Al Qaeda

The actions claimed on behalf of Al Qaeda are considered as terrorist acts by most states and observers. The group is placed on the official list of terrorist organizations of the United States from Canada , the European Union , the United Kingdom , of Australia , of Russia , of India and of Turkey . Without making an official list, the France also considers Al-Qaeda as a terrorist group . The UN published a list of entities and individuals linked to al-Qaida , which are sanctioned as such by the Security Council UN . The European Union is also setting up "restrictive measures" against al-Qaida and associated groups .

The most resounding operation attributed to Al-Qaeda is conducted on U.S. soil on September 11, 2001. Followed by attacks in Casablanca May 16, 2003 and those of July 7, 2005 in London .

History

Osama bin Laden in 1997.

The original Al Qaeda is strongly linked to the War in Afghanistan. The Maktab al-Khadamt (MAK), founded by Abdullah Azzam in 1980, organizes and leads the mujahideen before sending them to Afghanistan. MAK is supported by other Islamic organizations, charities and the CIA in this period which includes an interventionist policy in order to control and kill the power of the USSR, conceived as "the Evil Empire "by the Reagan administration, including support groups of any kind which may destabilize regimes supposedly near Moscow. In 1986, Osama bin Laden , a former student of Abdullah Azzam , which funded since 1982 the activity of the group, joined the front. In 1989, Osama bin Laden takes control of the Maktab al-Khadamt following the death of Abdullah Azzam. After the capture of Kabul by the Taliban in 1996, bin Laden organized the training of mujahideen Arab, developing networks of al-Qaida .

The organization's name comes from the Arabic name q'idah which means "base", especially military. Contrary to legend, he was not given by the CIA. Osama bin Laden explained the origin of this term in a videotape with the journalist Tayseer Alouni for Al Jazeera in October 2001: "The name of al-Qaeda was established long ago and by chance. The late Abu Ebeid El-Banashiri had established training camps for our Mujahideen against terrorism in Russia. We used to call the training camp "the base" or "al-Qaeda." . The training camp in question was near Jalalabad .

For the entire international community and most researchers, Al-Qaeda exists. It is an organization continued, one by the Security Council United Nations, NATO, the European Union, the African Union and the European Council.

Training camps of Al-Qaeda trained thousands of Islamic militants worldwide. Upon their return, the "Afghans" ( mujahideen parties in Afghanistan) later applied it their training in various conflicts around the world such as Algeria , in Chechnya , the Philippines , in Egypt , in Indonesia , in Tajikistan , in Somalia , in Yemen , in the Balkans ( Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina ). For funding Al-Qaeda has benefited in another, the support of the organization "charitable" International Islamic Relief Organization. Can be traced back to February 1998 the date on which Al-Qaida continues to be just a network to become a real organization. Indeed, February 23, 1998 was issued a "call to jihad for the liberation of Muslim holy places" of the World Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders. This text is signed by Osama bin Laden , Ayman al-Zawahiri ( Egyptian Islamic Jihad ), Ahmad Taha ( Gamaa al-Islamiya ), Moulana Mir Hamzah ( Jamiat Ulama Pakistan ), Abdul Salam Mohammed ( Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami / Bangladesh ) and Moulana Fazil Ruhman Al Khalil ( Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh ). The text proclaims: "All these crimes and atrocities committed by Americans represent a frank declaration of war against God, His Prophet and Muslims .(...) Accordingly, and in accordance with the commandments of Allah, we publish the fatwa following flights to all Muslims: "Kill the Americans and their allies civilians and military is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it wherever it is practicable to do so until the liberation of the al-Aqsa mosque and Al Haram of their control.. It was then that Al-Qaeda starts real bombing campaign (as of August, two U.S. embassies are referred to) .

On 15 October 1999 , following these abuses and its collusion with the regime Taliban , the Security Council sets up the Committee established by resolution 1267 (1999) for the advancement of the fight against al-Qaida and the Taliban and persons and entities associated with them globally. According to journalist Lawrence Wright , who received the Pulitzer Prize for The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9 / 11 (The Hidden War: Al-Qaida and the origins of terrorism), nearly 80% of members of Al-Qaida in Afghanistan were killed during the initial phase of the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and two thirds of these frames were captured or killed.

On 10 July 2005 , Abu Abd Al-Aziz , a lieutenant of al-Qaida has been arrested in Baghdad after a raid by the U.S. Army. According to the U.S. military, Abu Abd Al-Aziz was "a leader of a terrorist cell in Baghdad and an operations manager for Al-Qaeda in Iraq. " On 14 July 2005 , Khamis Farhan Khalaf Abd al-Fahdawi , alias Abu Saba , was arrested in Ramadi in Iraq. It was part of al-Qaida in Iraq. He was suspected of being responsible for the assassination of Ihab al-Chrifet , Egyptian charge d'affaires, and a diplomat from Bahrain.

