Al Mamun
Abu al-Abbas al-Ma'mun ibn `Abd Allah Harun ar-Rashid was born on 13 September 786 in Baghdad and died in Tarsus on 10 August 833 , at the age of forty-seven years, was a Caliph Abbasid who reigned from 813 to 833.
Summary |
History
He was born on the day of the enthronement of his father Harun ar-Rashid and was named `Abd Allah. Her mother was a Persian slave named Marajil. Some time later Harun ar-Rashid had a second son Mohammed , his wife Zubayda daughter of Caliph Al-Mansur. Initially, Harun would recognize Abd Allah, as heir presumptive giving the name of Al-Ma'mun. He had to face the discontent of Zubayda and his supporters who believed that Al-Amin was the most legitimate. Harun ar-Rashid and gave himself recognized as heir his son Al-Amin when he was only five years ( 802 ). It was during a pilgrimage to Mecca that Harun ar-Rashid decreed an arrangement between his son Al-Amin was the heir presumptive and governed the western empire ( Iraq Syria ) and Al-Ma 'mun became the second in the sequence and headed east of the empire ( Khorasan ) and resided in Merv.
The takeover
Upon the death of Harun ar-Rashid, the relations between the two brothers deteriorated. In violation of the Mecca agreement, Al-Amin appointed his son as successor presumptive. Each accused the other of having broken the pact.
The armies of Al-Amin came to Iraq and Syria and those of Al-Ma'mun came from Khorasan and led by Tahir , fought the first time around Ray. The battle began with a duel between two generals, but the army of Khurasan was a charge that routed the army of Baghdad. Al-Ma'mun was then acclaimed as caliph in Khorasan and Tabaristan . Al-Amin fell back to Baghdad where he was faced with mutinies in the army.
In 813 , a new series of defeats (in Basra and the gates of Baghdad) armies of Baghdad, new mutinies among the troops, and a revolt of the people of Baghdad have forced Al-Amin to retreat in the palace. September 1813 , the palace was stormed by the troops of Al-Ma'mun. Al-Amin was beheaded, his head, the scepter and the mantle of Muhammad and the caliphate of the ring were sent to al-Ma'mun. Posthumously Al-Amin was known as Al-Makhl ` (the fallen). Two of the son of Al-Ma'mun and their mother were held by Al-Amin went to rejoin their father. The son of Al-Amin have been taken captive and sent to al-Ma'mun .
Al-Ma'mun seemed to change its policy against Shiites. He thought that the Persians were supportive Hashemites and asked the support of 'Ali ar-Ridha. He invited him to join him at Merv. In 818 , `Ali ar-Ridha joined Al-Ma` mun, leaving his son to Medina Muhammad Taqi did and his wife. The honor marks the caliph gave to `Ali ar-Ridha movements provoked hostility from the Arab notables . Al-Ma'mun appointed 'Ali ar-Ridha as his successor in the hope of reconciling Shiites. This sequence should take place only if `Ali ar-Ridha Al-Ma'mun survived. This changed the color of the flag leaving the dark green color of the Abbasid color Alides. Disturbances were taking place across Iraq in opposition to al-Ma'mun and his policy of alliance with the Shiites. `Ali ar-Ridha warned Al-Ma'mun on his choice of governor of Iraq who led these disorders . The Shiites believe that the offer had no value because `Ali ar-Ridha was old and had no chance to survive Al-Ma'mun, they even suspect Al-Ma'mun's poisoning.
An early reign stirred
In 816 , Babak Khurramdn took the lead of Khurramites. This anti-Arab and anti-Muslim led a war of independence located on the territory of Azerbaijan (part Iranian and part of Azerbaijan ). Babak was executed on January 4 838 in Samarra during the reign of Al-Mu `tasim.
In 817 , Baghdad, Ibrahim bin al-Mahdi , son of the Caliph Al-Mahdi and elder brother of Harun ar-Rashid, rebelled against this arrangement with `Ali ar-Ridha because he thinks Al- Ma'mun is trying to dispossess the Abbasid family. On Friday, July 24th 817 , Ibrahim ascended the pulpit in Baghdad al-Ma'mun declared deposed and proclaimed himself caliph.
