Adam And Eve
Adam and Eve, according to Genesis, the first humans on earth. They lived in the Garden of Eden. They were driven out by God for this wonderful garden because they ate the forbidden fruit.
The original story Bible can be divided into two sections - the first beginning with the report of the creation of the universe by God, which occurs in six days, while the second focuses more on man, less concerned through the creation and evolution of the Earth, its creatures and its characteristics.
In the first chapter, the order given by the Bible is as follows: on day one (and no "first day"), God created the heavens and the earth, the darkness, the abyss , the waters, then the light ( although, according to Isaiah , God has created and shaped the darkness to light); second day, God created the firmament of the heavens and the air in the day third, the appearance of dry land, and plant life; fourth day, He gives the sun the day, the moon and stars at night, in addition to their role as "signs" to determine holidays and seasons, the fifth day, God created the Taninim (their identity is not thinning) , aquatic creatures and winged creatures (though it is unclear whether the bird kingdom - these could be insects) on the day sixth, earthly creatures, and finally Adam - male and female.
The second chapter (by Christian poll - the first four verses of the second chapter are part of the first of seven servings of Parshat Bereshit ) mentions the seventh day of creation, when God Refrains ( Sabbath ).
Some might wonder if this chapter of the Hebrew Bible that gave the seven-day week, and speculate on the significance of number seven.
However, research on the origin of the week has taught that it was already widely through the ancient world, so common in fact that the original biblical narrative can claim its origin with certainty.
The second section of the original story says that the earth was lifeless. A soil vapor was aroused, and man was created from dust. A rabbi of the twentieth century CE, Leon Ashkenazi , based on sources Talmudic strongly questions the translation of Ed vapor.
Adam and Eve
The first story describes the creation of Adam in a rather cryptic: "And Elohim created Adam in His image is the image of Elohim when they were created male and female he created them "( Gen 1. 27 ).
In the second story, however, not God forms Adam from glebe (adamah) but from dust "out" the soil or earth "Afar min adamah" which means that, unlike animals, Adam is made of a substance far more subtle, likely to swirl in the wind, to be raised by the Spirit, wind and spirit is the same word in both Hebrew (ruah) in Greek (pneuma). And (s) place in the Garden of Eden to keep him. He (s) little (Fri) t eat any fruit in it, except the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. "
Believing that it is not good for Adam to be alone, God decides to give him a (e) help, summoning all the animals before him ( Gen 2. 18-19 ). In Gen 2. 20 , Adam is studying all animals and names them, without finding help. God then plunged into a deep sleep, taking a side (or rather one side, cf. Rashi He shapes in "hommesse.
The debate side / side arises among others from the simple observation that women do not have fewer ribs than men. But Adam exclaims "this time it's a bone of my bones, flesh of my flesh" in Sumerian , the word "side" could be a play on words with a homophone meaning "life".
However, the commentary of Rashi, largely dependent on the Jewish oral tradition, reputed to be as old as the Torah itself makes clear that the word "tselah" is the same as that used for a "side" of the Tabernacle. And we etzem generally means " bone "can also mean" essence. "
Furthermore, the verse 1:26 seems to contradict the second story, although Rashi explains everything so logical to ('it just shows they were both created on the sixth day'). Nevertheless, he cites an earlier midrash on the verse 1:26: "Man was created with two faces." Although this is an allegorical teaching, this midrash looking for the opinion cited above, namely that "tselah" is considered one side and not a hill.
The fall
The third chapter introduces the Snake ( Lilith ?) and the woman who tries to make him eat the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. Asking her questions so apparently artless, he manages to subtly exploit the difference between the words of God and the understanding of that woman. Verse of Genesis 3. 6 ("her husband with her"), it is generally inferred that her husband is still with her, including when it distorts the words of God, and he takes it nor retains (for which he bears responsibility for the misconduct and not his wife). This misuse of God is considered the original sin , in traditional Christian thought, but not Jewish thought.
According to Jewish thought, that after this sin that God, who was on the earth plane, becomes transcendent existence has become "rotten" by the sin of man. For this reason, the fact of justice closer to God's plan for human existence. However, man is not "damned". Having failed to meet a single requirement (to cultivate the garden), it is restricted by a multitude of mitzvot aiming to increase its merit ( Babylonian Talmud , treated Makkot ). Finally, as the midrash , the women were redeemed from their sin by refusing to participate in building the golden calf.