In January 2006, the Iraqi branch participated in the founding of the Advisory Council of the Mujahideen in Iraq. On 7 June 2006 , the leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq Abu Musab Zarqawi was killed during a U.S. airstrike .

On 24 March 2008 , the ^No. 2 Ayman al-Zawahiri , in a radio message - the third in a week - broadcast by the network as-Sahab , calls on Muslims to further attacks against U.S. and Jewish interests worldwide and "monitor the targets, collect money, make the equipment, make the preparations, and then - in the name of Allah - to seek martyrdom and paradise" .

Between 2008 and 2009, 11 of the 20 most wanted figures in the network have been neutralized. Interim leaders have almost all disappeared, most were killed in attacks by drones .

Among the subsidiaries of this network, Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) has a media arm Al-named Malahem Media Production for its propaganda .

Attacks

Rubble after the attacks of September 11

Terrorist attacks attributed to Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaida is suspected of being responsible for bomb attacks on U.S. embassies in Nairobi ( Kenya ) and Dar es Salaam ( Tanzania ) in August 1998 , killing over 300 people and injuring over 5,000 others. Al-Qaeda had also planned attacks against American tourists and Israelis visiting Jordan during millennium celebrations, but the Jordanian authorities thwarted the planned attacks and have indicted 28 suspects. Al-Qaeda has also attempted a bomb attack at the airport in Los Angeles during the millennium holiday, but the carrier of the bomb was arrested at the border Canada.

Al-Qaida claims to have shot down helicopters and killed U.S. soldiers in Somalia in 1993 , and also boasts three bombings targeting U.S. troops in Aden ( Yemen ) in December 1992. Probably involved in the bombings of the World Trade Center in 1993 and against military personnel in Dhahran ( Saudi Arabia ), it is also suspected of being responsible for the bomb attack against the destroyer American USS Cole in October 2000. The most destructive actions attributed to al-Qaida is the series of attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001 , an attack that the group's spokesman, Sulaiman Abu Ghaith had claimed in a video widely circulated in October 2001. Bin Laden has also claimed responsibility for mounting this operation, particularly through a video where he explains the reasons for this attack the Americans.

On 6 January 1995 , the plan Operation Bojinka was arrested.

Several attacks and attempted attacks since September 11, 2001 were attributed to al-Qaida, including the failed assassination attempt by the shoe bomber Richard Reid (who declared himself a supporter of Osama bin Laden ), the attack against the synagogue in Djerba in Tunisia , and the failed bombings in Jordan , in Indonesia , to Morocco and Singapore. The network has also been implicated in the kidnapping and murder of the journalist's Wall Street Journal Daniel Pearl and was suspected of complicity in the bombing of a nightclub in Bali in Indonesia.

In September and October 2001 , following the discovery of a planned attack against the embassy of the United States in France , suspects were arrested.

On 23 December 2001 , Richard Reid tried to blow up American Airlines Flight 63. He was overpowered and arrested.

In 2002 , members of al-Qaida attacked the Limburg in Yemen.

Al-Qaida would have a global network of influence, with cells in a number of countries and close links with extremist networks Sunnis. Bin Laden and his lieutenants took refuge in Afghanistan under the Taliban in the 1990s. The group had a large number of training camps there, and in the late 1990s, the Taliban themselves actually became subordinate to Al Qaeda. Since the attack on the United States , members of the group are suspected of fleeing to the tribal areas of Pakistan , in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan.

Al-Qaida maintains very close relations with many other Islamic terrorist organizations such as the Indonesian extremist group Jemaah Islamiyah.

The organization specialists say the non-hierarchical structure of the network of al-Qaida is both its strength and weakness. Indeed, the decentralized structure enables Al Qaeda to have a global basis, however, actions involving a high degree of organization, like the attacks of Sept. 11 , are time and effort to implement. The efforts of the United States and other nations to disrupt the organization of Al-Qaeda have been partially successful. Attacks by al-Qaida since then have indeed been simpler, involving fewer people.

The Security Council UN decided unanimously on 16 January 2002 to establish an embargo and to freeze funds of Osama bin Laden and the Taliban remain.

List of attacks attributed to Al-Qaeda

Image of the bombing of Khobar Towers June 25, 1996.

