous legend above)
Children of the Grail (Volume 3) The Crown World Peter Berling.