God cursed perpetual hatred between the serpent, the woman and their offspring, the snake is found legless sentenced to bite the dust, the man finds himself having to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow, the woman to give birth in the work, above all, they are condemned to death and expelled from Gan Eden, two cherubs keep their flaming sword.
However, it is only then that Adam his wife Eve.
Adam knew Eve (before their expulsion, according to Rashi) that gives two son, Cain and Abel. The verses are in a chiastic structure : Cain is a farmer, Abel is a shepherd, Abel's sacrifice to the LORD is approved, unlike that of Cain. It conceives of resentment, and despite the warning of God against sin that lurks at the door, Cain kills Abel and buried. The first murder was a fratricide.
Like his father, Cain is apparently addressed "innocently" by God, who condemns him to wander the land of wandering (the " land of Nod "), east of Eden. God the mark to protect him from any aggressor.
Note: These stories also appear in the Koran (see Similarities between the Bible and the Koran ).
From Adam to Noah
Cain, the first son of Adam, built the first city known in the Bible, and called Enoch , like his son ( Gen 4. 17 ). One of his descendants, Lamech takes two wives ( Gen 4. 19 ) and child Jabal (Yaval - the "father" of those living in tents; Gen 4. 20 ), Jubal (Yuval - the "father "musicians, ( Gen 4. 21 ) and Tubal-Cain (Cain Touval - the "father" of workers copper and iron ( Gen. 4-22 ). These descendants of Cain know nothing of God ( Gen 4. 16 ).
Another son was born to Adam, Seth , in the image and likeness of God ( Gen. 4. 25-26 ). The tenth is Noah ( Gen. 5. 1-29 ). Adam and Eve will have other son and daughters ( Gen 5. 4 ), probably because unnamed disappeared without trace during the Flood. Like most antediluvian characters whose age is given, the longevity of Adam is great: 930 years ( Gen. 5. 5 ).
Chapter 5 gives the genealogy from Adam to Noah.
Noah and the Flood
The sixth chapter of Genesis, a real introduction to the story of Noah , is one of the most cryptic of the Bible.
Humanity begins to multiply. Come Bnei Elohim, who are united with the daughters of man. God reduced the days of man to 120 years (all those above this Order is an exceptional longevity). Appear likely from these unions, the Nephilim.
Then leaning on His creation, God sees it filled with violence and hatred, because of the creatures on Earth. God decides to cleanse the world with a flood and start over.
Two readings are possible in this chapter:
- the first taken from the Book of Enoch Bnei Elohim bed with a capital letter: the son of God, angels, led by Shemhazai and Asahel, corrupt in their angelic nature, as devices become, resulting in the Nephilim, ambiguous beings, "hero" of " reputation ", may be identifiable that the Greek myths called" demi-gods. "Nephilim mean so Nophlim ouMapilim (which did churent and fall of humanity with them).
- the second, derived from Wise , bed with a tiny Bnei Elohim: son of leaders, community leaders or perhaps the son of Seth , as it is said that he was done, like his father Adam, the image 'Elohim. Men who have returned to God after the Fall would have been the son for wives of men who were, at best, in rebellion against God.
Their descendants would be a much lower level, would have "dropped" from that of their ancestors, hence the name Nephilim. Without real spiritual guide, the Earth would be full of evil, where the divine decision.
Anyway, a man named Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD, who decides to spare his family ( Gen 6. 9 ). God ordered him to build a great ark that Noah did. Taking his family and a couple of each species and volatile land, he closes the doors of the ark so that God will open simultaneously all cataracts celestial and terrestrial sources. The ensuing onslaught erases all traces of life on Earth (without touching the water creatures) except for residents of the ark.
When the water level drops, the family left the ark Noachide. God made a covenant with Noah and his descendants, that is to say all humanity.
Noah plants a vineyard ( Gen. 9. 20 ). When, in a fit of intoxication, it is shamefully treated by his son Ham , he curses in the person of his son Canaan , while Shem and Japheth are blessed.
Although either Japheth the elder, the Bible cites most often in that order, indicating by biblisme critical it is written from a perspective Semite, who values his ancestors and denigrate those of others.