1992

• 29 December 1992 ( Yemen ): Two bombs explode against the Movenpick Hotel and the parking Goldmohur Hotel in Aden as a basis for departure of U.S. troops to Somalia. 2 soldiers were killed. These are the first attacks of Al Qaeda.

1993

• 26 February 1993 ( USA ): A bomb at the World Trade Center in New York killed six and wounded a thousand.

1995

• 26 September 1995 ( Ethiopia ): Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak escaped an assassination attempt .
• 13 November 1995 ( Saudi Arabia ): A car bomb exploded in Riyadh , before a building of the Saudi National Guard, killing five U.S. soldiers and two Indians.

1996

• 25 June 1996 ( Saudi Arabia ): A truck bomb exploded at the entrance to the U.S. base at Khobar , near Dhahran , killed 19 and wounded nearly 400.

1998

• 7 August 1998 ( Kenya and Tanzania ): Two car bombs explode near U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam , making a total of 224 dead (including 12 Americans) and 4,500 wounded.

2000

img alt = "" src = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/USS_Cole_ 28DDG-67%%% 29_Departs.jpg/220px-USS_Cole_ 28DDG-67% 29_Departs.jpg" width = "220" height = "151" class = "thumbimage" />

Damage to the hull of the USS Cole after the bombing of Al-Qaida

• 12 October 2000 ( Yemen ): 17 U.S. servicemen killed and 38 wounded in a suicide attack against the American destroyer USS Cole in Aden.

2001

• 9 September 2001 ( Afghanistan ): Ahmad Masood was killed in a suicide bombing of Al-Qaida in Afghanistan.
• September 11, 2001 ( U.S. ), four airliners were hijacked. Both are launched against the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York and the third against the Pentagon in Washington. The fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania before reaching its target. The results of this series of attacks is about 3000 deaths.

2002

• • 23 January ( Pakistan ): American journalist Daniel Pearl was kidnapped and murdered six days later.
  • March 17 ( Pakistan ): A grenade attack in a church in Islamabad killed 5 people.
  • April 11 ( Tunisia ): 21 people (including 14 Germans) are killed in a suicide attack against the jewish synagogue in Djerba.
  • June 14 ( Pakistan ): A suicide car bomb against the U.S. consulate in Karachi killed 12 people.
  • September 5 ( Afghanistan ): an attack against President Hamid Karzai in Kabul killed 26 people.
  • Oct. 6 ( Yemen ): An attack off Yemen against the French tanker Limburg causes the death of one of his crew.
  • October 28 ( Jordan ): aid workers are killed in Amman. The same day an attack against Israeli tourists in Kenya killed 16 people.
  • November 28 ( Kenya ): 18 people are killed in a suicide attack against a hotel in Mombasa. The same day, a plane Israeli escapes the firing of two missiles when taking off from Mombasa.
  • December 30 ( Yemen ): three American doctors were killed in Dschibla.

2003

• • May 12 ( Saudi Arabia ): A triple suicide bombing in Riyadh, carried out by 15 suicide bombers in a residential complex, is 35 dead and 194 wounded.
  • May 14 ( Yemen ): an attack against the courthouse's 4 dead.
  • May 16 ( Morocco ): a series of suicide bombings by explosion uttered in Casablanca , the largest city in Morocco, killing 33 civilians and 12 terrorists. View the Casablanca bombings.
  • June 7 ( Afghanistan ): an ambush against a German military bus 4 fatalities.
  • Aug. 19 ( Iraq ): truck bombing against the UN headquarters in Baghdad, 23 dead .]]
  • November 8 ( Saudi Arabia ): A suicide car bomb in a residential complex in the suburbs west of Riyadh killed 17 people and a hundred wounded.
  • November 12 ( Iraq ): A truck bomb against a military base in Italy Nasiriyah killed 28 people (including 19 Italians ).
  • November 15 ( Turkey ): a double car bomb attack against two synagogues of Istanbul killed 27 people and injured over 300.
  • November 20 ( Turkey ): a double car bomb attack against the Consulate-General of the United Kingdom and the headquarters of British bank HSBC in Istanbul killed 30 people, including British Consul Roger Short, and 400 wounded.

