Al Walid Ibn Abd Al Malik
Al-Walid I or Ab al-Abbas Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (in Arabic : ) was born in 668 and died in 715 , is the sixth Caliph Umayyad. He is the eldest son of Abd al-Malik and succeeded him in 705. His younger brother Sulaymn succeeded him until his death in 715. Like his father, he continued to trust ibn Yusuf al-Haggag Has aqafiyy to enlarge the Umayyad Caliphate. He is rewarded by the conquest of Transoxiana of Sindh and the Iberian Peninsula. Al-Haggag's role is to choose the general ability to conduct these conquests.
Summary |
comes to power
Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik succeeded his father in 705. Succession proceeds without challenges, Abd al-Malik who received the oath of allegiance to his son's estate. The reign of Al-Walid I. was marked by numerous territorial expansion experienced by the Umayyad Caliphate.
Conquests
Conquests in Central Asia
Upon his accession to power in 705, Al-Walid I. appoints Qutayba ibn Muslim governor of Khorasan. Qutayba conquered Merv the same year. In 707 , he crossed the Amu Darya , but his army was surrounded, so that leaves two months without being able to send a messenger to Al-Haggag. He finally beat his opponents and attacked Paikand for two months. After the capitulation, the inhabitants of Paikand revolt against the Umayyad garrison. Qutayba besieged the town again, but this time he orders to kill all men capable of bearing arms. He then returned to Merv in 708. The booty was immense . Kabul prefers to submit without a fight. Qutayba conquers Khwarezm with the help of his brother Abd Ar-Rahman. It receives 100,000 slaves and as many pieces of cloth. The King of Khamjerd harassing the Khwarezm, Qutayba sends his brother who kills the king and makes 4000 prisoners put to death Qutayba before returning to Merv .
After this campaign, Qutayba moved eastward to conquer Transoxiana a planned tribute was not paid. He laid siege to Samarkand in the company of Abd ar-Rahman. The city is quite easily made. Residents must pay 10 million dirhams a year and provide 3,000 slaves in the first year. They must also destroy all the temples Zoroastrians and deliver treasures. Qutayba announces the capture of Samarkand Al-Haggag by sending a fifth of the booty . He continues his progress eastward, entering the Ferghana Valley in 713. After some fighting in Khujand , the inhabitants surrendered the same year, under the same conditions as those of Samarkand. In June 714 , Al-Haggag Qutayba dies and turns back to Merv in the news.
Conquest of Sind
Muammad ibn al-Qasim Has aqafiyy is a close relative of al-Haggag whose father died in infancy. The art of war is taught to him early. At seventeen or twenty years according to sources, Al-Walid I. sends it to the head of an army to the Sindh and Punjab , after a failed first expedition led by Badil ibn TUHF because of heat, exhaustion and disease, including scurvy. In 711 , Ibn al-Qasim, with an army of 6,000 soldiers, took the road back to Sindh and southern Punjab up to Multan. Al-Haggag take more precautions in the preparation of this campaign, Ibn Al-Qasim remaining in constant contact with him.
Ibn Al-Qasim passes through the south, establishing its base in the region of Makran. From there he went to Thatta in order to free the captives and captives made during the first season and failed to make junction with a fleet of refueling. Thatta, Ibn Al-Qasim part Nerun Kot , the governor Buddhist who swore allegiance to the caliph at the first campaign. Hence, Ibn Al-Qasim began the Indus on the right bank to Siwistan where it is supported by various tribal leaders. The king of Sindh, Raja Dahir , tries to prevent Ibn al-Qasim to cross the Indus. It does not happen and the battle takes place at Raor in 712. Raja Dahir died during the battle. His son, Jaisiah gathers troops Brahmanabad, near modern Lahore. Ibn Al-Qasim besieged the city for six months before taking it, but Jaisiah fled even before reaching the Umayyads there.
At Brahmanabad, Ibn Al-Qasim began to organize the government of this new country. He heads Arora (current Rohri ), the ancient capital of Sindh, who surrendered without fighting, then resumes a northerly direction which is taken to Multan. He receives an order from Al-Walid I. directing him to stop his campaign. After the conquest of Multan, Ibn Al-Qasim tried to establish order in the newly conquered territories. It shows a certain religious tolerance al-Haggag not without criticism. Ibn al-Qasim is preparing to attack the Rajasthan -Haggag Where, dies.
