Abrahamic Religion
The term refers primarily to the Abrahamic religion Judaism , the Christianity and Islam , whose writings, that is to say, the Bible and the Koran , evoke the figure of Abraham.
Abrahamic religions have gradually developed over a geographical area between Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia and Arabia. The kinship between these religions are based primarily on those of their scriptures and traditions. Christianity has retained the Tanakh Jewish he completed the New Testament. In Islam, the Quran supersedes all previous records. However it contains some elements of the records and Judaic and Christian traditions, including the figure of Abraham. The kinship between Judaism, Christianity and Islam see themselves as in the development of their philosophical traditions that have influenced each other throughout history. Thus, authors such that Augustine of Hippo , Anselm , Avicenna , Averroes , Maimonides , Thomas Aquinas , Spinoza , etc.. have in common to be part of a philosophical and religious world have preserved, transmitted and developed the philosophy of ancient Greece. Among Jewish writers, Christians and Muslims, the influences were not adopted by the barrier confessions .
Currently, cultures and religions of 3.5 billion people are seen principally in what is referred to as Abrahamic religions.
Summary |
In Islamic studies to the study of religions
In the years 1970-1980 have increased efforts to investigate or present with the Judaism , the Christianity and Islam. This relatively new way to approach the Judeo-Christian traditions and Islam appears in the historical context of decolonization and the intensification of Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The first initiatives of this kind of Islamic scholars are signed, such as Henry Corbin (1903-1978), Roger Arnaldez (1911-2006) or Denise Masson (1901-1994), whose works had been seen and acclaimed on both sides of Mediterranean. Following Louis Massignon (1883-1962), they were part of a community of Catholic intellectuals who are committed to a better understanding and mutual respect between Christians and Muslims . It is in their writings that we begin to speak of "religions of the book" or "Abrahamic religions" to address what was then considered as "monotheistic religions."
In the 1970s, a group of academics called the "University St. John of Jerusalem" and devoted to research on the "religions of the book" had been created at the initiative of Henry Corbin. The same Henry Corbin then participated in the creation of the Centre for the Study of Religions of the Book at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.
In 1983, Roger Arnaldez posted three messages to one God. The same year, Denise Martinez made it also shows the number three in the title of his book: The three lanes of the single. . She insisted in this book on the commonalities of revelations, including the figure of Abraham . This view of the three monotheistic religions from the phrase "religion of Abraham" or "religion of the book" from Islam rapidly exceeds the work of Islamic scholars and grows in publication of Christian theology. In 1987, the Protestant theologian Gerard Siegwalt offered to talk of "three Abrahamic religions" in the sense that the three monotheistic religions would entail a normative reference to the faith of Abraham. The same year the collection was launched Son Abraham through the center of biblical study of the Benedictine Abbey of Maredsous Belgium. The introductory volume of this collection bears the title "Son of Abraham. Panorama of Jewish, Christian and Muslim. The term "Abrahamic religion" becomes very frequent, it is used for example in a class of 1999 led by Joseph Gold . The proposal to speak of Abrahamic religions is renewed by the Dominican Claude Greffr in trials "interfaith theology" published in 2006.
United States, this same theme has been the subject of a group published in New York. The Judaism on Christianity and Islam are regarded as "three to see one God." Twelve representatives of the three major monotheistic religions were seeking a common understanding of their faith and questioned the role of monotheistic religions in the geopolitics of the time Finally, it is still possible to report the work of the psychoanalyst Daniel Sibony , author from a Moroccan Jewish family, headed the three monotheistic religions, Jews, Christians and Muslims, between their sources and their destinies. . It seems the first to have released the "three monotheistic" in a book title.
Three words to describe the three religions
In the Christian God, and one or two others, Rmi Brague said the three terms most commonly used today to describe joint Judaism, Christianity and Islam, "the three monotheistic religions," the three religions Abraham "and" the three religions of the book. " These expressions highlight the characteristics common to all three religions. All three have in effect a book, they refer to Abraham and recognize one God only. However Rmi Brague believes that these terms are "misleading and dangerous" because they suggest that these three religions have in common is that these expressions are, then their way of being monotheistic , refer to Abraham or to have a book are precisely "apples of discord." These expressions would thus tend to mask what that problem in the relations between these religions by reducing the lowest common denominators, the latter are none of the three religions. Conversely, it is possible to count as Abrahamic religions of the book or monotheistic religions extends far beyond the three religions for which these expressions have been forged.