2004

• • February 1 ( Iraq ): 117 people are killed and 133 wounded in a double suicide attack against two parties Offices Kurds in Erbil.
  • February 27 ( Philippines ): A bomb explodes on a ferry in Manila, killing 116 people .]]
  • March 2 ( Iraq ): Four explosions destroyed the front of the Shi'ite mosque in Kadhimiya at the festival of Ashura. In Karbala, the firing of rockets are launched against the shrine of Abbas. The results of these operations is heavy: 171 dead, 556 injured .]]
  • March 11 ( Spain ): 191 dead and 1,500 wounded during bombings aboard commuter trains in Madrid.
  • April 2 ( Spain ): failed attack against the train Madrid-Sevilla, several parcel bombs were also intercepted .
  • May 28 ( Saudi Arabia ): Twenty-two dead after the assault against suspected members of al-Qaida that held since the previous fifty people hostage in a building of a residential complex.
  • October 7 ( Egypt ): Three suicide car bomb targeting a hotel and two holiday camps around Taba killed 34 people and injuring over 100.

2005

• • June 4 ( Mauritania ): attacks against the military barracks Lemgheity, 20 people killed (15 soldiers and five attackers) .
  • 7 July 2005 London : The toll is 56 dead and 700 wounded but the degree of involvement of al-Qaida is still under investigation, so there are many indirect evidence according to a parliamentary report UK May 12, 2006 .
  • July 16 ( Iraq ): A suicide bomber detonated a truck filled with gas near a Shiite mosque in Moussayib, south of Baghdad. The record shows that at least 98 people killed and 134 wounded .]]
  • July 21, 2005 in London : failed attack against buses and subways, a single bomb exploded causing no one injured. Later a man was killed by mistake by members of the anti-terrorism agencies who believed responsible for attacks.
  • July 23: Bombings in Sharm el-Sheikh. The toll is 88 dead.
  • September 14 ( Iraq ) Al-Qaeda claims eleven attacks in the same day to Baghdad to avenge the Sunnis killed in the battle of Tal Afar : 150 dead and 230 wounded.
  • September 16 ( Sweden ): the attempted bombing Molotov cocktail against a polling station in Stockholm reserved for Iraqi expatriates, claimed by a branch of Al-Qaida in Sweden .
  • October 1 ( Bali ): Several bombings Al-Qaida in cafes and restaurants have left 23 dead and 129 injured
  • 9 November ( Jordan ): attacks against three luxury hotels are 67 dead and over 300 wounded.
  • November 18 ( Iraq ): suicide attacks against two mosques Shiites to Khanaqin are at least 74 dead and over 100 injured .

2006

• • February 22 ( Iraq ): A bomb destroyed part of the Golden Mosque in Samarra , attributed the attack to Al Qaeda.
  • July 11 ( India ): Seven bomb explosions at railway stations and commuter trains in Mumbai, India, 209 dead and 714 wounded ]]
  • November 23 ( Iraq ): More than 215 people are killed and 257 injured in attacks 8 (6-trapped car attacks and two mortars ) in Baghdad.

2007

• • February 13 ( Algeria ): 7 simultaneous attacks took place in Kabylie, 6 people killed and 13 injured .
  • March 11 ( Morocco ): Al-Qaeda claims bombings in Casablanca that day. 3 wounded and the bomber killed.
  • April 11 ( Algeria ) Al-Qaida claims a double suicide bombing in Algiers to the Government Palace and the Bab Ezzouar, which left 33 dead and 57 wounded.
  • April 18 ( Iraq ): five bombings in Baghdad, 200 killed and 251 wounded .
  • June 13 ( Iraq ): Part of the Golden Mosque was destroyed again by an attack attributed to al-Qaeda .
  • June 19 ( Iraq ): An attack against a Shiite mosque in Baghdad is 87 dead and 218 wounded .
  • July 2 ( Yemen ): 10 people were killed and 12 wounded in a suicide car bomb attack in Marib.
  • July 11 ( Algeria ): 10 soldiers were killed and 35 wounded in suicide truck bomb against a military barracks in Lakhdaria .
  • September 7 ( Algeria ): 22 dead in attacks in Batna in eastern Algeria, before the arrival of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika .
  • 8 September 9 ( Algeria ): Two bombings hit the towns of Dellys and Batna and are at least 52 dead and 147 wounded .
  • Aug. 14 ( Iraq ): four simultaneous suicide bombings in Qahtaniya and Jazeera, 796 deaths and over 1,500 injured .]]
  • December 11 ( Algeria ): Two suicide bombings claimed by al-Qaida are 72 dead and 200 wounded.
  • December 24 ( Mauritania ): 4 French tourists killed in an attack in the eastern city of Aleg .
  • December 27 ( Pakistan ): attack killed Benazir Bhutto and 20 people and wounding dozens more. According to the Pakistani government, the attack was claimed by al-Qaida, which the parties have denied. See the detailed article: Assassination of Benazir Bhutto.

