Academy Of Sciences (France)
The Academy of Sciences, called the at its creation, is one of five academies grouped within the Institut de France.
It brings together French scholars and associates of foreign scholars chosen each other and among the most prominent. It encourages and protects the spirit of research, and contributes to the progress of science and its applications.
Summary |
The beginnings of the Academy
The Academy of Sciences, telling her own story, written The Academy during the Revolution The Revolution put a strain on the Academy. Despite his attempt to stay away from political debate, the academy was trained to communicate frequently with the National Assembly and then with the National Convention . When she was responsible for preparing the elements of the overall reform of weights and measures , she immediately appointed five committees to achieve: Cassini , Mchain and Legendre dealing with astronomical measurements; Meusnier and Monge were responsible for measuring the ground bases with rigorous precision Borda and Coulomb studied the length of the seconds pendulum; Lavoisier and Hay determined the weight of distilled water; Tillet , Brisson and Vandermonde , drew the intricate network of ancient measures. On many secondary issues, the Academy sought to avoid the embarrassment caused to her consultations that she asked, expressing the desire to have more to give its opinion on the benefits that individuals or cities demanding the government . Accessed data on the burning issue of food in times of rebellion, she is hiding behind the results previously acquired . Consulted on gears of war, it argued its peacekeeping mission . During this period of political prudence she avoided giving a handle to declamations of clubs. However, the 11 August 1792 , the day after the capture of the Tuileries , the chemist Antoine-Franois Fourcroy stood up and asked us to read the list of scholars to conduct radiation . The proposal was rejected, but a week later, he reiterated, noting that the Medical Society had removed several of its members emigrated or well convinced of antisocial behavior and asking the same treatment . He was told that "the Academy shall not take cognizance of the principles of its members or their political views, the progress of science is his sole occupation." Fourcroy then demanded the implementation of the Regulation to exclude members who are absent more than two months without leave. The decision was postponed to eight days after discussion. At the next session, the surveyor Cousin remarked that the Academy had a tradition of relying on the Minister of all measures not related to the advancement of science "surprised
This position delayed the Academy was also that of other academies, the French Academy, the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres, academies of painting and music, all of which were threatened. A first decree of the Convention suspended the appointment to vacancies in the Academy 18 November 1792. Lakanal , who defended the committee of public instruction the interests of the Academy, he hoped he could prevent ruin. On his proposal , the 17 May 1793 , a new decree allowed temporarily fill vacant seats of academics, but soon the final dissolution was issued on 8 August 1793.
Lakanal tried to mitigate the effects of this measure by deciding that its members would have the right to assemble without official title in the usual place of their meetings to address the various objects that they would be brought under the Convention . Academics, however did not deem it prudent to take this kind of tolerance and dispersed to search for the most part, to be forgotten . Every attempt failed and more than one was hit in his retreat by the revolutionary courts, but some, including Berthollet , remained in connection with the Committee of Public hello , to maintain the rights of science.
Two years later, on 22 August 1795 , has established a National Institute of Science and Arts with the earlier academies, literary and artistic works. The first class of the Institut (Physical and Mathematical Sciences) was the largest (66 members out of 144). In 1805 , the National Institute of Sciences and Arts is moving to the former College des Quatre Nations , now known as the Palace of the Institute.
The modern academy
In 1816 , the Academy of Sciences found its autonomy within the Institut de France reformed, the head of state is its protector. A significant shift occurs in 1835 : under the influence of Francois Arago , appear the first issues of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , which became a major instrument for disseminating the work of French and foreign scientists .
In the early twentieth century , the Academy is experiencing a relative decline in activity and influence, for reasons already begun demographic. Facing the rapid development of scientific research in France, the Academy, to remain faithful to his vocation, had to adapt its structures and missions. A profound reform of its statutes was committed on its members and its missions. The first part of this reform, approved by Decree of 2 May 2002 , has elected 26 new members. The second part of the reform was approved by the Decree of 31 January 2003 .
The Law Programme for Research No. 2006-450 dated April 18, 2006 due to the Academy of Sciences, a public law entity with special status.
The tasks of the Academy of Sciences (from the bylaws)
The Academy of Sciences, independent and sustainable, through the exercise of its statutory bodies, services, committees and foundations, the various tasks entrusted to:
Article 1
The Academy of Sciences Institute of France brings together French scholars and associates of foreign scholars chosen each other and among the most prominent.