The term "religion of the book" can be considered as an extrapolation from that of "people of books" found in the Koran and that seems to describe Jews and Christians. The book of "religions of the book" would be the Bible , ie a set of books. But since it describes, not only Judaism and Christianity but also Islam as "religion of the book", this phrase can not refer to the idea of Koran "People of the Book" because the book Muslims is not the Bible but the Koran. Understood in this sense, the term "religion of the book" no longer refers only religions that have the Bible, but all religions have scriptures, that is to say almost all religions subsequent to the invention of writing.
For Pierre Gisel , Judaism, Christianity and Islam "are three different ways of being religious books. "Not only that neither their books or their vision of God, the human world or their reports are identical, but also because" the status of the book is not identical in all three religious dispositions associated with it. " According to Pierre Gisel , "Islam is a religion par excellence of a book: it arises from the Koran and relies on him. " In the Islam all previous entries were deleted and replaced by the Koran. The status of religion of the book is more complex to grasp for Judaism and Christianity. They can be thought of as religious speech rather than the book. If we were to find expressions for Judaism and Christianity which has increased from that of the " religion of the book "for Islam, it would be more accurate to speak of" religion of the Torah "in Judaism and" religion of Christ "in Christianity.
Similarly the term "Abrahamic religions" is ambiguous because it does not necessarily have the same value in different religions. In the Koran , it clearly means monotheism , and it is from the Koran who is taking the equivalence between "religion of Abraham" and "monotheism". The figure of Abraham is not spontaneously associable to monotheism in Judaism and Christianity. It is more like that of "father of the Jewish people" in Judaism, whereas in Christianity, interpreted from the Letter to the Hebrews , Abraham is the image copy of the believer, faith under by trust and obedience, however, "it still was part way in the requirement of the monotheistic God of all men. "
How many religions?
The term "religion of Abraham" may be understood from the idea of a progeny of Abraham. This idea is present in the Bible as in the Koran. The Abrahamic religions are religions then all those who identify with the descendants of Abraham. If we consider that the fields of religious studies called Abrahamic religions is that of having developed in the report and from the Jewish tradition, it seems necessary to consider more than three religions. Is the bias of the series "Son of Abraham" who's goal is to study religions related to Judaism, Christianity and Islam. This collection of books distributed each dedicated to one of the "Abrahamic religions" as a family tree. Among those regarded as religions from the Islam are: the religion of the Druze , a religion born of the Shia Ismaili Islam between the ninth and tenth centuries , the Sikh , born in India in the sixteenth century and which repeats the monotheism of Islam itself, while having roots in the cultural and religious heritage of India or the Baha'i born in the nineteenth century and the writings of the spiritual experience of Baha'u'llah.
In these religions from the Muslim world, the Qur'an does not occupy the central and decisive that it fits within the Shia and Sunni. This raises the question whether these religions can be regarded as unambiguous Islam. The issue arises particularly for Druze are considered a heterodox Islam insofar as it places them in Islam. The Baha'i faith is still consider him more like a religion clearly distinct from Islam, the Koran it is abolished as Sharia. The Baha'i religion is as Abraham just as he would religion of Adam, Moses, Jesus or Muhammad, each of these figures is an "event":
"Regularly, God sends humanity a demonstration tailored to the needs of time and the degree of advancement of civilization. Adam was the Manifestation of the prehistoric age, and then came Noah , Abraham , Moses , Buddha , Zoroaster , Jesus , Muhammad and finally, the Bab and Baha'u'llah. More recently, Baha'is have taken the usual - a bit curious - this theory to include the figure of Krishna. "
- Christian CANNUYER Baha'is, 1987.
The difficulty of defining the fields that would be the Abrahamic religions also arises for the Christian religions. In the third century , the Manichaeism replicated elements of Christianity, but the figure of Jesus was there interpreted in relation to revelations received by Mani and not recognized by Christians. In modern times, following the movement of "confessional" linked to the Protestant Reformation grew out of many churches. Despite their differences, most Christian churches recognize each other as Christian, which is expressed in the Protestant world by membership of the Councils of Churches, or between Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants through participation in various ecumenical dialogue forum. However, there are religious currents that have not or do not seek this recognition so that it can be regarded as other religions. For example, most of the Christian church as well as Christians recognize those who have been baptized "in the name of Father, Son and Holy Spirit." The baptism of Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses are made according to other formulas. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints but all it takes to be regarded as a religion or religions of the book of Abraham. Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, it has its own records and preserves the Christian Bible. The church members regard the writings of their own as very old in that it would be inspired translations of ancient manuscripts. Among these texts is the book of Mormon , from which comes the name of Mormon given to the members of this religion, but also the Book of Abraham , a translation by Joseph Smith from Egyptian scrolls held to have been written by Abraham himself same.