2008

• • January 2 ( Algeria ): suicide attack near a the police station in Naciria, 4 policemen killed .
  • January 9 ( Iraq ): A suicide car bomb killed 5 people and injured at least 40.
  • January 18 ( Yemen ): Wadi Hadramaut ambush, two Belgian women were shot dead and four Belgian tourists injured .
  • January 29 ( Algeria ): suicide car bomb against the police of Thenia, 4 dead, 20 injured .
  • May 13 ( Algeria ): 6 Algerian soldiers killed in an ambush in Medea .
  • June 2 ( Pakistan ): A suicide car bomb against the Danish embassy in Islamabad in Pakistan in 6 fatalities and 24 injured .
  • 4 June 5 ( Algeria ): 2 attacks against a Republican Guard barracks in Algeria Bordj El Kiffan and a military convoy in Dellys, 9 soldiers killed .
  • June 8 ( Algeria ): attack near the town of Lakhdaria, killing 13 people (including 1 French) .
  • June 17 ( Iraq ): A suicide car bomb against a bus stop with 51 dead and 75 wounded in Baghdad .
  • June 26 ( Iraq ): A suicide bomber against a meeting of Sheikh killed 18 people and injured 25 in the province al-Anbar .
  • July 9 ( Turkey ): a shootout against the Consulate-General of the United States in Istanbul in 3 fatalities.
  • August 6 ( Mauritania ): meurtirre ambush against a military patrol tense, 12 soldiers killed .
  • August 19 ( Algeria ): attack against a gendarmerie training school in Issers, 48 killed and 45 wounded .
  • August 20 ( Algeria ): Two car bombs exploded in Bouira, 12 killed and 42 wounded .
  • September 17 ( Yemen ): suicide car bomb killing 16 people on the U.S. embassy in Sanaa claimed by the "Islamic Jihad in Yemen," al Qaeda branch .
  • September 20 ( Pakistan ): Marriott Hotel bombing, 55 dead and 266 wounded .]]

2009

• • April 23 ( Iraq ): Two suicide bombings in Baghdad and Muqdadiya are 76 dead and at least 103 wounded .
  • June 1 ( U.S. ): a shooting in Little Rock kills one soldier and wounding another. The suspect claimed the attack on behalf of Al Qaeda. .
  • June 20 ( Iraq ): an attack in the town of Taza (city populated by a majority Turkmen Shiites) killed 73 people and 254 wounded .
  • June 23 ( Mauritania ): an American national was shot dead as he left his car in Nouakchott .]]
  • July 4 ( Mauritania ): 28 soldiers killed in the attack on a military convoy in northern Mali .
  • July 29 ( Algeria ): meurtire ambush west of Algiers, 11 Algerian soldiers killed .
  • August 8 ( Mauritania ): A suicide attack near the Embassy of France in Nouakchott is a dead suicide bomber and three minor injuries, including two French gendarmes .
  • Aug. 19 ( Iraq ): sixfold attack in Baghdad, which killed 95 and wounded more than 550 .]]
  • Oct. 25 ( Iraq ): A double suicide car bomb is between 99 and 155 dead and 500 wounded in Baghdad .
  • November 5 ( U.S. ): Shooting in Fort Hood , 12 killed and 30 wounded.
  • December 8 ( Iraq ): A series of suicide bombings killed 127 people and injured 448 in Baghdad did. The Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility for the attack .
  • December 26 ( United States ): failed attack on a plane from Amsterdam, the author and two passengers are injured .
  • December 30 ( Afghanistan ): suicide attack against a CIA base in Khost, 8 deaths .