Article 2
- It encourages and protects the spirit of research, and contributes to the advancement of science and its applications;
- It ensures the quality of teaching and to ensure that the achievements of scientific development are integrated into the culture of the people of our time;
- She is careful to maintain the role and quality of French scientific language.
Article 3
The Academy of Sciences participates in scientific life and supports it,
- by the rapid publication in the scientific series of his reports, short notes selected and controlled for the first time announcing a significant result;
- the presentation, especially during public meetings, his original work or review articles;
- by awarding prizes and grants to researchers and authors as it deems appropriate to encourage or reward;
- by the competition for research on specific topics;
- by organizing seminars, preferably on multidisciplinary topics, in cooperation or not with other classes of the Institute or other academies of sciences;
- by retention in the archives, documents illuminating the history and progress of scientific thought and sealed envelopes that can be used to establish the priority of a discovery.
Article 4
The Academy of Science contributes to the development of international scientific relations and representation of French science,
- maintaining constant links with other scientific communities with foreign partners;
- establishing with the science academies of foreign relations that could result in agreements on cooperation and exchange;
- ensuring the representation of France in the International Scientific Unions in the International Council of Scientific Unions, and more generally in other international organizations, government, and trying to get this government, means worthy of the country.
Article 5
The Academy of Science maintains a constant vigilance and a reflection on the organization of research, research training and science education, applications of science on policy programs, and more generally on all issues relevant to the scientific life
- by designating, when called upon, some of its members to represent it on the boards or committees;
- by advice she gives to the request of a Minister on appointments in large establishments;
- by the studies it is undertaking on its own initiative or at the request of national governments or regional studies leading to the publication of reports possibly intended for wide distribution;
- by providing recommendations, vows and suggestions on issues of national interest, possibly accompanied by the necessary steps to assert the merits.
Publication of the Academy of Sciences
Since 1835 and under the leadership of the astronomer Francois Arago , the Academy of Sciences publishes a journal for a long time in the French language (articles written in English are now accepted), the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences or CRAS. The published texts are usually relatively short , in the form of communications to the institution. Unlike its American counterpart, the National Academy of Sciences , which publishes a journal of very high international level, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), the CRAS currently have very little scientific recognition and international visibility , partly because of their publication in French.
Archives of the Academy
The Academy of Science has always been careful to preserve his memory. But it was not until the years 1880 to see the works - and for earlier periods, to recover - the collections can boast. Funds dating for some, the creation of the Academy are kept in the Archives:
- minutes of meetings, the oldest of which date from 1666 and which continued until long after our time;
- many submissions, reports, letters, manuscripts of all kinds, read or presented at meetings and gathered into folders, called pockets of meetings, arranged chronologically;
- biographical files that concern all scholars who belonged to the Academy since its inception. They include manuscripts, documents and iconographic documentation;
- record prices. The mission of awards occurred in 1720. Prices have subsequently been established by many donors;
- Hoard, a procedure dating back to the eighteenth century that allows authors to ensure their rights with regard to anticipation of a discovery;
- Papers of Committees and Commissions, created the Academy to study scientific questions or to provide administrative responsibilities;
- a large collection of personal archives. One of the most remarkable fund is that of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier whose papers are a major source for historians of chemistry and for historians of political and economic life of the eighteenth century. Other funds are equally prestigious Pierre Louis Maupertuis , Rene-Antoine Reaumur Ferchault , Andre-Marie Ampere , Gilles Personne de Roberval , Jean-Baptiste Dumas. Came to join them from the archives of contemporary scientists such as Pierre Duhem , Louis de Broglie , Elie Cartan , Henry Le Chatelier , Emile Borel , Andr Weil , Louis Neel.
Archives of the Academy also retain printed sources, such as the various collections of the Royal Academy of Sciences, the collection of Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences , created in 1835 , digitized by the Bibliothque nationale de France , as well as a large collection of portraits, busts, medals and medallions, often signed by great artists.