If we merely try to understand how the expression religions of the book could apply to Judaism to Christianity and Islam as three religions of the book, Rmi Brague proposes to consider instead the figure of "two and a half "This avoids the double counting of the same book, insofar as Christianity to Judaism in common with the books constituting the Old Testament in Christian Bibles.
Western Religions
In addition to the words, "monotheistic religions," religions of Abraham "and" religions of the book "is sometimes used of the" Western religions, "particularly in North American studies. or of Amerindian religions for the pre-Columbian America , or even religions of sub-Saharan Africa. The disadvantage is that if today it is possible to speak of the West at large to distinguish it from South Asia and East, further dividing lines between East and West can be conceived. They all share the world of Christian tradition which have traditionally speaks Latin and Eastern tradition, or the Islam that is considered primarily as the East of Europe, albeit with Morocco and civilization Arabo-Andalusian , it is also possible to consider an Islamic West.
Religion of Abraham
Origins
The origins of Judaism , Abrahamic religion or ancestry, remain obscure. The only source considered by all the Abrahamic religions as canonical address the issue is the Book of Genesis , first book of the Hebrew Bible, dated as traditional Jewish historiography of the second millennium before the Common Era (academics, advocates the radical critique and based on archaeological data, lean on them generally for the seventh century BCE at the earliest).
According to the Bible, the monotheism was the original belief of the first couple, Adam and Eve. This system was corrupt at the time of Enosh, their grand-son, survives only in a handful of people, including Noah and his son, then a few generations later, Melchizedek. According to Jewish tradition, which seeks to fill the silences of the Bible on the subject, Abraham, son of a merchant of idols, calls into question the belief system of his time at the age of three years and finally rediscovered the monotheism of himself at age forty. The principles of Judaism were revealed gradually to his descendants, Ismael Isaac and Jacob (also called Israel), but the rituals and worship that are coded at the Revelation on Mount Sinai , where Moses and the people receive the Decalogue. The Judaism Judaism itself into the return of the Babylonian captivity , printing in this rite the ethical message of God's prophets, who preached between the death of Moses and the return of exiled Judeans in Judea.
Archaeologists have so far found no direct evidence to confirm or deny this story. And some, such as stelae of Tel Dan and Mesha , which, according to some experts, to confirm some of the biblical narratives that refer to the period of royalty, well after the time of the patriarchs. There remains no complete text of the Hebrew Bible would be older than the Dead Sea Scrolls (II centuryBC., at the earliest).
Nevertheless, archeology has shown that peoples speaking various Semitic languages and practicing polytheistic religions like living in Canaan and the surrounding area, from the third millennium BCE. Some of their gods, Baal and Chemosh, are mentioned in the Bible.
The patriarchs before Abraham
There are six notable figures in the Bible prior to Abraham: Adam and Eve , their two son Cain and Abel , Enoch , and his grand-son, Noah , who according to history, saved his own family and all animal life in the Ark of Noah. It is not clear that these characters have left any moral code - with some Christian churches maintain faith in ancient books like the Book of Enoch - but Genesis mentions the Noahide laws given by God to Noah's family. For the most part, these patriarchs embody archetypes behavioral "good" or "bad" (in the case of Cain).
In the book of Genesis , Abraham is specifically instructed to leave the historic city of Ur in Mesopotamia , that the will of God "make you a great nation."
According to the Bible , the patriarch Abraham (or Ibrahim in Arabic ) had eight son of three wives: one ( Ishmael ) by Hagar , the servant of his wife, one ( Isaac ) by his wife Sarah , and six another wife, Ketourah.
Moses , Jesus , Muhammad , and other characters claim to be descendants of Abraham through one of the son, according to the Jews , Abraham is the ancestor of the people of Israel through his descendants Isaac and Jacob.