Under his command, an army of Baghdad seized Kufa , another seized Madayn the gates of Baghdad. At the same time a group of kharidjites leads a revolt in the Sawad . Ibrahim tried to attack these new adversaries, but his general sympathy with them and the company demanded his pay. After paying his soldiers on the treasures of Baghdad, he headed Wasit it has taken. The revolt is contained Kharidjite.
Al-Ma'mun is alerted by the situation. He finally emerged from Merv 22 January 818 to Tus , where his father is buried. He stopped at Sarakhs there murdered his vizier Fadhl . He goes back to Tus to the end of Ramadan 202 Shortly after this stay in Tus that `Ali ar-Ridha died . He continued his journey to Iraq via Ray. At each step he cut taxes and get the support of the population. When the generals in Baghdad hearing of the arrival of Al-Ma'mun betrayed and rallied to Ibrahim al-Ma'mun. Ibrahim fled and the city of Baghdad al-Ma'mun received August 12 819 again on the black costume of the Abbasid.
Dissent of Tahir
In 821 , in recognition of his services Al-Ma'mun appointed Tahir governor of Khorasan. However, Al-Ma'mun was suspicious of Tahir especially when he learned of Zubayda the story of the assassination of Al-Amin by Tahir while the orders he had given was to take him prisoner . In 822 Tahir failed to mention the caliph in the Friday prayer, thus declaring its independence. Al-Ma'mun had brought a slave with a mission to poison Tahir if he were to declare independence. The same evening the slave carries out its mission and Tahir died .
Ma'mun left Tahir's son succeed him. This decision would punish the dismemberment of the empire. The Tahirids , Tahir successors, can be considered as the first establishment of an independent state in Iran after the Arab conquest in 642.
The Maghreb
Idris II was well settled in Fes. The Aghlabids ruled the Ifriqiya , theoretically serving the Abbasids, but they were practically independent as Tahirids in Khorasan.
Al-Ma'mun and scholars: the "Observatory of Baghdad" and "House of Wisdom"
The reign of al-Ma'mun was a great success in cultural terms. He was particularly interested in the work of scholars, especially those who knew Greek. He had met in Baghdad scholars of all faiths, he treated magnificently and with complete tolerance. He brought the Byzantine manuscripts, he set as a condition for peace with the Byzantine Empire delivery of a copy of the Almagest.
A student of astronomy , he established in 829 , near the highest in Baghdad, near the door Chammassiya, the first permanent observatory in the world, the observatory in Baghdad , allowing its astronomers, who had translated the Treaty of Astronomy, Greek Hipparchus and his star catalog, methodically monitor the movement of planets. He conducted two experiments designed to determine the astronomical distance of one degree of latitude on earth. In recognition of this work, a lunar crater named after him Almanon .
His stay in Central Asia , he brought with him three son of Musa bin Shaakir , former bandit, became an astronomer and fellow of the future caliph. On the death of their father, he ordered the three brothers whom he had become the guardian, Muhammad, Ahmad and Hasan, a solid training in applied science and granted them a considerable fortune to found in 832 and head to Baghdad 's House wisdom.
The great mathematician Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi spent most of his life in Baghdad under the patronage of the Caliph al-Ma'mun. He translated into Arabic , with his colleagues, the Greek manuscripts of Byzantium gathered in the library founded by the caliph in the House of Wisdom, and studied, from the latter geometry , the algebra and astronomy.