The Notes Committee, established in 1948 and reorganized in 1980 , is responsible for publishing the correspondence of Lavoisier in response to the publication of the works of Lavoisier carried out 1862 to 1896. Volume VI ( one thousand seven hundred eighty-nine - one thousand seven hundred ninety-one ) was published in 1997. A computerized database, Panopticon, presented the general catalog of papers Notes.
Members of the Academy of Sciences
The Academy of Sciences is composed of Members, Associates and Foreign Correspondents. Members are divided into sections, but there are two divisions (First Division: mathematics, physics and applications; Second Division: Chemical Sciences, natural, biological and medical applications), each having its own permanent secretary. There are more intersection of science applications.
Alain Carpentier succeeds John Salenon President of the Academy of Sciences in 2011. Philippe Taquet was elected Vice-President .
- Current list of members and foreign associates in December 2009
A: Serge Abiteboul ~ Anatole Abragam ~ Yves Agid ~ Claude Allegre ~ Christian Amatore ~ Sebastian Amigorena ~ Roy Anderson ~ Duilio Arigoni ~ Alain Aspect ~ Sir Michael Atiyah ~ Jean Aubouin ~ Pierre Auger
B: Franois Baccelli ~ Jean-Francois Bach ~ George Backus ~ Roger Balian ~ John Ball ~ David Baltimore ~ Beatriz Barbuy ~ Edouard Bard ~ Francoise Barre-Sinoussi ~ Jean-Marie Basset ~ Etienne-Emile Baulieu ~ Pierre Baux ~ Klaus Bechgaard ~ Jean Paul Behr ~ Alim-Louis Benabid ~ Alain Bensoussan ~ Paul Berg ~ Andre Berger ~ Claude Berrou ~ Gerard Berry ~ Alain Berthoz ~ Guy Bertrand ~ Mustapha Besbes ~ Giovanni Bignami ~ Jean-Michel Bismut ~ Jacques Blamont ~ Rene Blanchet ~ Nicolaas Bloembergen ~ Joel Bockaert ~ Enrico Bombieri ~ Jean-Louis Bonnemain ~ Jean-Michel Bony ~ Armand Borel ~ Christian Bordered ~ Helene Bouchiat ~ Marie-Anne Bouchiat ~ Jean Bourgain ~ Peter Braunstein ~ Yves Brchet ~ Brchignac ~ Sydney Brenner ~ Edouard Brezin ~ Haim Brezis ~ Margaret Buckingham ~ Huy Duong Bui ~ Pierre Buser
C: Henri Cabannes ~ Michel Caboche ~ Andr Capron ~ Lennart Carleson ~ Curtis Callan ~ Edgardo D. Carosella ~ Alain Carpentier ~ Bernard Castaing ~ Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza ~ Anny Cazenave ~ Catherine Cesarsky ~ William Chaloner ~ Pierre Chambon ~ Jean-Pierre Changeux ~ Patrick Charnay ~ Georges Charpak ~ Bruno Chaudret ~ Yves Chauvin ~ Zhu Chen ~ Daniel Choquet ~ Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat ~ Joanne Chory ~ Umberto Cordani ~ Philippe Ciarlet ~ Claude Cohen-Tannoudji ~ Claude Combes ~ Francoise Combes ~ Alain Connes ~ Yves Coppens ~ Robert Corriu ~ Riccardo Cortese ~ Pierre Corvol ~ Suzanne Cory ~ Pascale Cossart ~ George Court ~ Vincent Courtillot ~ Franois Cuzin
