Adaptations Of The Arabic Alphabet
Adaptations of the Arabic alphabet for other languages are numerous. It is indeed the second segmental writing system used in the world after the Roman alphabet. This alphabet is used in Arabic , Persian and many more languages of the Middle East. The Turks used it before the reforms of Ataturk. In addition, Arabic is the language of Islam. The majority of countries formerly conquered by Arabic-speaking peoples and converted to Islam have used or still use, its alphabet. The latter, however, being a abjad , it is not necessarily suited to the phonology of languages that have decided to use them, which are not systematically Semitic. It was therefore necessary to make adjustments, especially made by adding diacritical marks (points in most cases) on bills that already exist. In many countries, Arabic is the liturgical language remained a practiced, it has existed a double use of the alphabet:
- an alphabet enriched and / or completed in order to transcribe the native language;
- an alphabet conventionally used for Arabic Koran.
There are - mainly - among the languages using or have used:
- the dialects from Arabic;
- some Berber languages of Algeria and Morocco ;
- Persian language, Farsi , Pashto , Balochi ;
- of Indo-Aryan languages such as Sindhi , the Urdu (variant called Nasta liq), the kchmr and Punjabi (variant called chahmoukhi; for the past three languages, Arabic is used mainly in Pakistan );
- languages such as Turkish Ottoman Turkish , the ouygour , the Azeri (Azerbaijani variant) and Turkmenistan ;
- the Kurds ;
- the Hausa (variant `Ajami );
- The Swahili ;
- the Somali ;
- some Caucasian languages ;
- the Malay (Jawi variant, the Sultanate of Brunei ).
Summary |
Introduction
The graphs are read as follows: each letter is recorded first in its isolated form and then repeated three times to bring up forms initial, middle and end. The letters alone do not change shape or are not related to the following letter. The phonetic transcriptions follow the usages of the API . Characters Unicode not being used more frequently, some fonts do not contain, others do not know how to display context and in the latter case, the display might suggest, wrongly, that they do not bind in writing. Finally, is shown in italics transcription traditional when it moves away from the phonetic transcription.
The creation of new letters in many non-Semitic languages show a rational approach based on precise knowledge sometimes phonetic Arabic, for example, does not normally sound Dialects Arab
In some Arabic dialects appear sound with no equivalent in the local pronunciation of Arabic literal: they are primarily used for marking of borrowed words (in French , for example). To write using the Arabic alphabet, he had to invent new letters. The sounds are concerned Arabic Maghrebi
In Tunisia and Algeria , the main innovations are:
- Egyptian
In Egypt , the main innovations are:
- Berber languages
In reality Chleuh is the only language to be written in Berber Arabic alphabet. This transcript is attested since at least the 17th century.
Because of their location in countries whose official language (or co-official), Arabic, other Berbers of Morocco , to Algeria , from Mauritania , from Mali , the Niger , of Tunisia , or even Libya can note the berber to using the Arabic alphabet.
However, in practice only the Tifinagh , writing millennium, or the Berber Latin alphabet is used.
Language Kabyle (Berber language only historically, alongside the chleuh , to benefit from a strong written tradition) is exclusively transcribed in Berber Latin alphabet since the 1970s.
Chinese Languages
The adaptation of the alphabet for the Chinese languages is usually called Xiao'erjing. It is similar to the Arabic alphabet used in the Uyghur language , including some letters for vowels. It is more a script that abjad.
It includes most of the letters of Arabic, Persian and several letters of its own.
It is widely used by Chinese Hui Muslims in some Mandarin dialects , for which the use of Arabic writing is easier than Chinese characters.
Iranian languages
The languages involved are Persian , the Pushtu , the Kurdish and Baluchi , all of Indo-European languages. Persian is a starting model which has inspired other languages.
Persian
Main article: Alphabet Perso-Arabic.Main innovations:
- ;
- Pashto
Main innovations:
- and as in Persian;
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- affricates:
- ,
- .
Kurdish
In Turkey , the Kurds also written in Latin characters, in countries of the former Soviet Union, Cyrillic. Kurdish is written in Arabic in Iraq and Iran. The Arabic alphabet is a religious and literary writing.
Main innovations:
- and ;
- .
All vowels are noted:
- Baluchi (completed)
Indian Languages
The Sindhi , the Urdu , the kchmr and Punjabi (mainly in Pakistan for the last three) use the Arabic alphabet. The case of Urdu is significant: with Hindi , they form only a single language, with some lexical differences (Arabic and Persian into Urdu, Sanskrit in Hindi), their main difference lies only in their writing. The Arabic script used for Urdu is adapted variant of Persian.
Urdu (Nasta liq)
Main innovations:
- and ,
- D ,
- sucked (ha subsequent, still tied spelling):
- ,
- c. ,
- jh ,
- Th ,
- dh ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- Note: To avoid confusion between the suction consonants h and Kchmr
The model is that of Urdu; notation of vowels, however, is much more precise, knowing that are often only short diacritics. In fact, they are written in a fully vocalized text, by means of signs borrowed from Arabic but also signs of originals (such as hamza shaped wave: ).
- and not . The writing also makes the distinction between (h extraction) and / (h independent). Note that HA reads and, similarly, his can be read normally Punjabi (chahmoukhi)
The variant called chahmoukhi used for Punjabi is similar to the Arabic alphabet Urdu.
Languages Turkish
For nearly a millennium, Turkish was written using Arabic characters, following a model close to the Persian is known as the "Turkish Ottoman (Osmanl Trkesi). Other Turkish languages spoken by peoples Muslims have also used (or still) used the Arabic alphabet.
Ottoman Turkish
The transcript is in fact given the current Turkish spelling in Latin characters.
- and j as in Persian;
- or more often;
- emphatic consonants: the lack of systematic vocal scoring is highly detrimental to the reading of a language like Turkish, who knows the vowel harmony. The emphatic consonants of Arabic, however, have been used to denote a consonant before a vowel placed back (a, o, u, i) and preclude non-emphatic, placed before a vowel before (e, , , i). Recent consonants being in this position, somewhat palatalized, we can establish the equivalence allophonic following:
- / S / = African Languages
Malay (Jawi)
Main article: Jawi.Caucasian languages
Romance languages
Castilian
The Moors , crypto-Muslims living in Spain between the fall of Al-Andalus and their expulsion in 1609 , made extensive use of Arabic characters to write texts in Castilian. The literature they produce is essentially religious but there are also novels, stories and medicinal books of all kinds. This Spanish language written using Arabic characters called aljamiado.
Germanic languages
Afrikaans
The Arabic alphabet was occasionally used by Asian or Muslim groups, including Cape Malays , to put in writing what was under the Dutch administration official language of the Cape Colony in the time of possession by the Dutch East India Company.
Slavic languages
The Belarussian ( in ) and the Bosniak ( in ) have particularly benefited from an adaptation of the Arabic alphabet.
See also
Arabic alphabetLetters Additional letters Related articles History Adaptations Diacritics Phonology Hamza figures Count
- / S / = African Languages
- and not . The writing also makes the distinction between (h extraction) and / (h independent). Note that HA reads and, similarly, his can be read normally Punjabi (chahmoukhi)
- Berber languages
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