Christians see Abraham as an example of faith , and a foreshadowing of the sacrifice of Jesus , the son of God , by His Father, even Jesus through which God promised to bless all the families of the earth.
Muslims, and the tendencies that derive, like the movement Baha'i, Sikhism and others consider themselves as descendants, biological or spiritual, Ishmael. In addition, Muslims refer to Christians and Jews (among others) as "People of the Book" (that is to say the Bible ). The People of the Book can not be taken as slaves.
All see Abraham as one of the most important prophets sent by God. Thus Abraham represents for some, a point of extension they seek to highlight through this terminology.
So rather than being the sole "founding figure", Abraham is more properly described as the first character in Genesis who (a) is not of divine origin (direct), as are Adam, Eve and their children - it goes down instead of idolaters (b) is accepted by the three great monotheistic faiths as an important player in the foundation of their civilization , and (c) is not presented as the ancestor of all the genetic ' humanity (like Adam and Noah ).
Abraham
According to tradition, Jewish , Abraham was the first individual postdiluvian era (that is to say, post- flood recounted in Genesis , with the character biblical of Noah ) to reject the idolatry following analysis sound (while Shem and Eber were only perpetuate the tradition of Noah ). Therefore it represents a step as a figure central to the religions monotheistic. In that sense, Abrahamic religion being equated with monotheistic religion , but all systems are not Abrahamic monotheistic.
In Islam, it is considered the first monotheist and is often mentioned as Ibrahim al-Hanif , Abraham the Monotheist.
In the Hebrew Bible and the Koran , Abraham is described as a patriarch (the Jewish tradition called Avraham Avinu, our father Avraham, and converted to Judaism are often called Avraham Avinu Ploni bin), blessed by God, who has made great promise.
It is for Jews and Christians the ancestor of the people of Israel through his son Isaac , and Muslims, the ancestor of Arabs through his son Ishmael.
- In Jewish tradition, Abraham is the timidation ha'Hassed, the attribute of generosity, who speaks little and does a lot.
- In Christian tradition, Abraham is a model of faith, and his intention to obey God by offering Isaac is seen as foreshadowing God offering His son, Jesus.
- In Muslim tradition, Abraham (Ibrahim) obeyed God by wanting to offer Ishmael, and is considered one of the most important prophets sent by God.
The three Abrahamic religions
Abrahamic religions originate more or less directly from Judaism as practiced in ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah before the a href = "% C3% Exil_ A0_Babylone" title = "Babylonian Exile"> exile in Babylon in the early first millennium BC. AD It is generally believed that Judaism of Israel described in the Bible was reformed in the sixth centuryBC. BC by Ezra and other priests in Israel returned from exile. The Samaritanism split from Judaism over the centuries.
The Christianity has its roots in Judea , at the end of the first century, as a completely reformed branch of Judaism, and it extends to ancient Greece and Rome , and thence to the whole of Europe , and later in world. Over the centuries, Christianity split into many churches and denominations. A major schism took place in the fifth century between the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Catholic Church centered on Rome. Other major schism had occurred, as the Great Schism of the East in the eleventh century , separating the Roman Catholic Church of the Orthodox Churches , and then the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, who gave birth to hundreds of denominations Protestant.
The Islam began in the seventh century , in the Arab cities of Mecca and Medina. Although it is not a dissident branch of Judaism or of Christianity , it explicitly states that an extension be as replacement of these doctrines, and echoes many of their principles. Muslims believe the Koran was the last word of God and his message is that all the prophets. As an example of similarity between the time the Muslims believe in a version of the story of Genesis and in the direct lineage of the Arabs from Abraham through Ishmael , the son of the latter and her servant Hagar.
