Aharonim
Aaronim ( Hebrew "Latest") is a generic term in the history of the Jewish people , and particularly in the development of (Jewish law) and Talmudic exegesis, the rabbis , policymakers religious and spiritual figures Judaism from the XIV century in the world Ashkenazi , and the XVI century in the Sephardic world. The era of Aaronim continues today.
Background
From a historical perspective, the early period Aaronim partially overlap those of the so-called era of modern times. The transition from the era of the Rishonim that of Aaronim result of the conjunction of events taking place from the fourteenth century in the Ashkenazi world, the fifteenth century in the Sephardic world, and continuing until the beginning of the XVI century :
- destruction of the main centers of Jewish Europe is one of the most influential factors. It takes place in Germany at the outbreak of plague ( 1,348 - 1 351 ), and in the Iberian Peninsula during the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497.
- writing by Rabbi Yosef Karo 's Shulchan Aruch ("Laid Table"), summarizing the entire code of Halacha. Quickly accepted by most communities, the Shulchan Aruch closing work of Talmudic exegesis Sephardic Rishonim, whose comments were aimed at extracting the Talmud that the laws were there mixed with lengthy debates and discussions.
- the appearance of printing , and revolutions that brought in the dissemination of works and knowledge.
The Aaronim are increasingly confronted with the appearance of modernity, with its innovations such as secularism, nationalism, empowerment, and new trends within Judaism, as the Kabbalistic system of Isaac Luria , the sabbatasme on Hasidism , the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment equivalent), the reform of Judaism and Zionism.
The Halacha of Aharonim
Halakhic literature of Aharonim is characterized above all by the place that holds the Shulchan Aruch. Adopted by all Jewish communities (except for certain groups of Yemen Jews , who recognize no authority other than the Mishneh Torah of Moses Maimonides ), Sephardim and Ashkenazim , Chassidim and Mitnagdim , it is considered the code of Jewish law par excellence.
Encompassing the Halakha from the Talmud , it can not be contradicted by relying on a prior authority. An emphasis is also given to other decisions and responsibility of the Rishonim.
Shulchan Aruch and responsible act as a precedent, even in unfamiliar situations at the time of writing (using electricity on Shabbat, airfare, etc.)..
In addition, the quadripartite structure of the Shulhan Arukh, which follows that of itself Arbaa Turim (the Four Pillars, "namely, Orah Haim , Yore Dea , Even Haeze and Hoshen Mishpat ) is adopted by all the authors who up their books as much Shulchan Aruch comments (more rarely Arbaa Tourime).
Some comment on the Shulchan Aruch in its entirety ( Hagola Beer , Beer Heitev , etc.. or, more recently Yalkut Yosef ), others focus on one or several of his treatises ( Magen Avraham , Mishnah Brouri , for example, focus only Orah Haim on while Tourei Zahav of Rabbi Shmuel Halevi David Segal , covers the area of Hoshen Mishpat, Orach Chaim and Yore Dea) without forgetting the Siftei Cohen Rabbi Shabtai Hakohen Katz is the main commentator of yore and Hoshen Mishpat Dea.
Some authors comment on the Shulchan Aruch, however, in whole or in part, but following the basic structure for the division and nomenclature of the chapters. This is particularly the case of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi of Hayyei Adam to Avraham Danzig , the Shulchan Aruch Kitsour of Shlomo Ganzfried , and others.
Moreover, the responsa literature continues to grow. Policymakers face among other revolutions brought about by modernity and science, which a wide range of opinions is given, since Hadash ossur min HaTorah ("The new is forbidden by the Torah") of the Chatam Sofer , in the careful integration of these revolutions in everyday life, by Samson Raphael Hirsch or Rav Kook.
| Haza "l Grand National Zougot Tannaim Amoraim Savoram Geonim Rishonim Aharonim |
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