The dream of al-Ma'mun
One night Al-Ma'mun said:
"I saw in a dream a man sitting in the posture of wise men, I asked him" Who are you? "He said," Aristotle the Wise. " So I asked him the question "Tell me how to define a word right? "Aristotle" It is consistent with reason. " Al-Ma'mun "What else? "Aristotle" She appreciated by the recipient. " Al-Ma'mun "What else? "Aristotle" The one need not fear the consequences. " Al-Ma'mun "What else? "Aristotle" There is not, the rest only serves to entertain men. ""
Is to learn to distinguish a word just entertainment for men, the caliph al-Ma'mun give a decisive impetus to the house of wisdom. It was founded by his father Harun ar-Rashid , but then, as a library for the exclusive use of the prince. Under Al-Ma'mun, the library opens to the scholarly elite. She becomes the support of great intellectual ambition, scale of the Empire Religious Policy In 830 al-Ma'mun then through the town of Harran in his last campaign against the Byzantines, he noticed people with long hair and tight clothing around the waist. It was nothing but the Syrians remained pagans who continued to practice the religion of their ancestors without being disturbed by the arrival of Christianity and Islam. They are not allowed while the choice between conversion to Islam or the sword . So they continued their religious practices . In 833 , the Mutazila belief becomes official at the court of the Abbasid caliphate, after being officially embraced by the Caliph al-Ma'mun. The Mutazila was deeply influenced by the rationalism of Aristotle and asserted that faith and religious practice should be directed by reason based on the Koran. This went against the tradition which said that people should find all the answers in the literal reading of the Quran and hadith. In addition Mu'tazilites claimed that the Koran had been created against the general opinion that affirms that the Qur'an is uncreated and therefore eternal. Al-Mahdi said that the caliph was not just a sovereign, but it was his duty to define the orthodox religious order to maintain the cohesion of the community of believers ( umma ). In 828 , al-Ma'mun established an inquisitorial tribunal responsible for the control of religious orthodoxy: the mihna (, test, exam). The sanctions imposed by mihna became increasingly difficult to bear for clerics who united to oppose it. This situation lasted until 848 when the Caliph al-Mutawakkil came back to tradition. The religious power of the caliphs came out in favor of it diminished the ulema. This period is called period of the test, the Ordeal (English: Ordeal) or the Inquisition. It was during this period that the major legal schools ( madhhab ) are really assertive. In particular doctrinal differences between Shia and Sunni have specified. Ibn Hanbal became famous for his opposition to the mihna. In 832 , al-Ma'mun did conduct searches (was it or rather archaeological looting?) in Egypt , the Great Pyramid of Giza built by the Pharaoh Khufu ( 2590 BC. to 2565 BC. ) son of King Sneferu, considered by many historians as one of the largest in the history of ancient Egypt. It seems that the "visitors" have been relatively easy access to the burial chamber of Pharaoh and his treasures. This should not surprise us: the desecration of mastaba and pyramid were common practice for some time. However, the methods of pyramid construction and arrangement of parts inside of them were very similar and found themselves in a pyramid to another. The location of the burial chambers, placed after a succession of rooms for offerings in axial alignment was often the same. Al-Ma'mun, who was not his first attempt, had already seen the interior of the pyramids , he then drill the right side of the pyramid of Cheops , in just its axis, thus avoiding the obstacle of the ascending passage to reach safely and without loss of time in the burial chamber and its treasures. Al-Ma'mun tried to divorce his wife because she did not give him an heir. His wife had consulted before a judge Syrian Al-Ma'mun could not appoint one himself. The judge refused a divorce. Following this experience following the caliphs did not married the mother preferring to find their heirs in the harem. During the reign of Al-Ma'mun's empire has expanded somewhat. Rebellions Hindus in Sindh have been put down and most of Afghanistan was taken after the surrender of the king of Kabul. The mountains of Iran were better controlled by the central government. Battles against the Byzantine Empire and continued it during a campaign in Cilicia he died on 10 August 833 near Tarsus , whose current mosque contains the tomb. Shortly before his death, Al-Ma'mun appointed his brother Abu Ishaq as heir under the name Al-Mu'tasim . Grave Robber in Egypt?
The end of the reign
Preceded by Al-Ma'mun Followed by Al-Amin 
Abbasids of Baghdad 
( 813 - 833 ) Al-Mu'tasim Notes
See also
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