Abdullah Ibn Abbas

Abdullah ibn Abbas (c. 618/619 - 687) ( Arabic : ) is a paternal cousin of the Prophet of Islam Mohammed. He was respected by Muslims for his knowledge and was an expert in the Tafsir of the Qur'an and the Sunnah.

Biography

Family

He was the son of a wealthy merchant, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib , and was therefore known as Ibn Abbas (son of Abbas). Her mother Umm al-Fadl Lubaba was proud to be the second woman to have converted to Islam , the same day as her friend Khadija bint Khuwaylid , first wife of Muhammad ^{610-632: The era of Prophet Muhammad}

Ibn Abbas was born between 618 to 619 (three years before the Hijra ) and his mother took him to Muhammad while he was still a baby. He put a little saliva on the tongue and it was the beginning of the close relationship between them .

While growing up, he remains at the side of Muhammad, making him different services such as fetching water for his ablutions. It is the prayer with him and follows him in his meetings, trips and expeditions. Muhammad often keeps close to him, placing it on his shoulders and prayed: "O Allah ! Give him an understanding of Koran " . Ibn Abbas has dedicated his life to the pursuit of learning and knowledge. He remained in the footsteps of Muhammad by learning and memorizing the Qur'an and Sunnah .

The declaration of the Prophet Muhammad

Between 631 and 632, Muhammad falls into the last phase of his illness. It was during this period that the hadith Raziya Yawm al-Khamis (Thursday of the calamity) is reported, with Ibn Abbas as the first narrator, he had at that time between ten and fifteen years . Ibn Abbas said later: "Without doubt, the greatest misfortune was that the dispute prevented the apostle of Allah to write this text. " A few days later, Ibn Abbas and Ali ibn Abi Talib Muhammad bear on their shoulders, because he is too weak to walk alone .

632-634: The era of Abu Bakr as-Siddiq

The succession of the Prophet

The remainder of his apprenticeship

Life of Muhammad, Abd Allah was hard at all its meetings and memorized everything, whatever he says.

After his death, he takes care to go to as many companions as possible especially those who knew Muhammad and he learned a long time for these people what they had taught.

Whenever he hears of a person experiencing a hadith unknown to him, he will quickly see that person to learn from it.

It then submits this hadith whatever its contents to close scrutiny and comparison with other sources. It goes well with not less than thirty companions to verify a single hadith .

Abdullah has reported what he was doing when he learned that a companion of Muhammad had a hadith unknown to him:

"I was home at the time of the nap in the afternoon and displayed my cape at his doorstep. This movement moved a mass of dust on me (when I sat down to wait). If I had wanted I could ask his permission to enter and I would certainly have approved. But I preferred to wait and leave it to rest well. Leaving his house and seeing me in this condition (dusty) he says: O Prophet's cousin! What has happened to it? If you had been asked, I'd come see you. It was for me to come to you, just as we should go to knowledge and not the contrary! "I said. I asked him and learned the Hadith . "

Abdullah ibn Abbas is not content to accumulate knowledge. He feels he has a duty to the ummah ; educate believers in the pursuit of knowledge. He became a professor and his house became a university, a university in the broadest sense with a specific teaching, the only difference that there was only one teacher .

One of his companions depicts a typical scene from outside her home:

"... I saw people converging on the main roads leading to the house of Ibn Abbas until there is more space in front of his house. I went to him to inform him and he said: Bring me water for my ablutions. He did his ablutions and, sitting down, he said, go out and say to them: anyone who has questions about his recitation of the Qur'an or he enters. Again his house was full and Abdullah answered and provides more information than what was asked of him . "

And so on with other groups of people coming to discuss fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) of halal (lawful) and haram (unlawful), legal judgments governing the inheritance of the Arabic language, poetry and etymology.

634-644: The era of Umar ibn al-Khattab

The board of Omar

The Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab , often asked the board for major state issues and describes him as "the young man of maturity" .

Ibn Abbas reported that:

'Umar used to invite me to his meeting along with fellow major older who had fought at Badr. This did not please some of them . They complained to Omar saying, "Why are you invited the boy to sit with us, then we also have son like him?"

Omar replied: "Because you know its position (ie because of his knowledge)

One day he invited the Companions of Badr and also called me for me to sit down with them. I realized that I was invited to the meeting to prove his assertion. During the conversation, Omar asked the companions of Badr: "What you say (of Surat)":

Qur'an 110:1 (An-Nasr; verse 1) "idha j'a Nasrullah wal-Fath" (When come the Help of Allah and victory)?.

Some said, "It invites us to praise Allah and ask His forgiveness when He rescues us and we achieve victory." Some said it was talking about the conquest of cities and fortresses. Others remained silent.

Then Omar asked: "Ibn Abbas, do you think the same?" I said no. Then he asked: "What is your opinion then?"

I explained that this referred to the last hour of the messenger of Allah. This Surah informed him that the arrival of the help of Allah and obtaining the victory would be the signs of his next hour. Therefore, he should pray to Allah and ask His forgiveness. To this Umar said: "I only know what you said." In another tradition, we add that 'Umar said to his companions: How can you blame me when you saw yourself why I call this boy join us . "

Sad ibn Abi Waqqas described it in these terms:

"I've never seen someone who understood too quickly, which was more scholar, Ibn Abbas and wiser. I saw Umar summon him to discuss difficult issues in the presence of veterans of Badr among Muhajirin (those who left Mecca to Medina ) and Ansar (Helpers Medina who welcomed muhajireen home). Ibn Abbas spoke, and Umar took into consideration what he said . "

644-656: The era of Uthman ibn Affan

656-661: The era of Ali ibn Abi Talib

Ibn Abbas remains a staunch supporter of the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib , during the conflict between Ali and Muawiya and including the Battle of Siffin.