D: Jean Dalibard ~ Thibault Damour ~ Ingrid Daubechies ~ Robert Dautray ~ Michel Davier ~ Henri Decamps ~ Stanislas Dehaene ~ Paul Deheuvels ~ Anne Dejean-Assmat ~ Pierre Deligne ~ Jean-Pierre Demailly ~ Jean Dnari ~ Jean-Franois Denisse ~ Derek Denton ~ Jean-Michel Dercourt ~ Bernard Derrida ~ Peter Dervan ~ Pierre Deslongchamps ~ Michel Devoret ~ David Donoho ~ Simon Donaldson ~ Roland Sweet ~ Ann Patricia Dowling ~ Vladimir Drinfeld ~ Denis Duboule ~ Bernard Dujon ~ Catherine Dulac ~ Christian Dumas ~ Henri Duranton ~ Christian de Duve ~ Freeman Dyson
E: Thomas Ebbesen ~ Gerald Edelman ~ Stuart Edelstein ~ Sir Samuel Frederick Edwards ~ Jean-Marc Egly ~ Manfred Eigen ~ Pierre Encrenaz ~ Anne Ephrussi ~ Daniel Esteve
F: Ludwig Faddeev ~ Anne Fagot-Largeault ~ Olivier Faugeras ~ Gerard Frey ~ Albert Fert ~ Mathias Fink ~ Alain Fischer ~ Philippe Flajolet ~ Patrick Flandrin ~ a href = "Jean-Marc_Fontaine" class = "new" title = "Jean-Marc Fontaine (non-existent page)"> John Marc Fontaine ~ Maurice Fountain ~ Marc Fontecave ~ Jacques Friedel ~ Uriel Frisch
G: Antonio Garcia-Bellido ~ Susan Gasser ~ Walter Gehring ~ Reinhard Genzel ~ Etienne Ghys ~ Jacques Glowinski ~ Roland Glowinski ~ Andr Goffeau ~ Marcel Golay ~ Maurice Goldman ~ John Goodenough ~ Howard Green ~ Norman Greenwood ~ Gromov ~ Franois Gros ~ Marianne Grunberg-Manago ~ Jean-Pierre Grnfeld ~ Leonard Guarente ~ Robert Guillaumont ~ Roger Guillemin ~ John Gurdon
H: Erwin Hahn ~ Michel Haissaguerre ~ Theodor Hansch ~ Haroche ~ Heisuke Hironaka ~ Friedrich Hirzebruch ~ Jules Hoffmann ~ Gerard 't Hooft ~ Patrick Huerre ~ Gerard Huet
I: Jean Iliopoulos ~ Alain Israel ~ Masao Ito
J: Franois Jacob ~ Andre Jaumotte ~ Claude Jaupart ~ Marc Jeannerod ~ Denis Jrome ~ Pierre Joliot ~ Michel Jouvet
K: Fotis Kafatos ~ Henri Kagan ~ Jean-Pierre Kahane ~ Rudolf Kalman ~ Eric Kandel ~ Daniel Kaplan ~ Pierre Karli ~ Richard Karp ~ Masaki Kashiwara ~ Sergiu Klainerman ~ Mary-Claire King ~ Daniel Kleppner ~ Aaron Klug ~ Paul Knochel ~ Donald Knuth ~ Maxim Kontsevich ~ Henri Korn ~ Vladimir Kotlyakov ~ Philippe Kourilsky ~ Jean Kovalevsky
L: Antoine Labeyrie ~ Laurent Lafforgue ~ Jean-Yves Lallemand ~ Kurt Lambeck ~ Yves Laporte ~ Jacques Laskar ~ Gerard Laumon ~ Guy Laval ~ Peter Lax ~ Michel Lazdunski ~ Guy Lazorthes ~ Gilles Lebeau ~ Denis Le Bihan ~ Jean-Baptiste Leblond ~ Jean -Dominique Lebreton ~ Nicole Le Douarin ~ Gerard Le Fur ~ Jean-Marie Lehn ~ Pierre Lelong ~ Yvon Le Maho ~ Michel Le Moal ~ Jean-Louis Le Moul ~ Pierre Lena ~ Jean-Bernard Le Pecq ~ Xavier Le Pichon ~ Henry Lridon ~ Marcel Lesieur ~ Herve Le Treut ~ Levi ~ Rita Levi-Montalcini ~ Ta-Tsien Li ~ Albert Libchaber ~ Amable Linan ~ Pierre-Louis Lions ~ Jacques Livage ~ Rodolfo Llinas ~ Claude Lorius ~ Daniel Louvard ~ Jacques Lucas ~ William Lucas ~ Henry Lumley-Woodyear
M: Odile Macchi ~ Bernard Mach ~ Bernard Malgrange ~ Bernard Malissen ~ Jean-Louis Mandel ~ Yuri Manin ~ Daniel Mansuy ~ Robert Marshall ~ de Marsily ~ Goury Marchuk ~ Mathey ~ Michel Mayor ~ Marcel Mchali ~ Matthew Meselson ~ Bernard Meunier ~ Dominique Meyer ~ Yves Meyer ~ Elliot Meyerowitz ~ Jan Michalski ~ Keith Moffatt ~ Luc Montagnier ~ Dino Moras ~ Rene Moreau ~ William Morgan ~ Leonard Mortenson ~ Vernon Mountcastle ~ Teruaki Mukaiyama ~ Arnold Munnich ~ James Murray