Abrahamic Identity
The Abrahamic identity is explicit from the outset in the Islam : the Koran calls "the religion of Abraham Monotheism Judaism and Islam worship to God only, they have a strictly monotheistic : Being a One and Only. Christianity sees God as the One and Triune , design than the other two religions do not share. Jewish theology is based on the Hebrew Bible , where "nature" and the commandments of the Supreme Being are revealed through the writings of Moses (the Torah , known in Christianity as the " Pentateuch "and as the Torah by Islam), those of the Prophets , the Psalmist and other writings canonized the Torah, forming the corpus of the Tanakh (the Old Testament for Christians). The rabbinic Judaism is also based on its Oral Law , recorded in the Mishna and the Talmud , the Karaite Judaism does debt that Tanakh alone. This God is named in the Hebrew Bible of different ways , the two most common being an ineffable Tetragrammaton YHWH formed letters and often delivered by Adonai for ritual purposes, for HaShem uses profane and Elohim. French Jews call it simply as "God", translation of Elohim. Some replace the AM (ET) with a K (ke), becoming Elohim Elohim, and write "From God," Gd "," D ", etc.. in view of the divine name. Many rabbis and policymakers , mostly Sephardic discourage these practices. Christians believe in the God of the Jewish people as described in the Tanakh. But according to Christianity, God has created a unique Son, Jesus Christ , "God from God." The Trinity is composed of three " hypostasis "in ancient Greek. God "became incarnate from the Virgin Mary ", by the Holy Spirit , "and became man." This theology was developed by the early Fathers of the Church, then codified in the councils ecumenical , including those of Nicea and Chalcedon. Several minority Christian churches do not recognize the Council of Chalcedon and define themselves as "non-Chalcedonian" or Eastern Orthodox. Others reject the Unitarianism. According to the view of Judaism and Islam, the Christian Trinity is a form of polytheism. Allah is the standard Arabic translation for "God." Muslim tradition also describes his 99 names. The Muslims believe that the God of Christians, Jews and Muslims is the same, named Allah. Jesus is seen as a great prophet but not the son of God. He was not crucified nor killed, and would be mounted up to heaven in order to return to Earth to destroy the Antichrist, the last day. All prophets descendant of Abraham Judaism and Christianity are also considered prophets in Islam. Muhammad is a direct descendant of Abraham and the last prophet, but he descends from Ishmael , son of Abraham and Hagar. The prophets descendant of Ishmael or Isaac are all regarded as brothers. The Torah and the Gospels are seen as sacred books, but erroneous and artificially modified (due to transmission errors due to the time between writing and receipt of these words, firstly, and secondly intentionally or unintentionally by Jewish scholars and Christian). Muslims revere the Koran considered final and perfect word of God, sent by the last prophet , Muhammad. Unlike other books, the Koran was written after the death of Muhammad without human modification according to some sources, or even his life according to others, including sources of hadith as the collection of Elboukhari and . The Islam is perceived by Muslims as the continuity of Judaism and Christianity, with the ultimate correction. The three Abrahamic religions are based on the writings. Some of these texts are considered as the Word of God, holy and therefore can not be questioned. Others are the result of religious men. These writings are revered mainly by tradition and to the extent they are regarded as inspired, if not dictated, by God. Ptolemeo-Copernican controversy necessitated, in the Christian religion, theological works, and it took both the scriptures back to basics and revise their interpretation. The sacred scriptures of Judaism are the Tanakh. This word is an acronym which means orah T (that is to say, the Five Books of Moses ", entitled" Pentateuch "for Christians), N evi'im (Prophets) and K etouvim (Writings). The Tanakh is also known as the Hebrew Bible , a name used more in academic circles and Jews as an " Old Testament ", which falls within the concepts of the Christian New Testament and " Verus Israel ". The Tanakh was reviewed and increased by an oral tradition: the Midrash , the Mishnah , the Talmud and the rabbinical literature later, which was declared by the equal authority of the Torah. This position, however, was accepted by the Pharisees and the mobilities derived from the latter, whose modern Judaism, said "rabbinical." Other currents, such as sadduasme then later Karaism do not recognize the authority of the Oral Law as the equal of the Written Law. The Samaritans do not recognize the Talmud. The text of the Hebrew Tanakh and the Torah in particular, is considered sacred to the last letter. The transcript can be achieved only in a proceeding exceedingly demanding: the slightest mistake, even a letter, ornamentation, a symbol of all letters (300 000) that constitute the text Hebrew, makes the entire Sefer Torah passoul (unfit for ritual use). The Scriptures of Christianity are the Old Testament , that is to say the Hebrew Bible and New Testament. This includes four accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ , attributed to his apostles Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , and several epistles , the Acts of the Apostles , the Apocalypse. The