Many soldiers of the army of Ali are unhappy with the conclusion of an arbitration, and leave the ranks to form a separate group. Ibn Abbas played a key role and managed to convince many of them to join the ranks of Ali (twenty thousand out of twenty-four thousand according to some sources). This could only be achieved through the perfect knowledge of the Koran and the Sira (biography of the Prophet), in particular the events of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah. However, about four thousand men remained obstinate. These will soon be known as the Kharijites (or Khawaarij) .

661-680: The era of Muawiya ^I.

680-683: The era of Yazid ^I.

According to Shiites, it is constrained and forced to swear allegiance to Yazid, the son of Muawiya. The Shiites say he used the taqiya. However the Sunnis remain neutral with respect to Yazid, they think that Ibn Abbas preferred to preserve the unity of Muslims rather than to rebel against the leaders of the time.

683-684: The era of Muawiya II

684-685: The era of Marwan ^I.

685-688: The era of Abd al-Malik (Umayyad)

Abd Allah ibn az-Zubayr and temporary marriage

Ibn Abbas became blind in the years preceding his death, and Abd Allah ibn az-Zubayr sought to rally to his cause, saying "The heart of most people is as blind as their eyes since they think the zawaj al-muta (temporary marriage) is legal " ^{His last years}

At age 70, when he talks to his pupil, tabi'un Sa'id ibn Jubayr (in) , Ibn Abbas wept as he remembered the word of the person who prevented the prophet make his statement saying he was delirious because of his illness .

He died in the mountain city of Taif in 687 (67 AH) at the age of 71 years (assuming that it is born three years before the Hegira). Other sources say he died in 689 (70 AH) .

Inheritance

When knowledge of Abd Allah grew, its reputation by the same becomes big. Masruq ibn al-Ajda ' (in) said about him:

"Whenever I saw Ibn Abbas, I said: It is the most beautiful of men. When he spoke, he was the most eloquent of men. And when he held a conversation, I said: He is the wisest of men . "

He has a son Ali ibn Abdullah who died in 735 (118 after the Hijra). The dynasty of the Abbasids came from the descendants of Ibn Abbas and replace the dynasty of the Umayyads. Ibn Abbas is highly respected by the Shiites and Sunnis. However, Shiites suffered severe persecution during the Abbasid dynasty.

Viewpoints

To Ibn Abbas, the Tafsir of the Qur'an can be four aspects :

• The aspect that the Arabs know through language used in the Tafsir
• The Tafsir of ignorance which no one can be excused,
• The Tafsir that scientists know,
• The Tafsir that only Allah knows.

Works

Students and intellectual heirs

Found among his students:

• Mujahid ibn Jabr al-Makki (RA) (d. 722 (AH 104)) is his heir in the Tafsir
• Al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym (en) (d. 682 (AH 62))
• Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (in) (d. 726 (AH 108))
• `Ata 'ibn Abi Rabah (en) , (d. 732 (AH 114))
• Tawus ibn Kaysan (en) (d. 724 (AH 106)) became a student of Ali ibn Husayn (' Ali Zayn al-Abidin ) Ibn 'Abbas ,
• Wahb ibn Munabbih (in) (d. 725/737 (110/114 AH))

Sunni

The Sunnis regard him as the wisest of companions in the Tafsir . Of all the stories transmitted by Ibn Abbas, 1660 were considered authentic by the authors of the two Sahih ( Bukhari and Muslim ) ^, .

Regarding the verdict in favor of Abbas Ibn al-zawaj mut `a (temporary marriage), most Sunnis saying that Ali ibn Abi Talib has corrected the issue, there is evidence that Ibn Abbas kept its position on the permissibility of mut `a marriage until his last day in the hadeeth of Ibn al-Zubayr and the mut` a .

Sunnis and describe:

"... The courage Adb Allah has revealed he preferred peace to war, and logic rather than force and violence. However, it is not only known for his courage, insight or knowledge but also for his enormous generosity and hospitality. Some of his contemporaries said of him: "We have never seen a house provided more food, or drink, or fruit or even know that Ibn Abbas!"

He felt a sincere and enduring interest to people. He was thoughtful and considerate. He once said: "When I realized the importance of a verse from the Book of Allah 'azza wa Djali, I pray that everyone knows what I know!"

"When I hear of a Muslim leader who distributes and shares equally and justly reign, I'm happy for him and pray for him ..."

"When I hear the rain falling on the land of Muslims, it fills me with joy ..."

Abdullah ibn Abbas was constant in his devotions. He multiplied the voluntary fasts in the year and often spent his nights in prayer. He was crying during his prayers and when he recited the Quran. And when he recited verses speaking of the death, resurrection and life in the hereafter, his throat was tightening and deep sobs made it difficult recitation . "

Shiism

Shiites consider Ibn Abbas as one of the best companions, but without achieving the best rank as Ammar ibn Yasir.

See also

• List of caliphs
• List of Sahaba
• Tafsir
• Ibn Kathir

Notes

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