2010

• • January 1 ( Pakistan ): 101 dead and 69 wounded in a suicide attack during a game of volleyball in north-west .
  • January 25 ( Iraq ): Three suicide bombers on the day of the execution of Ali Hassan al-Majid are 41 dead and 110 wounded in Baghdad. The attacks were claimed by "The Islamic State of Iraq" .
  • March 8 ( Niger ): suicide attack in the region Tilwa in a Nigerian army barracks, at least 8 deaths .
  • March 12 ( Pakistan ): 57 dead and 134 injured in twin suicide bombings targeting military personnel, near a busy market in Lahore .
  • March 13 ( Afghanistan ): 7 bombs explode at Kandahar , the birthplace of the Taliban, being 35 killed and 57 wounded .
  • April 4 ( Iraq ): A triple suicide bombing against the embassies of Iran, Egypt and Syria made a forty dead and over 200 wounded in Baghdad .
  • April 5 ( Pakistan ): 51 dead in suicide bombing at an outdoor gathering of a secular political party opposed to the Islamist insurgents in Timargarah .
  • April 13 ( Iraq ): an attack against the television channel Al-Rasheed TV Basrah 5 dead and 13 wounded .
  • April 14 ( Iraq ): A suicide car bomb kills head of counter-terrorism police in Iraq in Baghdad .
  • April 17 ( Pakistan ): 41 dead in two suicide bombings by two suicide bombers in a burqa when distributing aid in a displaced persons camp in north-west .
  • April 23 ( Iraq ): At least 52 people were killed in a wave of anti-Shiite attacks Friday in Baghdad .
  • April 24 ( Iraq ): Several car bombs exploded in Baghdad killing 72 people and injuring hundreds of others . | Iraq: 70 killed in series of attacks in Baghdad </ ref>.]]
  • April 26 ( Yemen ): A suicide attack against the British ambassador to Yemen in Sana'a made two wounded. Ambassador emerges unscathed .
  • May 10 ( Iraq ): about 60 Al Qaeda attacks in several cities have at least 110 dead and 500 wounded .]]
  • May 28 ( Pakistan ): Lahore suicide attacks simultaneously, at least 80 killed and 108 wounded .
  • May 31 ( Pakistan ) attack against a hospital in Lahore, at least 12 dead .
  • June 17 ( Iraq ): attacks against the Iraqi central bank in Baghdad left 18 people dead and 55 wounded 7
  • June 19 ( Yemen ): Attack of the local information service in the port city of Aden, 13 dead .
  • June 30 ( Algeria ): Tinzaouatine attack, 11 killed Algerian gendarmes .
  • July 1 ( Pakistan ): 43 people are killed and 175 injured in two suicide bombings in a crowded Sufi shrine of Muslim pilgrims in Lahore .
  • July 9 ( Pakistan ): A suicide bomber was 65 dead and hundreds wounded, near a government office in the Pakistani province of Mohmand .
  • July 14 ( Yemen ): attack the headquarters of intelligence and security in the province of Abyan, at least 5 deaths .
  • July 17 ( Iraq ): double attack against an Iraqi army base west of Baghdad. The attack killed 43 people and wounded 40 .
  • July 22 ( Yemen ): ambush in the province of Shabwa against a patrol of the Yemeni army, six dead .
  • July 25 ( Maghreb ): A French aid worker, Michael Germaneau , was executed by Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb.
  • July 25 ( Iraq ): triple suicide car bomb in the city of Karbala, against the satellite channel Al-Arabiya, 25 dead and 63 wounded .
  • July 29 ( Iraq ): A series of attacks and clashes in Azamiya, a Sunni neighborhood located in northern Baghdad, 16 dead and 24 injured .

List of key players

• Abu Faraj al-Libbi , head of external operations since April 2004. Arrested in Pakistan on May 3, 2005.
• Abu Mohamed al-Masri , head of propaganda and thus the production and dissemination of audio and video messages.
• Ahmed al-Hisawi , nom de guerre Sheikh Saeed , Head of Finance since 1998.
• Ayman al-Zawahiri , ^No. 2.
• Osama bin Laden , ^No. 1.

Heads regional emirs

• Abdelmalek Droukdal for Algeria
• Amin ul-Haq for the Indian subcontinent (Indo-Pakistan).
• Mohammad Omar was the leader of Taliban of Afghanistan and the de facto head of state in this country of 1996 to 2001. According to Afghan authorities, he fled to Quetta in Balochistan.
• Salah al-Awadi for the Middle East.
• Saud al-Aouataybi for the Persian Gulf.
• Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi al-Husseini al-Qurashi and Nasser al-Din Allah Abu Sulaiman in Iraq.
• Hamza Ali Saleh al Dhayani for Yemen.
• Nasser al-Wouhayshi , Yemen, former secretary of Osama Bin Laden Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, merging branches Saudi and Yemeni
• Fazul Abdullah Mohammed to East Africa since late 2009 .