Old and New Testaments (or old and new testament) are the Bible of the Christians , which is seen as inspired by God. Thus Christians consider the fundamental teaching of the Old Testament, especially the Ten Commandments , as valid, yet they believe that the coming of Jesus , Christos (anointed, that is to say, messiah , savior and therefore the humanity ), as has been foretold in the Old Testament , and the fact that Jesus was raised from Jews and became a teacher of Judaism, would reflect the true relationship between God and humanity - by restoring the strength of the love and universal understanding (as mentioned in the Shema Israel ) other commandments, the precepts by removing the more " legalistic "and material from rabbinic law (such as constraints on food and rituals of the temple). The vast majority of Christian denominations (including Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and most forms of Protestantism, but not the restorationist ) derive their beliefs from the Council of Nicaea in 325 , contained in a document called the " Nicene Creed "( or Creed ): God (as a Trinity of distinct persons with one substance ) became man on earth, under the name of Jesus of Nazareth , perform the Scriptures of the Old Testament and was crucified by humanity, then resurrected and ascended into heaven at God's right hand. According to the teachings of Jesus, Christians believe in the principle that faith in Jesus and the works are two ways to accomplish the salvation and entering the Kingdom of God. Christians generally do not consider a single version of their Bible as holy to the exclusion of others, and accept translations and retranslations just as consistent in principle with the original. They believe that the Gospels are passed through oral tradition and were written decades after the death of Jesus and his apostles (with the exception of Matthew and John, who wrote their own gospels), and versions are only existing copies of the originals . Many variants of the Dead Sea Scrolls are confirmed in the Septuagint - indicating that significant changes in the Masoretic (Hebrew) took place after the Council of Yavneh (90 EC ). Just as the Torah in Judaism is perceived as living, and any existing text, and Christians see the Bible and Jesus himself as the "Word" of God ( Logos in Greek), that transcends written documents. The Scriptures of the Christian Bible narrated by a wide range of councils and theologians. The holy book of Islam is the Qur'an , with 114 suras (chapters). However, Muslims also believe in the religious texts of Judaism and Christianity in their original form, not now because they believe it would have been corrupted over the ages. They possess their own version this effect of Psalms (the Zabur ) and the Gospels (the Gospel ). The Koran includes many stories very similar to the Hebrew Bible (Including the 17th sura, "The Night Journey "), and mentions Jesus many times, as a divinely inspired prophet. Like the Jews with the Torah, Muslims consider the text Arabic original of the Qur'an as uncorrupted and holy uncreated till the last letter. Any translation is considered an interpretation of the meaning of the Qur'an, the original Arabic is considered the only divine text. Just as Jews have an additional oral Rabbinites the written Law, the Koran has the Hadith , a collection of books by later authors compiling the words of Mohammed. Martin Buber more hadith compared to Deuteronomy , a sum of sermons Moses. The Hadith and the biography of Mohammed ( sira ) form the Sunnah , a scriptural element additional to the Koran, and those who join it are Muslims Sunni. In the ninth century, six compilations of Hadith were deemed credible by Sunni Muslims. Collections Sunnis are: The legal opinions of Muslim jurists ( fiqh ) provides another source for daily practice and interpretation of Islamic tradition. The three Abrahamic religions are expecting a "sent" to announce the end of the world or the coming of the kingdom of God on earth. The Judaism awaits the coming of a Messiah Jewish (the Jewish concept of Messiah differs in several fundamental ways with the Christian messiah, even if the term is applied equally to both). The Jewish Messiah is not God but a mortal man who by his holiness is worthy of such designation, it will appear that during a period of peace and holiness. Christianity, she awaits the return of Christ. Islam is also awaiting the coming of Christ (in order to complete its life and die as it says in the Qur'an that he was raised alive to God and not crucified) as well as the Mahdi in his first incaranation for Islam Sunni and the return of Muhammad al-Mahdi for Shiites. The branch of Islam Ahmadiyah believes it, that the Mahdi and the Second Coming of Christ have both been made in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Abrahamic religions agree that things in general and humans in particular are endowed with a body, "Fallen," and a soul that does not necessarily follow the same path. The soul, capable of staying alive after death, would the essence of the person's vehicle, and the one who appears before God when He judges the actions of the person after his death. The importance of this, the interest that it is the nature of the soul, its independence or not in relation to the body, hence its participation in its proceedings are matters far less consensus among religions. The reincarnation and transmigration are much less prominent than in other religions. While the Abrahamic religions conceive a form of life beyond