Chapter 10 lists the people from the three son of Noah, Shem, Ham and Japheth Abram and Sarai Terah , living Ur Kasdim has three son, Abram, Nahor and Haran. The latter died before his father and a son, Lot. Nahor is married to Milcah, and Abram to Sarai, who has no children. God commands Abram to leave his house, his city, his country. Abram obeys, emigrating to the land of Canaan. There God appears to him, and promised that the country will become the property of his countless descendants. When there is a famine, Abram is forced to travel to Egypt. The king of Egypt takes possession of the beautiful Sarai (Abram presented his sister to save his life and is yet his half-sister). God sends disease to the king, whom he recognizes as a divine sign, the king makes to Abram, Sarai, and many riches and a large herd. Returning to Canaan, Abram separates from Lot so as to cut short the arguments of pasture. Lot chose to go to Sodom in the Jordan Valley. God again appears to Abram and promises him all over the country. During the wars between the kingdoms of Amraphel king of Cinar and Bera king of Sodom, and their respective allies, Lot is taken captive. Suddenly mutating into military chief Condottieri similar to the letter before, Abram pursues the victors with his men in arms. Returning with great fanfare after rescuing Lot and his clan, Abram is met by Melchizedek , king of Salem (Jerusalem) and high priest of the Supreme God (that is to say God, but under a name that may lead to ambiguity with a henotheism ). After this exploit God again appears to Abram and promises him his protection, a rich reward and a large family. That offspring will spend four hundred years in servitude in a country "that is not theirs", but after God judged their oppressors, they will leave the country of their affliction, and the fourth generation back in the land of Canaan. Sarah had no children to Abraham, she gives him, probably by use of a custom at the time, her Egyptian handmaid, Hagar , as a concubine. God appears to Abraham at Mamre, sending three angels (that is to say, "mandated"), Abraham receives hospitably. They announce the arrival of a son of Sarah within the year, when they are already almost a century old. Abraham also hears that God's messengers are tasked to execute Judgement upon the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah , whose "sin is enormous." He then tries to intercede for sinners, for the righteous who would be in the city, haggling with God to bring down their numbers (necessary to save the city) from 50 to 10. Two of the authorized travel to Sodom, where they were hospitably received by Lot. This causes the wrath of the inhabitants of Sodom, Lot kill lacking when it tries to intervene, offering his two daughters to their sexual appetites. Showing that they deserved their fate, Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed by a rain of fire and brimstone. Only Lot and his two daughters have survived. His wife, having returned, became a pillar of salt. Its fine son took it for a joker. Finding themselves without men for miles around, the two daughters of Lot, the make drunk and unite with him. The fruit of that incest is Moab and Ammon , who founded powerful kingdoms. The wanderings of Abraham then lead to Gerar, the land of King Abimelekh. Abraham y again represents his wife as his sister Abimelekh, who wishes to possess before releasing, warned by God. The stories of Lot, Sodom and Gomorrah also appear in the Koran. However, the latter, whereas as a prophet Lut minor, challenges the narratives by which he offered his daughters to "feed" the crowd and would have had incestuous relations with them (See Similarities between the Bible and the Koran ). The long-awaited heir was born, and received the name " Isaac "(Yitzhak:" He laughs "in Hebrew). According to biblical scholars for the veracity of the Bible, this would be an important index of dating confirms its historicity, because it was customary to hunt the servants at will at any time, including those of the editors assumed of the Bible according to the proponents of the Deuteronomistic history , except when it is generally the history of the patriarchs . During the banquet hosted in honor of the birth of Isaac, Abraham established a covenant with Abimelekh, which gives it the right sink Beer-Sheva (Beersheba). These stories also appear in the Koran (see Similarities between the Bible and the Koran ). So Abraham seems to enjoy all the blessings that the Lord has promised, including the future of his son, God subjected to the greatest test of faith, asking Isaac in sacrifice. Abraham and apparently he, Isaac, to comply. Indeed, Isaac, in the prime of life, and able to stop his father, an old man does not see when there is no sacrificial animal, nor even when his