N: Miguel Nicolelis ~ Louis Nirenberg ~ Jean Normant ~ Gustav Nossal ~ Philippe Nozieres ~ Christiane Nsslein-Volhard
O: Satoshi Omura ~ Luis Antonio Oro ~ Gerard Orth ~ Ernst Otten ~ Paul Ozenda
P: Jacob Palis ~ Giorgio Parisi ~ Lucio Patern ~ Eva Pebay-Peyroula ~ Jean-Claude Pecker ~ Georges Pelletier ~ Christine Petit ~ Richard Peto ~ Emilio Picasso ~ Charles Pilet ~ Olivier Pironneau ~ Gilles Pisier ~ Jean-Paul Poirier ~ Alexander Polyakov ~ Yves Pomeau ~ Pierre Potier ~ Michel Pouchard ~ Robert Pound ~ Jacques Pouyssgur ~ Frank Press ~ Alain Prochiantz ~ Jacques Prost ~ Jean-Loup Puget
Q: Yves Qur
A: Michael Rabin ~ Miroslav Radman ~ Tiruppatur Ramakrishnan ~ Jean-Pierre Ramis ~ Norman Ramsey ~ Chintamani Rao ~ Andr Rassat ~ Auguste Rateau ~ Bernard Raveau ~ Felix Rey ~ James Rice ~ Alexander Rich ~ Rex Richards ~ Daniel Ricquier ~ Giacomo Rizzolatti ~ Herbert Roesky ~ Michel Rohmer ~ Bernard Roques ~ John Rosa ~ Maurice Reed ~ Jean Rossier ~ Daniel Rouan ~ Didier Roux ~ David Ruelle
S: David Sabatini ~ Jos-Alain Sahel ~ Jean Salenon ~ Bengt Samuelsson ~ Evariste Sanchez-Palencia ~ Frederick Sanger ~ Philippe Sansonetti ~ Philippe Sautet ~ Jean-Pierre Sauvage ~ Jean-Michel Savant ~ Jean-Charles Schwartz ~ Eugen Seibold ~ Michael Sela ~ Andr Sentenac ~ Jean-Pierre Serre ~ Arndt Simon ~ Pierre Sinay ~ Ionel Solomon ~ Susan Solomon ~ Christophe Soul ~ Nils Stenseth ~ Gilbert Stork ~ Pierre Suquet
T: Michel Talagrand ~ Paul Tapponnier ~ Philippe Taquet ~ Jean-Marie Tarascon ~ Andrzej Tarkowski ~ John Tate ~ Valentine Teledgi ~ Roger Temam ~ Michel Thellier ~ Pierre Tiollais ~ Bernard Tissot ~ Jacques Tits ~ Maurice Tubiana
V: Constantin Vago ~ Alain-Jacques Valleron ~ Gabriele Veneziano ~ Michele Vergne ~ Jacques Villain ~ Jean-Didier Vincent ~ Claire Voisin
W: Wang Zhen-Yi ~ Michael Waterman ~ Robert Weinberg ~ Jean Weissenbach ~ Wendelin Werner ~ Andrew Wiles ~ John Willis ~ George Whitesides ~ Edward Witten ~ Lodewijk Woltjer ~ Kurt Wthrich
Y: Magdi Yacoub ~ Moshe Yaniv ~ Jean-Christophe Yoccoz ~ Marc Yor
Z: Andr Zaoui ~ Anton Zeilinger ~ Meinhardt Zenk ~ Ahmed Zewail
Role of women
The first match of the Academy of Sciences was Marguerite Perey in 1962 was elected the first member Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat in 1979. The Academy refused especially Emilie du Chatelet (d. 1749) and Marie Curie (despite his Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903).
Awards and medals
The Academy of Sciences establishes the beginning each academic year a list of awards and medals to be issued Grand Medal Great Medal of the Academy of Sciences The Grand Prix
Prices thematic
The international prices
References
Sources
See also
Bibliography
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