Former managers

• Mohammed Atef , a former ^No. 3, killed in Afghanistan during a bombing U.S. late 2001.
• Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , the former ^No. 3 arrested in Pakistan in February 2003.
• Nabil Sahraoui , head for Algeria, killed in June 2004.
• Habib Akdash for the Big East (Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey). Killed in 2004 during a U.S. bombing.
• Abdelkrim al-Medjati , head for North Africa and Europe, killed in Riyadh in Saudi Arabia on 5 April 2005.
• Abu Faraj al-Libbi , head of external operations since April 2004. Arrested in Pakistan on 3 May 2005.
• Abu Abd Al-Aziz , arrested in Baghdad in July 2005
• Abu Saba whose real name is Khamis Farhan Khalaf Abd al-Fahdawi , arrested in Ramadi in July 2005.
• Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, whose real name is Fadel Nazzal al-Khalayleh , head for Iraq, killed in Baquba during a bombing on U.S. 7 June 2006.
• Aereef Sumarso for South-East Asia, arrested in June 2007 by the Indonesian police.
• Mehdat Mursi , nom de guerre Abu Khabab , head of internal security since 2002 , he led the Force 55. Killed in Pakistan on 28 July 2008.
• Abu Jihad al-Masri , propagandist, was killed in Pakistan on 31 October 2008.
• Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam for Pakistan, killed on the 1st January 2009 by a U.S. drone, with his lieutenant, Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan.
• Tohir Yo'ldosh , head for Central Asia. Killed in Waziristan drone attack by U.S. August 27, 2009.
• Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan , military commander in Somalia , killed on 14 September 2009.
• a href = "Saleh_al-Somali" class = "new" title = "Saleh al-Somali (non-existent page)"> Saleh al -Somali, killed in December 2009.
• Abu Hamza al-Muhajir in Iraq ( Al-Qaida in Iraq ), killed during a military operation near Tikrit on 18 April 2010.
• Hamid Dawud Muhammad Khalil al-Zawi , head of the Islamic State of Iraq, killed during a military operation near Tikrit on 18 April 2010 by the American army. .
• Mustafa Abu al-Yazid , aka "Saeed", head for Afghanistan , killed by a U.S. drone in North Waziristan on 21 May 2010.
• Sheikh Mohammad Fateh al-Masri in Afghanistan Theme

  Terrorism as a means of response

  

  

  The armed conflict in north-west Pakistan has objected to Waziristan , part of the tribal areas, members of Al Qaeda and the Taliban against the Pakistani army, an ally of the United States between 2004 and 2006. Completed in September 2006 , the cessation of hostilities coincided with renewed violence in Afghanistan, on the other side of the border. The war restarted in 2009.

  Opponents of the actions of the United States and Western countries in the Middle East and worldwide support the actions of the U.S. government (and its Israeli ally) led a strong opposition among Arabs and Muslims, and that Terrorism is the ultimate stage of the reactions that result. In their view, these actions include:

  • support of the United States to the State of Israel (because of its occupation of the West Bank , the Golan Heights to Syria, and still occupied Shebaa Farms to Lebanon);
  • support of the United States to certain dictators of the Middle East , including Saddam Hussein during the war Iran - Iraq between 1980 and 1988 ;
  • the bombing by the United States of a pharmaceutical factory in Sudan in 1997 following the bombings of U.S. embassies in Africa followed by an embargo on essential medical products killing thousands of people ^{The impact of Islamic terrorism}

    According to the geo-strategists Gerard Chaliand , Islamist terrorism is just an epiphenomenon that although strongly mobilizing media and public opinion did not affect the course of history. Still according to him, whether by the loss of life caused ultimately insignificant in comparison with wars between states, mobilized manpower or political consequences, its action has consequences that zero or near zero, like the anarchist terrorists the late ^nineteenth century and early ^twentieth century , now fallen into oblivion.

    Antoine Sfeir, a close analysis, he said Bin Laden has already failed and will fail in its main project is to gather the bulk of the Muslim world of the Maghreb to Mashreq in a caliphate comprising recreated all believers.

    The consequences seem rather indirect and the fact of security policies or attitudes of warlike justified by the need to fight against the "terrorist threat". However, many Muslim countries are gradually becoming the mainstream political and social more in line with Islamic precepts, leading slowly but surely a profound Islamization of their populations.

    Money to al Qaeda

    The report of the Treasury Department concerning the assets of terrorists suggests 8 million of assets belonging to al-Qaida frozen in 2006 and 11 million in 2007 .

    According to the Afghan government, money that is allowing al-Qaida to do battle in large part come from wealthy private donors and godly living in the Arabian Peninsula. It passes through the financial center of Dubai , "How do you explain that there is never any Islamist attack in Dubai, land of Islam where alcohol flows freely? It's very simple: some Arab Gulf countries have bought their peace with terrorists! "

    Al-Qaida as an organization

    The role of the CIA is the subject of debate, particularly at the extreme left but also in the world of intelligence : the U.S. agency would be trained and then given birth to the terrorist organization to fight Soviets. This hypothesis was developed and defended July 8, 2005 by Robin Cook , former foreign minister and Labour MP who violently opposed the intervention in Iraq and the pro-American Tony Blair. He claimed in the Guardian "Bin Laden was the product of a monumental miscalculation by Western intelligence agencies. He was armed by the CIA during the 1980s and funded by Saudi Arabia to carry the jihad against the Russian occupation of Afghanistan. Al-Qaida, literally meaning the "database", was originally the computer file consisting of thousands of mujahideen recruited and trained by the CIA to defeat the Russians " . Others go even further, as Antoine Sfeir , who said in late November 2008 that: "Al-Qaeda is in the interests of Americans. Washington plays a game of poker-liar with the Arabs as Al-Qaeda only exists in the imagination and is only intended to destroy the Arab world and prevent it from modernizing. Thus, the fragmentation of the Arab countries based on ethnic and sectarian allow Israel to advance and lead the region " .