father bound on the altar. God intervenes by sending an angel when Abraham lowers his knife, promising to Abraham innumerable descendants. A ram is sacrificed instead. At Sarah's death at the age of 127 years, Abraham acquired for 400 shekels the vault Machpela into a family tomb. It then sends Eliezer , his most faithful servant, a Damascene, the residence of Nahor, to be with his family a wife for Isaac, it beats Bethouel Rebecca, the granddaughter of Nahor, which is chosen. Other children born to Abraham of another wife, Ketourah among the descendants of which include the Midianites , and he dies, blessed in all, at an advanced age. Note: the story of the sacrifice also appears in the Koran. Although the identity of Abraham's son is not explicitly stated, the Muslims believe it was not Isaac but Ishmael. (See Similarities between the Bible and the Koran ). After twenty years of marriage with Rebecca, it gives twins Isaac: Esau , who becomes the hunter, preferred to Isaac, and Jacob (Ya'akov "it will"), who becomes a man living in tents, Rebecca's favorite. Jacob buys one day the birthright of Esau for a mess of pottage, Esau, but sated once deny his word, regardless of this business, God appears to Isaac and his repeated promises to Abraham. His wife, whom he introduces as his sister, is coveted by the Philistines, but King Abimelekh, son of the former prevents the disaster itself. Despite the hostility of the people Abimelekh, Isaac prospers in all his undertakings in this country, especially in the digging of wells. God is still in Beersheva, encourages and promises of blessings and a large family. Abimelekh Abimelekh son of Isaac and Abraham's son contracted an alliance in the same place as their fathers. Much to the chagrin of his parents, wife of Esau Canaanites. Over time, Isaac became blind. Feeling his end approaching, he wants to bless his son Esau. Rebecca then persuaded Jacob to Esau grime using wool, and replace his brother's blessing. Isaac then this strange sentence (Genesis 27:22): "The voice is the voice of Jacob but the hands are the hands of Esau." Has he seen the subterfuge? Still, that Jacob obtained his father's blessing and, to escape the vengeance of his brother, to take refuge in his family to Haran, charged by Isaac a wife to be there. It also acquires a significant wealth in herds and men. Exceeded maneuvers Laban, Jacob leaves with his family and his family without warning. God appears to him, and Laban. They are reconciled. Upon returning to Canaan , Jacob crosses the lands of Seir, the domain of his brother Esau , he fears to meet, having deprived of a blessing. Jacob then divides his flock and his people into two camps, then imploring the God of his fathers to rescue them from the hand of Esau. He crossed the Jordan River to one of the camps at night, urging them to appease Esau, and to indicate that he is behind. The meeting with Esau proves pleasant, and the two brothers leave reconciled. Jacob set up its tents at Shechem. Prince Shechem himself falls in love with Dinah and removed. Desiring to establish a covenant with Jacob, he convinces Shechemites to circumcise. On the third day of recovery, all are killed by Simeon and Levi, what will be widely criticized by Jacob. God appears to Jacob, urging him to come to Beit El to honor Rachel dies in childbirth on the way of the pilgrimage after giving Jacob his last, Benjamin. Joseph , the favorite son of Jacob, is envied and hated by his brothers whom he often shared his dreams, announcing his future descent upon them. At the instigation of Judah , he is secretly sold to a caravan of Ishmaelites on their way to stores the Egypt. Then his brothers tell their father that Joseph had been devoured by some wild beast. Joseph is sold as a slave to Potiphar, one of the officers of Pharaoh. He won the confidence of his master, but when the wife of one, could not seduce him, accuses him falsely of sexual violence, he is thrown in prison (Gen. chap. 39). The famine predicted arises until Canaan, Jacob sent his son so to draw granaries of Egypt. The brothers appear before Joseph, who immediately recognizes, but does not recognize them. He accuses them of spying, questioned, then, having "learned" that the 10 brothers were younger, the search returns Benjamin and guard Simeon hostage. Jacob felt his death approaching, his son Joseph and request, blesses Ephraim and Manasseh (see above) among its own children. He then calls his son to his bedside and blessed them, actually revealing their future, and distributing blessings and criticisms, particularly in respect of Reuben, Simeon and Levi (Ch. 49). Joseph lived long enough to know her great-grandchildren, and exhorts his brethren, when God will remember them and will be brought out of Egypt, to take his bones with them. 