death, they tend to be on another level, and other conditions, rather than a return (or returns) on this physical plane (or another) to repeat a new cycle. There are several points of view on Judaism in the afterlife (the World to Come), despite rather precise traditions in this respect in the Hebrew Bible (see Naboth and the Witch of Endor ), Judaism as gives more importance to life in this world, and how to sanctify to God, as a future reward. The immortality of the soul and reward acts are subject to a general agreement among the Jews (the beliefs, especially that distinguished the Pharisees and Sadducees , are common to Rabbinites and Karaites , which proves that they not descended from the Sadducees). Of the three great Abrahamic religions, Judaism is the only teaching that the righteous of all nations meet in heaven, which is one reason why Judaism is reluctant to proselytism Islam Islam promises hell literally (the jahannam ) to those who disobey God and commit major sins. While sinners are punished by fire, many forms of punishment are described, depending on the crime committed. It is divided into many levels, torture down grew louder, reserved for the biggest troublemakers. To those who honor God and submit to the stay is promised paradise (the Jannah ). Like Judaism and Christianity, many sins can be forgiven by God if the abettor, the ungodly, the unbeliever or other repent. Moreover, believers are sinners being punished for a time, before entering the Jannah, it is said that anyone with "an atom of faith" will eventually reach heaven. Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Scriptures
Judaism
Christianity
Many Christians believe that the relationship between the Old and New Testaments in the Bible means that Judaism has been superseded by Christianity as the "new Israel" - and some believe that the teachings of Jesus described Israel not as a place geographical but as an association with God and a promise of salvation in the Kingdom of God. Islam
According to the Koran itself, the suras were revealed by God to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel on various occasions. According Elboukhari, considered one of the safest Islamic sources, they were immediately transcribed and preserved by his disciples on different media (wood, palm leaves, cook, bone, etc..) Before being collected time the Caliph Abu Bakr, then compiled into one book of Caliph Othman Ibn time affane. Other sources say that the writing was done at the death of the prophet before the Qur'an was compiled in a book Othmane time ever. The chronological order of revelation of the different suras was not considered in this book that we know today as the "mushaf Othmane . This process lasted two decades. With the exception of Al Fatihah (The Opening), which is always the first sura, the longest suras appear at the beginning of the Koran , while the shorter appear at the end and .
However, many commandments and precepts of the Tanakh the New Testament are not adopted as is, but replaced by new commands directly revealed to Muhammad by God (through Gabriel) and codified in the Koran.
The Hadith interpret and develop the Koranic precepts. There is no consensus within Islam on the authority of compilations of Hadith, but scholars of Islam have categorized each Hadith with differing degrees of authenticity ( isnad ): true (Sahih), correct (hasan) or low (da'eef).
Muslim Shiites (followers of the sh'at Ali, the party of Ali ), does not consider any Hadith as and are accepted as those who do not seem to disagree with the Koran. Eschatology
However, the Kabbalah , a system of faith based on a tradition of esoteric interpretation of the Bible, originally Jewish, but with some adherents among the Christians, strongly supports the concept of reincarnation approaching, called Guilgoul haneshamot , cycle of souls. This belief is widespread among the Hasidic Jews and those Orthodox Jews who lend credence to the Kabbalah. Judaism
This attitude, quite developed in the Ecclesiastes , is summarized by the rabbinical observation that at the beginning of the Pentateuch , God clothes the naked ( Adam and Eve ), and at the end, God will bury the dead ( Moses ), the Children of Israel mourn for 40 days, then continue to follow the course of their lives.
However, while many believe that the righteous are promised in Gan Eden (the " Paradise "), the Guehinnom (the " Hell ") as a lot of the wicked and ungodly is controversial and, if so, what is not a place of eternal damnation: Rare are those who stay more than twelve months.
The Hebrew Bible, which does not Guehinnom status other than place of idolatry strongly repulsive (the children have gone through the fire in the middle of garbage burning), also mentions Sheol , the grave, set common mortals.
According to Kabbalah, the souls (or sparks from them) are reincarnated, through the Guilgoul haneshamot cited above.
According to Islam, the heavens are divided into seven levels (hence the term 'Seventh Heaven'), however, they are not strictly equivalent to heaven. The latter, like hell, has many degrees, the highest being only the most virtuous, prophets, martyrs for the faith, those who help orphans, those whose lips have never uttered lies, etc.. (Numerous other categories cited in the Koran and Hadith ).
The only sin beyond repentance is all according to the Quran, shirk (association of God by any means, eg by declaring it equal to anything or anyone other than honoring him); Bibliography
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