    Since other parts of the world were often not involved in open warfare as Afghanistan under Soviet occupation, the move from MAK to al-Qaida has involved more training in terrorist tactics. Other organizations were formed, including bin Laden, to perform various types of terrorist actions in different countries. . According to Maloy Krishna Dhar , former deputy director of Indian intelligence, al-Qaida was organized by the Pakistani ISI at the request of the CIA and MI6 .

    According to David Shayler , a former agent of MI6, British intelligence had used the Bin Laden's men to perform certain operations. Al-Qaida would have been paid in particular by the British Crown to assassinate Muammar Gaddafi .

    According to Seymour Hersh , a journalist working for the Jewish New Yorker who had already shattered the scandal of Abu Ghraib prison , in a conference in Cairo is of the opinion that Dick Cheney , Elliott Abrams and Saudi Prince Bandar bin Saud continues to fund members of Al Qaeda in secret operations in Lebanon and Iran (two-majority countries Shiite , Sunni Islam is not recognized as a religious minority in Iran), to destabilize both countries pushing for sectarian strife. They also would push Iran to a maneuver that would give her a reason to attack the U.S. .

    See also

    Bibliography

    Studies

    • Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed , The War against Truth, Half Moon Editions, 2006, 512 pages, ( ISBN 2-9525571-5-2 )
    • Alain Bauer , Xavier Raufer, The Riddle Al-Qaeda, Editions Jean-Claude Lattes , 2005, ( ISBN 2-7096-2743-4 )
    • Francois Burgat, Islamism at the time of Al-Qaida, La Dcouverte, 2005
    • Dasqui, Al-Qaida defeat, Publisher Private Editions, 2005, ( ISBN 2350760359 )
    • Jrgen Elssser , How the Jihad Came to Europe, Xenia Publishing , 2006 (ISBN 978288920045)
    • Roland Jacquard, Attam Tazaghart, Picollec, Bin Laden, the planned destruction of the West, 2004, ( ISBN 2-86477-204-3 )
    • Eric Lawrence, The Hidden Face of September 11, ed. Plon, 2004
    • Alain Rodier, Al-Qaeda global terrorist connections, Ellipses, 2006, ( ISBN 272982829X )
    • Isabelle Sommier, Terrorism, Flammarion, coll. Dominos, 2000
    • Lawrence Wright, The hidden war: Al-Qaeda and the origins of Islamic terrorism, Robert Laffont, 2007, 440 p.
    • Richard Labvire , backstage terror, Grasset, 2003
    • What do the scholars of Islam on Terrorism?, The Committee of Senior Scholars of Saudi Arabia, Anas edition 2004 ( ISBN 9-96043-913-8 ).

    Documents

    • Farhad Khosrokhavar, when Al-Qaeda speaks: Stories behind bars, Grasset, Paris, 2006, ( ISBN 2246677513 )
    • Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, Al-Qaeda in the text written by Osama bin Laden, Abdallah Azzam, Ayman al-Zawahiri and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Presses Universitaires de France , 2005, ( ISBN 2130547710 )
    • Ayman al-Zawahiri, Absolution, Milelli, 2008, ( ISBN 9782916590059 )
    • Practical Handbook of terrorism, Brussels, Andr Versaille editor, 2009, 192 p. ( ISBN 9782874950575 )

    Related articles

    • Islam - terrorism ( Islamic Terrorism )
    • Emirate jihadist
    • As-Sahab
    • Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat , a group active in north-eastern Algeria. Since January 26, 2007, who swore allegiance to Al Qaeda, he took the name "Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb."
    • Afghanistan War
    • Armed conflict in northwest Pakistan

    External Links

    • (En) Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities
    • (En) "from 1995 to 1998: the statements of Osama bin Laden, the" leader of the movement (terrorist) Al-Qaeda '" on the site of the AIDH
    • (En) "Since at least 1995, the secret services of western know the plans of Osama bin Laden" , Die Welt , December 7, 2001
    • (In) References
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