Abram and Melchizedek
Melchizedek blesses Abram, who gives a tithe on his war booty before making it fully to the Sodomites. Hagar and Ishmael
A son born of this union, named Ishmael.
God appeared again to Abram, contracting with him a personal covenant guaranteeing its future, promising him a numerous offspring (hence the name change, Abram, "powerful father", in Abraham , "father of many" ). Sarai is now known as Sarah. The circumcision is established for all members of the house of Abraham, eternal sign of the covenant. Sodom and Gomorrah
The birth of Isaac
Seeing one day Ismael "laugh" with Isaac (as scholars of Judaism , that means at best "laugh", but more often "laugh by inflicting injury"), Sarah insists that he does not inherit with Isaac and he gets Abraham hunting with his mother Hagar, Abraham realized that grudgingly. They too are promised a great future, although violent. Ishmael is indeed a "wild ass" who will raise his hand against those who will lift a hand against him.
Although both the father of the faithful son, Ishmael is the son of "Abram", while Isaac is the son of "Abraham". To each his blessing and his future.
For biblical criticism, "Beersheba" is one of the doublets or triplets most egregious of the Bible, revealing the juxtaposition of several traditions of the Editor (R) could not decide.
For believers, this is the confirmation of a perpetual right of which acquisition is usually monetary, and used by many nomadic pastoralists of passage. The near-sacrifice of Isaac
According to the Sages of the Midrash , their trials are similar to those experienced by Job , and Satan intervenes repeatedly to try their faith, not by promises but pointed to Abraham's "madness" and Isaac his strength. 
Esau and Jacob
On the way to Haran, a place called Luz by the Canaanites, God appears to Jacob in a dream, promising him protection, assistance, blessing and numerous descendants, like their fathers. Jacob erected an altar upon waking in this place, he called Beit El. Arrived at Haran, Jacob hires out his services to Laban , his maternal uncle. Fell in love with Rachel , the youngest daughter of Laban, he must provide seven years of hard work to receive his hand. However, claiming that the elder must be married before the younger, Laban gave him his daughter Leah , in marriage, Jacob is forced to work seven more years, plus six years to build up a herd. Meanwhile, there will be eleven son and a daughter: Jacob wrestling with God
It instructs envoys to send to her brother, but they come back telling him that Esau comes to meet him at the head of 400 men.
He then passed his two wives, two maids and his eleven children.
Left alone, he fights with a "man" until dawn, this "man" dismissing her hip just by touching the sciatic nerve. Retained by Jacob to bless the press, the "man" asked his name, and told him that his name will now Israel , because "you fought with God and men, and hast prevailed" (Gen 32:28). Refusing to give his name to Jacob, blessed him (some rabbinic commentators believe Israel was the name of the man himself).
Jacob called the place Peniel, "for I saw God in the face, and my life is saved (Gen. 32:31). Joseph the dreamer
In prison, Joseph won the favor of the jailer, and is found in the cell of two notables of Pharaoh's baker and his butler. It correctly interprets their dreams, but not released until two years later, when the butler will "remember" well opportunely the oniromancien able to decrypt the troubling dreams of Pharaoh, that person could not interpret.
Explaining that these dreams announce seven years of famine after seven years of plenty, and suggesting to make consequential provisions, Joseph was immediately appointed second in the kingdom? He married Asenath , daughter of the priest Poti-pherah, whom he has two son, Manasseh and Ephraim / A> (Cap. 41. However, when they will be blessed by their grandfather, Israel, Ephraim will be the right hand, reserved for the eldest - Ch. 48).
Income, they are accused of theft by Joseph, who has quietly been putting a silver cup in Benjamin's sack, and wants to keep as a slave in "punishment" for this "theft".
When Judah approached and offered a slave, Joseph drops the mask, forgives his brothers, and brought his entire family in Egypt, 66 people, plus himself, his wife and children, what makes a total of 70.
Pharaoh receives them kindly, and assigns the land of Goshen (chap. 46-47).
Jacob died and was solemnly buried in the vault of Machpela.
The Book of Genesis concludes by saying that the remains of Joseph were placed in a coffin in Egypt. This burial is of course temporary, given the promise of maturing: the bones are buried at Shechem , on land already owned by the family of Israel (Joshua 24:32). References
See also
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