Conquests in Anatolia
Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik , general and half-brother al-Walid I, began a campaign in Anatolia against the Byzantine Empire. He conquered Antioch and penetrates to the interior of Anatolia where he won a battle against the Byzantines at Tyana , in 707, which allows him to bring a huge booty . A year later, Maslama took the fortress of Amorium , thus giving access to Central Anatolia to the Umayyads. In 712 he completed the conquest of Melitene and sacked Amasea and Mistia , where he spent the winter. He took possession of Antioch in Pisidia and continues to Galatia. The Emperor Anastasius II tries to deal with Al-Walid I, who refuses. The Umayyads then prepare a fleet to attack directly Constantinople , and Anastasius II is preparing to resist, gathering food for three-year siege, and notes the city's defenses.
Conquests in North Africa and Iberian Peninsula
Appointed governor of Ifriqiyya , became independent of Egypt , Musa ibn Nusayr pushed to the Atlantic Ocean to the west and up Sijilmassa south. It fails to take Ceuta but managed to conquer Tangier. It imposes an Islam with a population predominantly of traditional religions, as well as Christians and Jews . The Count Julian , Byzantine governor of Ceuta, allied with Musa, probably in revenge for the king Visigoth Roderic , who had attempted to have the honor of his daughter and he considered a usurper. Other sources report that Count Julian Musa negotiates with the surrender of the city.
In 710, General Tariq ibn Ziyad ibn Malik sends rate (which gave its name to Tarifa ) to the head of 400 men and 100 horses to land south of the Iberian pnincule, test and prepare for the conquest. According to sources in Spain , on behalf Julien accompanies rate during this expedition as a guide. In spring 711, Musa ibn Tariq ibn Ziyad Nusayr sent to conquer the Iberian peninsula at the head of 7 000 to 12 000 men. Tariq landed at Gibraltar (from Arabic : Jabal Tariq, the mountain of Tariq). After landing, Tariq had burnt his ships and made a speech, become famous, to his soldiers:
"O people, where is the loophole? The sea is behind you, and the enemy before you, and you do that by God's sincerity and patience .
Death
The year before his death, Al-Walid I. intends to nominate his son Abd al- Aziz as his successor instead of his brother Sulayman. Sulaymn refuses to leave, then Al-Walid I. governors asked to swear allegiance to his son. All except two faithful refuse Al-Haggag and Qutayba ibn Muslim. Al-Haggag died shortly after. Al-Walid I. wants to negotiate with her brother, who escapes. He decides to go to meet him, but on the way, he falls ill and dies (715). The day of his death is sworn to Sulaymn .
Achievements
Buildings
Al-Walid I. fact transform the basilica dedicated to John the Baptist in Damascus in mosque there while maintaining his mausoleum (John the Baptist is regarded in Islam as a prophet, known as Yahya). Byzantine craftsmen involved in building the Great Umayyad Mosque . The same year, Al-Walid I ordered the governor of Medina to annex to the mosque enclosure Mother of believers until an area of 200 cubits by 200 cubits. He asked the Byzantine emperor to provide miql 100 000 gold, 100 artisans and forty loads of tiles to renovate and expand the Mosque of the Prophet . The caliph also build Quseir Amra , probably between 711 and 715, one of the most famous desert castles , outstanding example of art and architecture Umayyad in their infancy. This castle is a residence for hunting and pleasure. Al-Walid I. also built the town of Anjar.
Reforms
Al-Walid I. pursues the policy of his father, he developed the health system and built hospitals and education centers. It also strengthens the military and developing a strong navy.
Personality
It is recognized in Al-Walid I of piety, many anecdotes are reciting the Qur'an or fasting during Ramadan.
References
- Tabari (trans. Zotenberg Hermann), The Chronicle: History of the Prophets and Kings See also
Preceded by Al-Walid I. Followed by Abd al-Malik
Umayyad caliph 705 - 715 Sulaymn
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